Even though the idea of microcredit is to stimulate entrepreneurial activities in developing countries, there is an ongoing debate whether this is achieved. Many argue that only providing credit is not enough and see a need for additional components in promoting entrepreneurial activities for the stimulation of economic growth. Moreover, the importance of including women in economic development is widely acknowledged. In Lao People's Democratic Republic where many women run their own businesses and a majority of microcredit borrowers are women, we aimed to examine the relation between microcredit and female entrepreneurship. This was accomplished by conducting semi-structured interviews with 13 Laotian female microcredit borrowers running businesses, as well as interviews with seven representatives from organizations related to microcredit and female entrepreneurship. To understand the female entrepreneurs and the environment in which they operate, we developed a model where factors related to the loan agreement, networking, motivation, gender division of labor and training were identified as important components in the context of Lao PDR. The results support the view that a credit only approach is not enough for the development of female entrepreneurship in Lao PDR.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Labor relations in recent decades have been marked by a series of changes that resulted in the restructuring process, whose effects are visualized by means of informality, flexibility and precariousness of working conditions. Within this context is our stage research and analysis, namely, the Exchange Fair, located in the city of Aracaju-SE. This fair for many years and until today coalesced a large part of the hand labor that was not absorbed by the formal labor market. Because it is a fair that historically the government did not exercise any direct control / supervision, had always been marked by practices not only informal but also imprint illegal / illicit. Simultaneously to this conjuncture reported noted a rise in the number of women in the labor market. You can identify this situation not only nationally, but also in the field this empirical research. Clearly the increase in the number of workers in the Fair of the Exchanges in recent years. In this scenario we have analyzed in this study the social relations of gender in informal employment through the Fair of the Exchanges in the city of Aracaju-SE, giving special emphasis, the configuration assumed by the sexual division and instability that focuses especially on the labor, female labor, compared to the changes that the world of work comes through. Therefore, we conducted 15 semi-structured interviews or non-directive to marketers Fair Exchanges, among these, 8 women and 7 men. Similarly, also produced a survey of some socioeconomic indicators. The results achieved through the research show that women are still subjected to a sexual division of labor asymmetric, since they are blamed almost exclusively for domestic chores within their homes, as well as the activities they perform outside the home are also linked those assignments directly taken as feminine, ie, extension of the housework. But we also want to emphasize some changes that signal a new phase of women´s work, although this is not enough for see a break with the call "sexualization of occupations." / As relações de trabalho nas últimas décadas foram marcadas por uma série de mudanças que resultou no processo de reestruturação produtiva, cujos efeitos são visualizados por meio da informalidade, flexibilização e precarização das condições de trabalho. Dentro desse contexto está o nosso palco de investigação e análise, a saber, a Feira das Trocas, situada na cidade de Aracaju-SE. Esta feira durante muitos anos e até os dias atuais aglutinou uma grande parte da mão-de-obra que não era absorvida pelo mercado de trabalho formal. Por se tratar de uma feira em que historicamente o poder público não exercia nenhum tipo de controle direto/fiscalização, sempre fora marcada por práticas não apenas informais, mas também de cunho ilegal/ilícito. Simultaneamente a essa conjuntura relatada se observa uma ascensão do número de mulheres no mercado de trabalho. É possível identificar essa situação não somente em âmbito nacional, como também no campo empírico dessa pesquisa. É evidente o aumento do número de trabalhadoras na Feira das Trocas nos últimos anos. Diante desse cenário buscou-se analisar neste estudo as relações sociais de gênero no trabalho informal através da Feira das Trocas no município de Aracaju-SE, atribuindo-se especial destaque, a configuração assumida pela divisão sexual e a precarização que incide, especialmente, sobre a mãode- obra feminina, frente às transformações que o mundo do trabalho vem atravessando. Para tanto foram realizadas 15 entrevistas semiestruturadas ou não-diretivas com comerciantes da Feira das Trocas, dentre estas, 8 mulheres e 7 homens. Do mesmo modo, também se elaborou um levantamento de alguns indicadores socioeconômicos. Os resultados alcançados através da pesquisa demonstram que as mulheres ainda estão submetidas a uma divisão sexual do trabalho assimétrica, visto que elas são responsabilizadas quase que exclusivamente pelas tarefas domésticas dentro dos seus lares, bem como as atividades que elas exercem fora de casa também estão vinculadas diretamente àquelas atribuições tidas como femininas, isto é, extensão dos afazeres domésticos. Contudo, queremos também enfatizar algumas alterações que sinalizaram para uma nova fase do trabalho das mulheres, muito embora esta não seja suficiente para que visualizássemos uma ruptura com a chamada sexualização das ocupações .

Using data from a national survey, this study examines income and other key variables (division of labor and work-family conflict) and their relationship to marital satisfaction. This study builds upon the body of research regarding working couples and women's increased participation in the paid labor force as well as evaluates the findings in the context of data gathered from the recent United States census. Results from this study also are compared to the findings of other key studies. Emergent data may be used to prepare counselors to work more effectively with couple clients and to assist employers in the development of work life policies for dual career and dual earner employees. Results from the multiple regression revealed no direct effects of income on marital satisfaction. For this sample, increases in work family conflict contributed to less marital satisfaction as did the presence of children. Increased participation in household chores by respondents' partners contributed to increased marital satisfaction. No differences were observed by gender. Limitations of the study, recommendations for further research, and implications for practitioners also are addressed.

La mediación de la relación entre el ser humano y la naturaleza es a través del trabajo. El trabajo transforma el ser humano, el cuerpo y las relaciones con otros seres humanos. La división sexual del trabajo surge con la sociabilidad del trabajo y la división sexual del trabajo se expresa a la relación de poder. Nuestra hipótesis inicial era que la división sexual del trabajo en el asentamiento, fue poco a poco permitiendo que las mujeres a desarrollar una conciencia crítica emancipadora ante la realidad material a la que están presentadas. Este estudio fue construido desde la perspectiva del materialismo dialéctico e histórico en vista de que el conocimiento se basa en la esencia de las relaciones. A partir de este método tiene como objetivo discutir el trabajo de la mujer, que hace referencia al conjunto de la sociedad como un proceso histórico, por lo tanto, sujetos a cambios. Utiliza el concepto de territorio, categoría geografía, con el fin de entender la forma de establecer las relaciones de poder. El Proyecto de Acuerdo 13 de mayo se encuentra en el municipio de Japaratuba, estado de Sergipe, es el fruto de la lucha por la tierra en manos de campesinas y campesinos, sin tierra debido a la concentración de tierras, presenta las características, valores y acciones opuestas a lo que clase dominante impone como estándar. En este poblado hay un grupo de mujeres que trabajan con la agroecología ya través de este modelo de producción se manifiesta su expresión sociopolítica. El trabajo de estas mujeres no sólo produce alimentos, pero dignifica su vida, porque se sienten realizadas con los frutos de su trabajo. Frente a la comprensión de que el movimiento es en espiral, se cree que las campesinas y campesinos siempre crean nuevas formas y alternativas, la construcción de nuevas vías para el desarrollo del territorio. En PA 13 de mayo a través de la producción agroecológica ve una posible solución que pueda garantizar mejores condiciones para la familia. / A mediação da relação entre o ser humano e a natureza ocorre por meio do trabalho. O trabalho transforma o ser humano, tanto o corpo quanto nas relações com outros seres humanos. A divisão sexual do trabalho surge com a sociabilidade do trabalho e na divisão sexual do trabalho se expressa à relação de poder. Nossa hipótese inicial foi de que a divisão sexual do trabalho no assentamento, gradativamente foi permitindo à mulher a construção de uma consciência crítica emancipatória diante da realidade material a qual está submetida. Este estudo foi construído na perspectiva do materialismo histórico e dialético tendo em vista que o conhecimento esteja pautado na essência das relações. A partir desse método visa discutir o trabalho feminino, referenciando a totalidade da sociedade como processo histórico, portanto, passível de transformações. Utiliza-se do conceito de território, categoria da geografia, a fim de entender como se estabelecem as relações de poder. O Projeto de Assentamento 13 de Maio, localizado no município de Japaratuba, estado de Sergipe, é fruto do processo de luta pela terra realizada por camponesas e camponeses sem terra por causa da concentração fundiária brasileira, apresenta características, valores e ações opostos ao que a classe dominante impõe enquanto padrão. Nesse assentamento há um grupo de mulheres que trabalha com a agroecologia e através deste modelo de produção manifesta sua expressão sociopolítica. O trabalho dessas mulheres produz não só alimento, mas dignifica sua vida, pois se sentem realizadas com os frutos do seu trabalho. Diante de uma compreensão que o movimento é espiral, acredita-se que as camponesas e camponeses criam sempre novas formas e alternativas, construindo novos caminhos para o desenvolvimento do território. No PA 13 de Maio através da produção agroecológica vê-se uma saída possível que pode assegurar melhores condições para a família.

Thesis (Ph.D. Commerce (Human Resource Management)) -- University of Limpopo, 2021 / This thesis addresses work-life conflict, a topical phenomenon for the career progression and wellbeing of women. Notwithstanding a lot of interest in the topic, as well as various endeavours after treaties and legislation to support women in the workplace it continues to be a subject of research interest since work-life balance has not been achieved yet. The current study intended to explore what the women managers in the public sector of Limpopo Province understand by work-life conflict, as well as their experiences and to proffer a framework for understanding the work-life conflict of women managers. The study highlights that numerous working women are still inundated with non-work responsibilities, which results in conflict with the expected responsibilities in the work environment. The resultant work-life conflict continues to have career-limiting effects on women. The study employed a mixed-methods design to collect data. The quantitative part of the study used questionnaires to collect data and a total of 68 usable questionnaires were returned. For the qualitative part individual interviews were conducted with a total of 16 women. Given the mixed nature of the data, the research applied two genres of analytical techniques, viz. thematic analysis and non-parametric relational analysis. The findings of the study indicate that most of the women managers in the study understand work-life conflict to mean work-to-life interference. The women managers conceptualise life-to-work interference as a normal phenomenon, which serves as a function of maintaining homeostasis in their social structure. The results further suggested that only the workplace has to be changed for them to attain work-life balance. The women managers in the study also appear to experience physical and psychological health problems due to not coping with work-life conflict. The research results deliver invaluable information that can be employed in strategies that attempt to alleviate the negative experiences of work-life conflict by women managers. This study has developed an integrative framework for understanding the work-life conflict of women managers in the public sector. None of the existing theories has propounded any integrative framework for understanding the work-life conflict of women managers in the public sector. The current findings add to the knowledge on addressing the work-life conflict of women managers by delivering context-specific recommendations of what organisations can do to attain work-life balance. Key words: work-life conflict; coping strategies; public sector; women managers; work-life balance; Integrated work-life conflict framework

This research study examines the impact of international migration of household labor for Bosnian immigrant women living in Portland, Oregon. Bosnia is a society with enduring patriarchal traditions which assume that women are in charge of doing household chores. Men are in charge of providing for the family monetarily. Many Bosnian families migrated to the U.S. in the mid 1990's in order to escape the war in Bosnia. In this study I interview 10 of these Bosnian women, concerning the division of labor in their homes in Bosnia and their homes in U.S. After migrating to the U.S. the amount of work women did within the home lessened as their husbands became more involved in helping with various chores. The changes in the division of household labor did not subvert traditional gender roles. Wives transferred and adapted their views of gender performativity after they migrated to the United States. The results are consistent with research that states that migrant women focus more on advancement of their family rather on their own emancipation.

[pt] A fim de compreender os motivos pelos quais ainda se registra baixa participação de mulheres no mercado de trabalho do fotojornalismo, a pesquisa aqui relatada procura estabelecer um espaço de diálogo sobre as questões que circunscrevem a cultura jornalística e as relações de gênero, em especial no que se refere às experiências profissionais das mulheres no fotojornalismo. Para fundamentar a análise, foram adotadas as teorias do jornalismo e os estudos de gênero. Tomou-se como eixo a divisão sexual do trabalho para tentar explicitar como, historicamente, as assimetrias foram construídas e como elas se estabelecem nas experiências profissionais das fotojornalistas. O problema que deu origem à pesquisa surgiu da experiência de campo da própria pesquisadora, que percebeu o fotojornalismo como fonte de relações de poder estabelecidas em torno do gênero, que, por sua vez, se relacionam também com classe, raça e sexualidade. A partir das memórias de fotojornalistas sobre suas experiências profissionais, que usam os óculos da cultura profissional pelos quais os jornalistas e as empresas jornalísticas veem o mundo, tentou-se compreender como o fotojornalismo dialoga com as questões de gênero. Concluiu-se que os graus dos óculos precisam ser atualizados, pois a cultura profissional é produtora de desigualdades e hierarquias. Há a necessidade de se usarem novas lentes que possam fazer perceber a importância de incluir as experiências das mulheres à cultura profissional jornalística de maneira equânime. Novas lentes essas que incorporem às questões de gênero, classe, raça e sexualidade colocadas em perspectiva e atravessamentos. / [en] The research aims to understand the reasons for the low participation of women in the photojournalism job market with the purpose of establishing a space for dialogue on the issues that circumscribe journalistic culture and gender relations, especially with regard to refers to the professional experiences of women in photojournalism. For that, it uses theories of journalism and gender studies as the theoretical bases for the study. It takes as its axis the sexual division of labor to try to understand how, historically, asymmetries were constructed and how they are established in the professional experiences of photojournalists. The research problem stems from the researcher s own experience in the field, where in the role of photojournalist she perceived him as the source of the power relations established around gender that are also related to class, race and sexuality. From the memories of photojournalists about their professional experiences, who in turn wear the glasses of professional culture, through which journalists and news companies see the world, she tried to understand how photojournalism dialogues with gender issues. It was concluded that the degrees of the glasses need to be updated because the professional culture produces inequalities and hierarchies. There is a need to use new lenses that can make it clear the importance of including women s experiences in their own professional journalistic culture. These new lenses that incorporate gender, class, race and sexuality issues put into perspective and crossings.

World War II was a time of great changes. Many aspects of American society underwent profound shifts but one predominant part of American culture did not change -- theaccepted roles of women. The government documentary films of World War II reveal attitudes, ideas, and assumptions which not only reinforced traditional roles but also reflected theresistance to gender-role alterations. Women during the war were not only shaped by such cultural messages but many subscribed to them wholeheartedly. The films emphasize twospecific images of women -- Susie Homemaker and Rosie the Riveter -- and also reflect society's image of women as homemakers first and war workers second. This double vision,reflected throughout the documentary films became the catalyst which maintained women in traditional roles and, in turn, rejected attempts to alter those roles in any significant way.This study uses the vehicle of World War II documentaryfilms, utilizing the World War II Historical Film Collection, Bracken Library, Ball State University (the largest collection outside the National Archives), the Office of War Information papers, and extensive secondary research, to investigate the images of women during the war years. / Department of History

The Hadza, residing near Lake Eyasi in northern Tanzania, represent one of the last remaining hunter-gatherer populations. Inhabiting the same area as our hominin ancestors and exploiting very similar resources, the Hadza maintain a foraging lifestyle characterised by a sexual division of labour. Studies of their foraging and food sharing habits serve as the foundation to numerous hypotheses of human behaviour and evolution. Data from the Hadza have featured heavily in debates on the sexual division of labour. These debates focus predominantly on men’s foraging, including how and why men provision. Women’s provisioning, on the other hand, is seldom explicitly examined and is often presumed to be constrained by reproduction. This thesis contributes to debates on the sexual division of labour by investigating how a woman’s reproductive status affects her foraging behaviours. Observational data on women’s foraging are investigated from 263 person/day follows (1,307 hours total) across 10 camps between 2004 and 2006. These data present the first quantitative documentation of forager women’s eating and sharing outside of camp. Interview data on women’s reproductive timeline are also analysed from in-depth interviews with 58 women from 9 camps in 2015. Spanning from menarche to menopause, these data offer the first quantitative and qualitative documentation of forager women’s menstruation. The results demonstrate that Hadza women eat and share over 800 kilocalories outside of camp per person/day. They regularly give and receive food, including gifts of honey from men. Breastfeeding women are more likely to give gifts and give more gifts than non-breastfeeding women. When they bring nurslings with them outside of camp, they forage less kilocalories per hour. Post-menopausal women eat less relative to what they forage, are less likely to receive gifts, rest less and forage more than pre-menopausal women. Although Hadza women describe their foraging workload as most difficult during late pregnancy, no significant differences in eating, sharing, resting or foraging are observed for pregnant women. Menstrual data from the Hadza reveal that menstruation is not only culturally relevant to the sexual division of labour, but it is also biologically relevant to current understandings of fertility. The majority (60%) of Hadza women report not doing their normal work during menstruation. They also report menstruation-related taboos for berry picking. The thesis presents an in-depth review of women’s menstruation, from the duration of menses to the menstrual cleaning process.

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