Submitted by Neusa Fagundes (neusa.fagundes@unioeste.br) on 2018-02-23T17:13:12Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Indianara_Meurer2017.pdf: 2339109 bytes, checksum: bb6ccdf3f680b7bdf45f3f2c67efdeb9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-23T17:13:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Indianara_Meurer2017.pdf: 2339109 bytes, checksum: bb6ccdf3f680b7bdf45f3f2c67efdeb9 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Violence is a social production and, being formed by social relations, we do not find it in a particular place or person. Throughout history, the social markers associated to the practices of Violence have been comented, in this way, the culprots were produced for their existence and maintenance. Violence is circular and fluid, therefore, it composes us, strikes us and crosses us, given that Brazil is a country with memories of Violence, since the period of colonization. On the face of it, the cases of Sexual Violence are intricate by the historical, social, political, cultural, economic and ideological relations of society and, therefore, it is changing according to the bonds that are established between the social subjects. In this historical process, in the often devalued the development of the Child and the Adolescent. Thus, the general objective of the research was defined as follows: Understand the guidelines advocated by national documents to address Sexual Violence against Children and Adolescents, from 2000 to 2013, taking into account international norms and national laws. We used bibliographical and documentary research and the period delimited for the study, from 2000 to 2013, corresponds for to the elaboration of the documents used. On the basis of what had been dealt with in the national documents, it was understood that all six documents, even with divergent measures, are based on international traties. Only three use the image resource and all contemplate facing Sexaul Violence of Children and Adolescents, but the objectives vary, and the books Rights Denied (2006) and School that Protects (2008) aim to socialize knowledge about the subject; the National Plans (2000, 2013) seek technical, political and financial intervention. The Decennial Plan 2011-2020 (2010) aims to be the basis for another document and; the School Guide (2011) for the purpose of guiding and training educators. Sexual Violence is a complex and dynamic biopsychosocial phenomenon, in which biological, psychological and social factors are considered, but its beginning and development took place through life in society. Thus, various problems, such as political, economic, moral, legal, psychological, institutional, and also the sense of relationships between social subjects and at the individual level, become entangled with Violence and its modalities. / A Violência é uma produção social e, sendo formada pelas relações sociais, não a encontramos em um lugar ou em uma pessoa determinada. Ao longo da história, foram sendo cimentados os marcadores sociais associados às práticas de Violência, desta forma, foram se produzindo os culpados pela sua existência e manutenção. A Violência é circular e fluida, portanto, nos compõem, nos impacta e nos atravessa, haja vista que o Brasil é um país com memórias de Violência, desde o período da colonização. Em face disso, os casos de Violência Sexual estão intricados pelas relações históricas, sociais, políticas, culturais, econômicas e ideológicas da sociedade e, portanto, vai se modificando conforme os vínculos que se estabelecem entre os sujeitos sociais. Nesse processo histórico, em meio a culturas e legislações divergentes, muitas vezes desvalorizaram o desenvolvimento da Criança e do Adolescente. Assim sendo, o objetivo geral da pesquisa ficou assim definido: Compreender as orientações preconizadas pelos documentos nacionais para enfrentar a Violência Sexual contra Crianças e Adolescentes, no período de 2000 a 2013, considerando as normativas internacionais e as legislações nacionais. Utilizou-se de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental e o período delimitado para o estudo, de 2000 a 2013, corresponde à elaboração dos documentos utilizados. Com base no que fora tratado nos documentos nacionais, compreendeu-se que todos os seis documentos, mesmo com medidas divergentes, têm como referência os tratados internacionais. Somente três utilizam o recurso de imagens e todos contemplam o enfrentamento da Violência Sexual de Crianças e Adolescentes, mas os objetivos variam, sendo que os livros Direitos Negados (2006) e Escola que Protege (2008) objetivam socializar conhecimento sobre a temática; os Planos Nacionais (2000; 2013) buscam a intervenção técnica, política e financeira; os Planos Nacionais (2000; 2013) buscam a intervenção técnica, política e financeira. O Plano Decenal 2011-2020 (2010) visa ser a base para outro documento e; o Guia Escolar (2011) com a finalidade de orientar e capacitar os educadores. A Violência Sexual é um complexo e dinâmico fenômeno biopsicossocial, em que se consideram os fatores biológicos, psicológicos e sociais, mas seu início e desenvolvimento ocorreram pela vida em sociedade. Assim, emaranham-se à Violência e suas modalidades vários problemas, como os políticos, econômicos, morais, legais, psicológicos, institucionais, e também o sentido das relações entre os sujeitos sociais e em âmbito individual.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:07:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Texto completo - LUCIA MAIA.pdf: 1013797 bytes, checksum: c1b0d73276b03fff0f96b310468ea161 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-03 / The present work investigates the social, economical, political, cultural and historical aspects that make children and adolescents vulnerable to sexual exploitation in the City of Iguassu, state of Paraná, Brazil. The large number of children and adolescents in situation of sexual exploitation worldwide, in Brazil and in Iguassu is sufficient to justify this study theme. The border's miseries , the sexual exploitation of female children and adolescents in Iguassu has the purpose to understand the qualitative details of sexual exploitation on female children and adolescents in Iguassu, Brazil, in 2012. We aim at finding the characteristics of this context, and understand, through studies, documents, descriptions and narratives, the sexual exploitation, and identify its characterictics and specificities. We have given priviledge to field research, by means of auscultation techniques, which consist in collecting free testimonials, allowing the subjects of the research to report their own lives. Throughout the auscultation we have found dramatic stories of the people who had their lives violated by social miseries, sexual abuse and exploitation. / O presente estudo investiga os fatores sociais, econômicos, políticos, culturais e históricos que tornam crianças e adolescentes vulneráveis à exploração sexual em Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná, Brasil. A existência de elevado número de crianças e de adolescentes em situação de exploração sexual no mundo, no Brasil e em Foz do Iguaçu, é suficiente para justificar a pesquisa sobre a temática. Misérias das fronteiras, a exploração sexual de crianças e adolescentes femininas em Foz do Iguaçu tem como objetivo compreender as nuances qualitativas da exploração sexual de crianças e adolescentes femininas em Foz do Iguaçu-Paraná, Brasil em 2012. Busca-se caracterizar o contexto da exploração sexual de crianças e adolescentes femininas, entender por meio de estudos, documentos, descrições e narrativas a exploração sexual e identificar as características e especificidades do fenômeno da exploração sexual. Privilegiou-se, para a pesquisa de campo, a técnica das auscultas, que consiste em colher depoimentos livres, permitindo que as sujeitas e os sujeitos relatem suas vidas. A partir das auscultas verifica-se histórias dramáticas das sujeitas que tiveram suas vidas violadas pelas misérias sociais, pelo abuso e exploração sexuais.

Grooming is an internet based crime that affects children over the world, and during the covid-19 pandemic, children have been disproportionately affected and in specific risk for becoming targeted. While Sweden's covid-19 strategy differs from other countries in Europe and the rest of the world, since there has not been a national “lock-down”, however, schools have temporarily implemented distance. This study uses a qualitative approach to examine the effect of the covid-19 pandemic on grooming, where semi-structured interviews were conducted with people working as police officers and social services workers. The material collected from the interviews was analyzed using the routine activity theory and the cyber-lifestyle routine activity theory. The study found that grooming did not appear to increase in Sweden due to the covid-19 pandemic, although there was a concern about it when the pandemic began. It also found that digital resilience is required to protect vulnerable children when societal crises arise. / <p>2021-01-14</p>

abstract: Anti-trafficking research recognizes several populations affected by Commercial Sexual Exploitation (CSE) in the United States (U.S.), yet it has not yet recognized long-term survivors, whose experiences of CSE occurred from the 1960s through the 2000s. Rendering long-term survivors invisible erases the history of CSE in the U.S. and prevents an accurate assessment of the true scope of CSE that it extends from infancy through adulthood. The most grievous CSE cultures target both boys and girls beginning at infancy and extending through early childhood. This project provides a foundation for understanding who long-term survivors are, the types of CSE they experienced, and their experiences of survivency in the decades after exiting. This study utilized interviews and surveys to collect data from 35 long-term survivors, regarding their experiences in the years past exiting. In addition, it also included a systematic analysis of 43 survivor-authors who have documented their experiences in 76 published writings. Findings show that long-term survivors display tenacity and resourcefulness in dealing with complex, intersecting issues. Their experiences of creating new, meaning-filled identities, reconnecting with humanity, and building a positive view of the world can help pave the way for a smoother road of restoration for younger survivors. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Justice Studies 2019

"In Zimbabwe the sexual abuse and exploitation of the girl child remains high. Recently the state has acknowledged the problem of sexual abuse and exploitation of the girl child and has indicated the willingness to step up campaigns against it. This campaign, however, targets school children in primary and secondary schools. There has also been an increase of sexual abuse of children in schools by the teachers and other staff members. The family as an institution has facilitated child abuse and exploitation in Zimbabwe through cultural practices and customs as a survival tactic. Some commentators have directly linked the revival of these cultural practices to the economic crisis that has resulted in food shortages around the country. These traditional practices include the marriages of the child to older men in exchange for food or money known as kuzvarira, kuripa ngozi, or pledging a girl into marriage and virginity testing. Some of the practices are, however, not directly linked to the prevailing economic crisis, but are just practiced as a tradition like chiramu. These practices have become more common amongst the Shona, the largest tribe constituting at least 76% of the population, and predominantly patriarchal. Theorists of patriarchy have directed their attention to the subordinate status of women and found their explanation in the male need to dominate the female. Although Zimbabwe as a state has shown a commitment to protecting children against sexual abuse by enactment of laws criminalising involvement of the girl child in prostitution, incest and rape of girls, little has been done to ensure that forced and early marriages of the girl child are curtailed. Virginity testing is not criminalised and is also currently being practised in rural parts of the country on a wide scale. ... Chapter one introduces the problem of child sexual abuse and exploitation of the girl child as a universal problem and gives a structure of the study. Chapter two discusses the concept of a child, sexual abuse and exploitation as a human rights problem. It analyses the protection of children under international human rights law. Chapter three gives a broad overview of the relationship between culture and children's rights. The role of the family will also be discussed as articulated in the human rights instruments. Chapter four highlights and discusses the cultural practices that result in sexual abuse and exploitation of the girl child in Zimbabwe. The legal framework protecting children from sexual abuse and exploitation and the shortcomings will be highlighted. The impact of such sexual abuse and exploitation on the overall development of the child will also be discussed. Chapter five makes recommendations by looking at the developments from other countries on the rights of the girl child and cultural practises that result in sexual abuse." -- Introduction. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2006. / Prepared under the supervision of Dr. B. Twinomugisha, Faculty of Law, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

This paper investigates the relationship between gender equality and SEA allegations in peacekeeping missions with the help of structural focused questions aiming to answer; How does UN troop-contributing countries' gender equality affect their SEA allegations during peacekeeping missions? The paper focuses on the troop-contributing countries, selected through Mill’s Method of Difference, Morocco and Bangladesh in the missions MONUSCO and MINUSCA. The results indicate a significance with the hypothesis as the empirical information shows fewer SEA allegations in both missions by Bangladesh, who also appear to have made more domestic attempts to create structural changes for gender equal standards.

Protecting human rights is the core mission of the UN, yet peacekeepers commit human rights violations, including sexual violence, during missions. While the literature has focused on qualitative research to assess the factors that make sexual exploitation and abuse occur, few studies have looked at it from a quantitative approach, and none have looked at the effect of the mission mandate. Doing so allows me to gain a more rigorous and evidence-based understanding of the relationship between the variables. The data comes from the Conduct of UN Field Missions from 2010 until 2019, focusing only on UN peace missions. Using this dataset, this study will be the first statistical study to explore the effects of a specific mission mandate, peace enforcement, on the occurrence of sexual violence committed by peacekeepers. The logistic regression finds support that the number of military troops deployed increases the odds of observing SEA reports. With the ZINB model, I find marginal evidence that missions with peace enforcement mandates are associated with increased SEA reports. Both predictor variables are significant when including a lead variable for the number of reports. While these results show some patterns in the data, further research is needed to investigate the relationships deeper.

Background: The victimization of children has been a prevalent issue long before the emergence of social media. The rapid development of the world wide web during the last decades has created more ways to get access to anyone anywhere at any time. This has brought along a yearly increase in the number of children who are abused online with the help of technological devices. So far, the existing research in the field of online grooming has been limited and especially in Estonia. Although the problem has been acknowledged, little is known about the offenders and how they target children for sexual purposes. Aim: The thesis aims to create a fuller picture of different types of online offenders in Estonia by using typology formed by the European Online Grooming Project. Furthermore, it looks into the rational choice processes of these offenders and how they establish a connection with their victims for personal sexual gratification while minimizing their risk of getting caught. Method: The data consists of 13 court cases of offenders who were found guilty in 2017-2022. The documents were accessed in Estonian Harju County Court and analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: The results showed that the most common types of online offenders in Estonia are intimacy-seeking and adaptable. The findings add support to previous research, showing that most online offenders use different controlling tactics like emotional abuse, threatening, blackmailing, and flattery to benefit their chances of gaining sexual gratification from the relationship. To minimize their chances of getting caught, the offenders had chosen vulnerable victims, faked details about their personal information, used different social media applications to their own benefit, and consistently asked the victims about their surrounding environment. Conclusion: The findings of the study are in line with previous research about the typologies and strategies of online groomers whilst providing new data for future research on the topic. The hope is that with a deeper analysis of the groomers behavior, the study helps to create further preventative measures to decrease the number of potential future victims.

The topic of sexual misconduct in the aid sector is not new. However, since it was revealed that Oxfam GB had staff who committed sexual misconduct in the aftermath of the 2010 earthquake in Haiti and women spoke about the issue of SEAH under the #AidToo, the topic has been brought to life again. The purpose of this thesis is to make an attempt on how organizations in the aid sector can strengthen approaches to prevent and respond to sexual misconduct. The study sheds light on the problem of how few aid workers are held accountable when they have been discovered of committing sexual misconduct. This is a qualitative case study with focus on Oxfam GB.  The findings presents various areas in which Oxfam GB can strengthen their approaches to prevent and respond to sexual misconduct. To increase knowledge about SEAH, to develop guidelines and methods for how the management could respond when cases of SEAH occur. Reporting mechanisms have an important function to be able to detect cases of sexual misconduct. Furthermore, there needs to be greater focus on the individuals who have been exposed to some form of SEAH. The study further indicates a gap on these approaches to prevent and respond with regards to the legal aspect.

Kommersiell Sexuell Exploatering av Barn (KSEB) är ett ökande globalt problem,vilket är särskilt tydligt utvecklingsländer med en växande turistnäring. CostaRica har gjort omfattande insatser i det förebyggande arbetet mot dessa brott, menstudier visar att dessa ansträngningar är otillräckliga, särskilt rörande hjälpinsatsertill offer. KSEB har fått betydande uppmärksamhet under de senaste åren ochfrivilligorganisationer har anslutit sig till kampen mot dessa brott. Syftet meddenna studie är att förstå de nuvarande utmaningarna som frivilligorganisationeroch Costa Ricas regering står inför, i kampen att hjälpa offren och bekämpaKSEB, samt att undersöka samarbetet mellan Costa Ricas regering ochfrivilligorganisationer som arbetar för att förhindra dessa brott. Dessa frågor harbesvarats genom kvalitativa intervjuer med frivilligorganisationer och statligaorganisationer under en fältstudie i Costa Rica. Resultaten visar att det störstahindret i kampen mot KSEB är bristen på medvetenhet om förekomsten av dessabrott tillsammans med finansiella hinder i det förebyggande arbetet. Resultatrörande hindren av hjälp till offer visar att diskrepanser på hur hjälpen skaförmedlas är det allvarligaste problemet. Utöver detta saknas det fungerandeåteranpassningsprogram. När det gäller samarbete, visar resultaten attkommunikationen och samarbetet totalt sett är tillfredsställande. Det finns dock entydlig brist på organisatorisk samordning och resultaten visar att regeringen ärovetande om de frivilligorganisationer i landet som arbetar med att förhindradessa brott, vilket utpekades som ett stort hinder för samarbetet. / Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC) is an increasing global issue, which is especially evident in developing countries with growing tourist industries. Costa Rica has made extensive efforts in the prevention work against these crimes, however, there is evidence that these efforts are insufficient, especially in terms of assisting victims. CSEC has received substantial attention over the last few years and Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs) has joined the fight against these crimes. The aim of this study is to understand the current challenges NGOs and the government is facing in helping victims and combatCSEC, as well as to investigate the collaboration between the Costa Ricangovernment and NGOs who work within counter-trafficking departments. Byusing a qualitative approach during a field study in Costa Rica, the questions ofissue has been answered by interviewing NGOs and government officials abouttheir experiences. The results show that the largest obstacle in combating CSEC isthe lack of awareness about the prevalence of these crimes along with financialstruggles in the prevention work. Moreover, the results regarding challenges inhelping victims was embedded in discrepancies on how to assist the victims,along with a lack of reintegration programs. Regarding collaboration, the resultsshow that the communications and collaboration is overall satisfying. However,there is a clear lack of organizational coordination and counter-trafficking NGOsare not known to the government, which is pointed out as major challenges interms of collaboration.