The sexual exploitation of children remains a very serious problem and is rapidly increasing globally through the use of the Internet. This work focuses on the current methods employed by criminals to generate and distribute child pornography, the methods used by law enforcement agencies to deter them, and the drawbacks of currently used methods, as well as the surrounding legal and privacy issues. A proven method to detect the transmission of illicit images at the network layer is presented within this paper. With this research, it is now possible to actively filter illicit pornographic images as they are transmitted over the network layer in real-time. It is shown that a Stochastic Learning Weak Estimator learning algorithm and a Maximum Likelihood Estimator learning algorithm can be applied against Linear Classifiers to identify and filter illicit pornographic images. In this thesis, these two learning algorithms were combined with algorithms such as the Non-negative Vector Similarity Coefficient-based Distance algorithm, Euclidian Distance, and Weighted Euclidian Distance. Based upon this research, a prototype was developed using the abovementioned system, capable of performing classification on both compressed and uncompressed images. Experimental results showed that classification accuracies and the overhead of network-based approaches did have a significant effect on routing devices. All images used in our experiments were legal. No actual child pornography images were ever collected, seen, sought, or used.

This thesis explores how the Swedish legal system, specifically the police and district courts, understand and construct cases of human trafficking for sexual purposes and procuring with under-age victims. It draws on police investigative interviews and court decisions in 22 pronounced district court sentences, involving 36 female youths. Theoretically the thesis primarily builds on social constructionism and the sociology of childhood. Methodologically it builds on coding of forensic interviews, narrative analysis and discourse analysis. Study I explores the informativeness of 24 of the 36 adolescents when interviewed by the police. It shows that the adolescents were informative yet evasive, specifically when asked open questions. Experiences of violence and force as well as interviews conducted soon after the police intervention further contributed to evasiveness. Also evasiveness seemed intimately connected to circumstances in each unique case. Study II scrutinises the image of the ideal trafficking victim by asking how the issue of responsibility is handled when police interviews turn to prostitution. It also analyses which interactive and narrative conditions, related to agency and stake, apply for talk in this specific institutional setting. The findings suggest that in order to sort out the ‘real’ victims, the interrogator needs to pull apart the two categories ‘victim’ and ‘prostitute’ even if there may be problems with this clear-cut distinction since the categories tend to blend together. Further, in this institutional setting to talk about sex can be problematic as it may undermine the victim narrative instead creating a subject with interests. Study III explores how Swedish district courts assess the credibility of alleged victims of human trafficking for sexual purposes and the reliability of their testimonies. The findings indicate that the judges base their assessments on the Swedish Supreme Courts’ criteria of how to understand reliability and credibility but they seemed also to be influenced by extra-legal factors relating to victims’ behaviour. Further, the findings imply that the judges used the Supreme Court’s criteria to argue both for and against credibility. By so doing, their arguments supported the decision reached irrespective of how the adolescents reported or what impression they made. In brief this thesis can be said to point to a legal dilemma when law on paper is applied in practice as each unique adolescent must be recognized by the authorities as fitting the administrative category ‘victim’. When put into practice, categories are rarely neat and clear hence such categorizing becomes a phenomenon negotiated in interaction. Also, this legal context sets up limits and possibilities for the adolescents’ agency and this too can be said to have a bearing on if she is, or is not, constructed as a victim. In short, this thesis shows certain conditions of victimhood. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Submitted.</p><p>Forskningsfinansiär: Brottsoffermyndigheten genom Brottsofferfonden.</p> / Människohandel/koppleri med barn och unga för sexuella ändamål Vad går att lära av rättsväsendet och brottsoffrens erfarenheter?

This investigation explores the international perspectives of causality of human traffic, specifically, traffic into commercial sexual exploitation. Current Western approaches to combat trafficking centre around law and order, immigration issues, and victim protection programs. While these are important for a holistic effort to deter traffic, these foci overlook prevention endeavors, thereby acting as a band-aid on a bullet wound, addressing the symptoms, but not the foundation of trafficking. Western perspectives toward prevention concentrate on economic aspects of supply and demand while crediting the root cause to be poverty. Using social exclusion theory, this thesis demonstrates that the current paradigm of viewing human trafficking in purely economic terms is an oversimplification. This project proposes to widen the focus of prevention efforts those cultural and social structures which push and pull victims into trafficking. The research is a response to an international call for further initiatives to prevent human trafficking, the recent rise of human traffic in Guatemala, Central America and the lack of research which focuses on the social links with trafficking and mainstream society. Research conducted in Guatemala, included a thirteen-month ethnography and involved one-hundred and thirteen qualitative interviews conducted in nine Guatemalan cities strategically located along trafficking routes. The target research population included women sex workers and former traffic victims from Central America and included insights from non-governmental organizations workers. Twenty-three interviewees were Central American migrants which provided insight in the wider regional structures of traffic and commercial sexual exploitation. The interviews aimed at understanding the lived experiences of exploitation in order to determine whether social exclusion affects human traffic within commercial sexual exploitation. The findings revealed the underlying social and cultural structures which reinforce human trafficking. Empirical data collected provides real-time data on trafficking networks, commercial sexual exploitation and reveals the geo-political significance of Guatemala as a hot-spot for traffic. Analysis of interviews illustrates variations in the experience of human traffic and commercial sexual exploitation which challenges current western stereotypical ideas on traffic victims. Conceptually, macro-structures—political, economic, social, and violence—are presented as a back drop for the formation of wider networks of exploitation. The exploration of violence as a push factor challenges international forced repatriation policies. Micro-structures—gender roles, family, violence, and coping strategies—are examined in the ways they perpetuate social systems of trafficking and commercial sexual exploitation. Theoretically, the thesis argues against the current paradigm which narrowly focuses on economics, but calls for the incorporation of social exclusion theory to understand the multi-dimensionality of human traffic and its wider links to society in order to open up new dialogue for prevention between the West and the majority world.

Children have the same birthrights as adults. Nobody can restrict them or take it away. Children can not realize their birthrights, for their disability. This explains the reason, why children are most vulnerable and undefended members of our society. In this research, the constraint against children is described as negative and progressive social phenomenon. Actually, it is hard to evaluate gauge of this phenomenon and stop it is almost impossible. The official statistics do not reveal current situation and problems. For instance the psychical constraint is not registered at all in Lithuania.

This Photovoice study engaged Indigenous girls, aged fifteen, in a participatory study to explore their knowledge of commercial sexual exploitation. Through photos, writing, and discussion four major themes emerged: i. all the participant-researchers had directly experienced and witnessed various incidences of sexual exploitation; ii. the sexual exploitation of Indigenous girls is pervasive and normalized; iii. racialization impacts on life as an Indigenous girl, and finally; iv. friendly and accessible services are critical to preventing and intervening in sexual exploitation but are inadequate. Overall the findings that emerged from the girls’ photos and stories indicate that in view of historic conditions and ongoing racialization and sexualization Indigenous girls are very vulnerable to sexual exploitation. Broad-level change is needed in order to eventually eradicate the sexual exploitation of Indigenous girls. In the meantime, there is the continued need for immediate, community support for girls in regard to sexual exploitation. More research engaging Indigenous girls directly in knowledge creation is needed.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T20:34:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GLEIDISMARA 1.pdf: 117907 bytes, checksum: 001d62da118ecff2b16680fbf28fe4aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-12-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study, presented in the Masters program in Education and Culture of the State University of Santa Catarina (UDESC), sought to understand teachers perceptions about Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents in the municipality of Florianópolis. The guiding issues of this study focused on a search to unveil the reflections of this perception on pedagogical activities with victims of such violence. The work also sought to identify, based on the discourse of teachers, suggestions for confronting sexual exploitation, understanding the educator as a defender of the rights of children and adolescents, and as a citizen who transforms reality. The study first portrays the world experienced by the researcher as an educator, psychologist and employee of the Federal Public Ministry, considering that her experience is permeated by conflicts about this problem both in the educational process and in therapeutic practice. The theoretical support for the research reveals that sexual rights are human rights, and thus supported by Brazilian and international legislation. Sexual exploitation is clearly a violation of rights that requires systematic intervention to punish the violators. By means of this dissertation I intend to offer society, especially those committed to the effective protection of sexually exploited subjects, material that can assist in the reflections, debates and programs to eradicate this heinous form of obtaining pleasure and profit. Understanding the school as a special place of information and education about sexual identity that can significantly contribute to the construction of a culture of peace, five teachers were interviewed who performed various functions in public schools located in the periphery of Florianópolis. The theoretical-philosophical-methodological route to phenomenology was based principally on the works of The data collected in the interviews were analyzed according to the five steps proposed by Giorgi, enriched by the sixth step proposed by Comiotto. Based on the analysis of the interviews, three essential concepts were revealed: I A look at oneself, when meeting the other: The perception of the multiple violence that is felt; II Confronting sexual exploitation is everyone s responsibility; III- The construction of a culture of peace: suggestions for confronting the commercial sexual exploitation of children and adolescents. The work also intends to create elements that can assist in the development of public policies that provide psychological and social services to the victims of commercial sexual exploitation and that assist teachers in the prevention and confrontation of sexual exploitation / O presente trabalho, apresentado no curso de Mestrado em Educação e Cultura, da Universidade Estadual de Santa Catarina- UDESC, buscou compreender a percepção de educadoras sobre a Exploração Sexual Comercial de Crianças e Adolescentes no município de Florianópolis. As questões norteadoras deste estudo enfatizaram a procura do desvelamento dos reflexos desta percepção, na ação pedagógica, junto aos sujeitos vítimas de violência. O trabalho também procura elencar, à partir dos discursos das educadoras, sugestões de enfrentamento à exploração sexual, visualizando o educador como defensor dos direitos da infância e da adolescência, bem como cidadão transformador da realidade. Inicialmente, relata o mundo vivido pela pesquisadora como educadora, psicóloga e servidora do Ministério Público Federal, considerando que sua vivência foi permeada de conflitos a cerca dessa problemática tanto no processo educativo, quanto na prática terapêutica. No diálogo com os cúmplices teóricos, ficou evidenciado que os direitos sexuais são direitos humanos, portanto amparados na legislação nacional e internacional, e que a exploração sexual é uma violação de direitos, requerendo uma intervenção sistêmica para punição dos aliciadores. Por meio dessa dissertação pretende proporcionar à sociedade, especialmente aos comprometidos com a efetiva proteção aos sujeitos explorados sexualmente, material de apoio que possa auxiliar nas reflexões, debates e programas de erradicação desta forma hedionda de obtenção de prazer e lucro. Entendendo a escola como um espaço privilegiado de informação e formação da identidade sexual que poderá significativamente contribuir na construção da cultura de paz, foram entrevistadas cinco educadoras que desempenham variadas funções em escolas públicas localizadas na periferia de Florianópolis. Foi utilizado como caminho teórico-filosófico-metodológico a fenomenologia, baseada principalmente nas obras de Merleau-Ponty, seguindo os passos básicos do método fenomenológico. Os dados coletados nas entrevistas foram analisados seguindo os cinco passos de Giorgi, enriquecidos pelo sexto passo proposto por Comiotto. A partir da análise das entrevistas, fluíram três essências, são elas: I - Um olhar para si, no encontro com o outro: A percepção das múltiplas violências sentidas; II - Enfrentamento à exploração sexual: um compromisso de todos; III- A construção de uma cultura de paz: sugestões de enfrentamento à exploração sexual comercial de crianças e adolescentes. O trabalho pretende também criar subsídios ao desenvolvimento de políticas públicas que possibilitem o atendimento psicológico e social às vítimas de exploração sexual comercial e que auxiliem o educador na prevenção e no enfrentamento da exploração sexual .

Este trabalho é uma análise antropológica sobre as relações afetivas e comerciais entre mulheres que se prostituem e os demais agentes da prostituição, os chamados rufiões ou proxenetas. Através do trabalho etnográfico buscamos compreender os sentidos e representações sobre as concepções de trabalho e de exploração. Este trabalho foi construído a partir do método etnográfico e da observação participante iniciado em uma organização não-governamental de prostitutas em Porto Alegre e ampliado a outros entrevistados que participam das redes de relações dos pesquisados. Realizamos o trabalho de pesquisa através de entrevistas individuais e registros em diários de campo, estabelecendo uma interlocução com as mulheres que se prostituem e com os/as proprietários/as e gerentes de estabelecimentos onde se realiza a prostituição. Esta etnografia está organizada a partir de um debate desencadeado pela interlocução com entrevistados e em um novo cenário em que os protagonistas tecem ações políticas e reflexões sobre as possibilidades de alguma regulamentação e reconhecimento profissional da prostituição. Procuramos conhecer os relacionamentos entre agenciadores e prostitutas, em diferentes espaços de prostituição (públicos e privados) através de seus depoimentos e reflexões sobre a experiência direta e diversificada com a prostituição na cidade de Porto Alegre/RS. / This work is an anthropological analysis about the affective and commercial relationships between prostitutes and their agents, the so called caftans. Using the ethnographic work we sought to understand the interactions between work and exploitation. The ethnographic work started with the prostitutes belonging to a nongovernmental organization based in the city of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul state (Brasil), and broadened to other people acquainted to them. The work was accomplished by personal interviews with the prostitutes, their managers and the owners of the places where prostitution takes place. Starting with a discussion about the nowadays situation, the people involved did present some suggestions about the possibilities for professional organization, and, at the end, a state recognition and regulation. We sought to understand the relationships between caftans and prostitutes in different environments (public and privately), based on their interviews and intimate experience and suggestions.

A presente dissertação teve como objetivo investigar aspectos relacionados à juventude brasileira e trabalho através da identificação de fatores de proteção e de risco em dois estudos independentes. Os referenciais teóricos da Abordagem Bioecológica do Desenvolvimento Humano e da Psicologia do Trabalho embasaram estes estudos. O Estudo I teve como foco a exploração sexual como trabalho. O objetivo foi investigar o caso de uma menina de 14 anos, em situação de exploração sexual comercial, que informava ser esta a sua atividade laboral. Utilizou-se um delineamento de estudo de caso único. Constatou-se que a jovem percebia a atividade como um trabalho que lhe proporcionava autonomia, subsistência e sobrevivência. O Estudo II teve como foco a comparação das características de jovens trabalhadores e não trabalhadores. Seu objetivo foi investigar aspectos relacionados ao mundo do trabalho na vida de jovens brasileiros de nível sócio econômico baixo. Foi realizado um recorte transversal de uma pesquisa de caráter exploratório descritivo sobre Fatores de Risco e Proteção da Juventude Brasileira, realizada em sete cidades do país. Participam 7425 jovens, com idade entre 14 a 24 anos (m = 16,19; SD = 1,821), de ambos os sexos (masculino, n = 3397, 45,8%; feminino n = 4014, 54,2%) e nível sócio econômico baixo. Foi utilizado um questionário para levantamento de fatores de risco e proteção. Para análise dos dados, foram realizadas estatísticas descritivas, qui-quadrado e teste t de Student, comparando um grupo de jovens trabalhadores e um grupo de jovens não trabalhadores. Algumas constatações revelaram que, apesar de haver um número relativamente elevado de jovens trabalhando, a remuneração desta mão de obra foi considerada baixa, sendo que 47,9% trabalham entre cindo e oito horas diárias. Além disso, o fato de trabalhar na juventude mostrou-se relacionado ao número de reprovações. Os resultados indicaram que, quanto maior o nível educacional dos pais, menor o percentual de jovens trabalhando. Jovens não trabalhadores apresentaram média de escolaridade superior e estudam prioritariamente nos turnos da manhã e da tarde em relação aos jovens trabalhadores, cujo turno escolar concentra-se à noite. Jovens trabalhadores registraram auxiliar na renda doméstica, enquanto os jovens não trabalhadores registraram contar com o apoio financeiro familiar. Jovens trabalhadores apresentaram um percentual maior de uso de todas as drogas, maior risco de suicídio em relação aos jovens não trabalhadores. Além disso, a exposição à violência doméstica e na comunidade foi superior no caso dos jovens trabalhadores. O Estudo I e o Estudo II revelaram os efeitos negativos do trabalho sobre a saúde dos jovens trabalhadores, somado às dificuldades de administrar a competição que se estabeleceu entre o trabalho e outras tarefas. O trabalho juvenil pode ser considerado um fator de risco, principalmente quando as condições laborais não se dão de forma adequada e protegida. / The aim of the study was to investigate aspects related to brazilian youth and work, identifying protective and risk factors through two independent studies. The Biological Human Development Approach and the Psychology of Work were used as frameworks. In the first study the focus was the sexual exploitation as a job. The objective was to investigate the case of a 14 years old girl, in the situation of commercial sexual exploitation, who considered this situation her labor activity. It was used a single case study delineation. The girl perceived the activity as a job that provided autonomy and her survival. The second study focused on the comparison of a group of youth workers and a group of youth non-workers. Its objective was to investigate aspects related to the world of work in the life of young brazilians of low economic level. It was a cross-sectional study based on a national descriptive exploratory research about risk and protective factors in brazilian youth, developed in seven different cities. There were 7425 participants, aged between 14 and 24 years old (m = 16,19; SD = 1,821), both genders (male, n = 3397, 45,8%; female n = 4014, 54,2%), of low economic level. The instrument was a questionnaire about risk and protective factors, containing 109 questions. The data analysis included descriptive statistics, chi-square and Student t test comparing a group of youth workers and a group of youth non-workers. Some results showed that although there is a relatively high number of youth workers, their income is low, considering that 47.9% work between five and eight a day. Concerning education, working during youth is related to a high failure rate at school. The results show that the higher the educational level of parents, the lower the percentage of youth workers. Non-workers group showed a greater average of educational level and with priority studies in the morning and the afternoon shifts in relation the young workers, whose scholar shift is at night. Young workers had registered to assist in the domestic income, while the non-workers group had registered to count on the familiar financial support. The youth workers' group had a greater percentage of use of all the investigated drugs and a higher risk of suicide in comparison to the youth nonworkers group. Moreover, the exposition to domestic violence and community violence was superior in the case of youth workers. Study I and Study II revealed that the negative effects of working during youth period can bring consequences to youth health and generate difficulties in managing the competition between work and other tasks. Youth work can be defined as a risk factor, especially when the labour conditions are not adequate and protected.

Este trabalho é uma análise antropológica sobre as relações afetivas e comerciais entre mulheres que se prostituem e os demais agentes da prostituição, os chamados rufiões ou proxenetas. Através do trabalho etnográfico buscamos compreender os sentidos e representações sobre as concepções de trabalho e de exploração. Este trabalho foi construído a partir do método etnográfico e da observação participante iniciado em uma organização não-governamental de prostitutas em Porto Alegre e ampliado a outros entrevistados que participam das redes de relações dos pesquisados. Realizamos o trabalho de pesquisa através de entrevistas individuais e registros em diários de campo, estabelecendo uma interlocução com as mulheres que se prostituem e com os/as proprietários/as e gerentes de estabelecimentos onde se realiza a prostituição. Esta etnografia está organizada a partir de um debate desencadeado pela interlocução com entrevistados e em um novo cenário em que os protagonistas tecem ações políticas e reflexões sobre as possibilidades de alguma regulamentação e reconhecimento profissional da prostituição. Procuramos conhecer os relacionamentos entre agenciadores e prostitutas, em diferentes espaços de prostituição (públicos e privados) através de seus depoimentos e reflexões sobre a experiência direta e diversificada com a prostituição na cidade de Porto Alegre/RS. / This work is an anthropological analysis about the affective and commercial relationships between prostitutes and their agents, the so called caftans. Using the ethnographic work we sought to understand the interactions between work and exploitation. The ethnographic work started with the prostitutes belonging to a nongovernmental organization based in the city of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul state (Brasil), and broadened to other people acquainted to them. The work was accomplished by personal interviews with the prostitutes, their managers and the owners of the places where prostitution takes place. Starting with a discussion about the nowadays situation, the people involved did present some suggestions about the possibilities for professional organization, and, at the end, a state recognition and regulation. We sought to understand the relationships between caftans and prostitutes in different environments (public and privately), based on their interviews and intimate experience and suggestions.

Human trafficking for sexual exploitation, as the most documented type of trafficking both internationally and in South Africa, was the focus of this study as it poses significant challenges to response efforts whilst remaining a crime of vast impunity. At the centre of this study was the researcher’s curiosity-infused endeavour to understand the lived experiences of multipronged stakeholders who have first-hand experience of the investigation into human trafficking for sexual exploitation. A qualitative approach and the use of hermeneutic phenomenology within a broader postmodernist and constructivist positioning served as the catalyst for generating novel insights. Numerous formal and informal conversations over the 5-year research period, site visits to multiple sex trade locations around South Africa and 91 in-depth and unstructured interviews with participants from 15 different vantage points were conducted. Five themes were identified from participants’ lived experiences as they related to the investigation of human trafficking for sexual exploitation. These were Theme 1: Sex Trade, Human Trafficking and Organised Crime; Theme 2: Combating Human Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation; Theme 3: Victims of Human Trafficking for Sexual Exploitation; Theme 4: Corruption and Compromise; and Theme 5: The Social Context and Scope of the Problem. A rich and in-depth presentation of participants’ lived experiences from an emic point of view was made. Knowledge generated include the revelation of problematic claims by preservationists around the nature of the sex trade in South Africa, insights into complexities intrinsic to human trafficking for sexual exploitation and multi-layered challenges associated with investigations into the crime. At the apex of the study was the deconstruction of complex systems theory and its application to the phenomenological essence of participants’ lived experiences. A proposed application of the theory was suggested for a more agile, robust and effective multipronged investigation strategy to combat human trafficking for sexual exploitation. A strong argument is made for a ‘whole’ and non-reductionist approach to investigations that continuously considers both the complexity of the crime and the day-to-day realities of the stakeholders who contribute to the multipronged investigation into human trafficking for sexual exploitation. / Ukurhweba ngabantu ngeenjongo zokubaxhaphaza ngokwesondo, lolona didi lorhwebo lokuxhaphaza ekubhalwe ngalo kakhulu kwihlabathi jikelele nakuMzantsi Afrika. Esi sifundo sigxile kolu rhwebo njengoko lucela umngeni kwimizamo yokusabela lo gama ilulwaphulo mthetho olungalawulekiyo. Esizikithini sesi sifundo yayingumdla womphandi ukuqonda ngamava abo bathatha inxaxheba ekuphandeni ngorhwebo lokuxhaphaza ngokwesondo. Kukhethwe ufundo oluqwalasela umgangatho nokusetyenziswa kwesimbo sokutolika iimeko ezikhoyo kwilizwe elisemva kwelale mihla siphila kuyo njengeyona nqobo eya kuveza iimbono ezingaqhelekanga. Kwabanjwa inqwaba yeencoko ezisesikweni nezingekho sikweni ezenziwe kwisithuba seminyaka yophando engaphaya kwemihlanu, kwatyelelwa kwiindawo zorhwebo lokuxhaphaza ngokwesondlo ezikhoyo eMzantsi Afrika, kwabanjwa nodliwano ndlebe olunzulu lungaqingqwanga olungama-91 nabantu abakwiindawo zomdla ezili-15. Kwabonakala imixholo emihlanu esuka kumava abathathi nxaxheba malunga nophando ngorhwebo lokuxhaphaza ngesondo. Le mixholo yile: Umxholo woku-1: Urhwebo Lwesondo, Urhwebo Lokuxhaphaza Abantu, Nolwaphulo Mthetho Olucwangcisiweyo; Umxholo wesi-2: Ukulwa Urhwebo lokuxhaphaza abantu Ngenjongo Yesondo; Umxholo wesi-3: Amaxhoba Orhwebo Lokuxhaphaza Abantu Ngenjongo Yesondo; Umxholo wesi-4: Ubuqhophololo Nokunikezela; kunye noMxholo wesi-5: Imeko Yezentlalo Nomthamo Wengxaki. Kwenziwa inkcazelo enzulu netyebileyo yamava abathathi nxaxheba evelelwa ngokwendlela abantu bendawo abacinga nabazibona ngayo izinto. Ulwazi olufunyenweyo luquka izimvo eziyingxaki zabantu abakhuthaza ukugcinwa kwezinto zinjengoko zinjalo, malunga nohlolo olululo lorhwebo ngesondo eMzantsi Afrika, izimvo ngobunzima obubuthume kurhwebo lokuxhaphaza abantu ngenjongo yesondo kunye nemingeni emininzi eyayanyaniswa nophando lolwaphulo mthetho. Encochoyini yesi sifundo kukuhlakaza ingcingane exhakaxhaka yeenkqubo nokusetyenziswa kwayo kwiimeko ezikhoyo kumava abathathi nxaxheba. Kwacetyiswa indlela yokusebenzisa le ngcingane ekwenzeni icebo elinamandla nelisebenzayo lokulwa urhwebo lokuxhaphaza abantu ngenjongo yesondo. Kuthethelwa indlela yokusebenza ‘epheleleyo’ nengacuthi nto ekuqhubeni uphando v olusoloko luthathela ingqalelo ubuxhakaxhaka bolwaphulo mthetho namava emihla ngemihla abathathi nxaxheba abafaka isandla kuphando oluvelela iinkalo ezininzi kurhwebo lokuxhaphaza abantu ngenjongo yesondo. / Ukushushumbiswa kwabantu ukuze baxhashazwe ngokocansi, njengohlobo lokushushumbisa oluqoshwe phansi ngokudlula zonke ezinye izinhlobo emhlabeni wonke kanye naseNingizimu Afrika, yikona okugxilwe kukho kakhulu kulolu cwaningo njengoba kuyikona okungadala izingqinamba ezinkulu emizamweni yokubhekana nakho kube futhi kuyilona hlobo lobugebengu olungajeziswa kangako. Okunguwona mgomo walolu cwaningo yimizamo yomcwaningi egqugquzelwa ngukufuna kwakhe ukwazi ukuze aqonde lokho okubonwe ngababandakanyekayo abahlukahlukene abebebhekene ngqo nokuphenywa kodaba lokushushumbiswa kwabantu ukuze baxhashazwe ngokocansi. Kusetshenziswe indlela yokwenza ephathelene nokuqoqwa kwemininingwane engamaqiniso nokusetshenziswa kohlobo locwaningo olwahlukile kulolo olubheka ukwenzeka kwezinto ngokwemvelo maqondana nokuhleleka kwezinto ngokwesikhathi esilandela esezinto zesimanjemanje, nangendlela elandela umumo othize, njengegqugquzela ubukhona bokuqonda okuhlaba umxhwele ngokungajwayelekile. Kube khona izingxoxo eziningi ezihleliwe nezingahlelwanga ezenzeke esikhathini esiyiminyaka emihlanu yocwaningo, kwavakashelwa izizinda eziningi ezindaweni okuhwetshelwana kuzo ngocansi eziseNingizimu Afrika, kwaphinde kwaba nezingxoxo ezingama-91 ezijulile ngokuphonsa imibuzo engahleliwe ngokusemthethweni kubabambiqhaza abavela ezindaweni eziyi-15 ezilungele lolu cwaningo. Kuhlonzwe izingqikithi ezinhlanu eziqhamuke kulokho okubonwe ngababambiqhaza ngokuhlobana kwabo nophenyo lokushushumbiswa kwabantu ukuze baxhashazwe ngokocansi. Yilezi, Ingqikithi 1: Ukuhweba Ngocansi, Ukushushumbiswa Kwabantu Nobugebengu Obuhleliwe; Ingqikithi 2: Ukulwisana Nokushushumbiswa Kwabantu Ukuze Baxhashazwe Ngokocansi; Ingqikithi 3: Izisulu Zokushushumbiswa Ukuze Zixhashazwe Ngokocansi; Ingqikithi 4: Inkohlakalo Nokwenza Okungahambisani Nawe; neNgqikithi 5: Indikimba Kwezenhlalo Nobubanzi Benkinga. Kube sekwethulwa ngokucebile nangokujulile okubonwe ngababambiqhaza ngokwencazelo ehambisana nohlobo lwesifundo. Ulwazi olutholakele lubandakanya ukuvela kwalokho okuyinkinga okushiwo yilabo abalwela ubukhona bohwebo lwezocansi eNingizimu Afrika, ukuqondwa kwalokho okungekho lula ukukuqonda okuphathelene vii nokushushumbiswa kwabantu ukuze baxhashazwe ngokocansi kanye nezingqinamba ezishiyana ngokwezigaba ezihambisana nophenyo lwalobu bugebengu. Ekujuleni kocwaningo kube khona ukuhlaziya okubanzi ngokuhlakaza izinhlelo zezinzululwazi okungekho lula ukuziqonda nokusetshenziswa kwazo kulokho okusemqoka okubonwe ngababambiqhaza. Kuhlongozwe ukuba kusetshenziswe isu elisheshayo, elishubile nelizosebenza ngempumelelo elihlukene izigaba eziningi ezibheka konke elizolwisana nokushushumbiswa kwabantu ukuze baxhashazwe ngokocansi. Ukudingida kabanzi ngendlela 'ephelele' nengancike ndawo okumele ilandelwe uma kuphenywa nezobheka kokubili ukungabi lula kobugebengu okubhekenwe nabo kanye nokubonwa imihla ngemihla ngababambiqhaza abasiza ngokuthile ophenyweni olubheka okuningi okwahlukahlukene maqondana nokushushumbiswa kwabantu ukuze baxhashazwe ngokocansi. / Criminology and Security Science