Miss Kathy is a documentary film that tells the story of Kathy Griffin-Grinan, a lead recovery coach for prostitution and human trafficking with the Harris County Sheriff’s Office. Her non-profit organization —We’ve Been There, Done That – works in conjunction with law-enforcement to offer the survivors of prostitution a chance at rehabilitation. With endless enthusiasm, she mentors survivors as they struggle to escape a destructive lifestyle. This film also explores the relationship between human trafficking and prostitution, while addressing issues of victimization and exploitation.

La présente recherche rend compte de la perception de leurs activités de huit femmes ayant pratiqué ou pratiquant toujours diverses formes d’activités sexuelles rémunérées dans un contexte hors rue. Les formes d’activités les plus souvent abordées sont la danse nue avec et sans contacts, l’escorte, le massage érotique et le phénomène communément appelé « sugar daddy », soit l’échange des services contre rémunération avec un client en particulier. Deux participantes de l’échantillon ont, parallèlement à leurs pratiques hors rue, exercé dans la rue. Le terme « pratiques sexuelles rémunérées » a été privilégié afin d’assurer une perspective neutre, c’est-à-dire sans parti pris a priori pour aucune des deux visions préexistantes par rapport au phénomène se situant à deux extrémités de ce que nous percevons plutôt être un continuum, soit la vision abolitionniste voulant que la « prostitution » soit une forme d’exploitation et de violence sexuelle commise principalement à l’égard des femmes, qui devrait être décriminalisée pour les femmes, mais criminalisée pour les clients et les proxénètes, et la vision soutenant que le « travail du sexe » est un choix qui constitue un travail comme un autre et, conséquemment, mérite d’être décriminalisé complètement, et ce, même pour les clients et les proxénètes. Notre approche visait essentiellement à permettre d’aller chercher les visions subjectives des femmes sur leur pratique, point de vue que nous retrouvons peu dans les écrits et les débats sur le sujet. La cadre théorique qui sous-tend notre analyse est celui de l’intersectionnalité. Les principales sources de discrimination ressorties sont l’âge, le statut socioéconomique, et l’origine ethnique pour une participante. Ces sources augmentent les facteurs de vulnérabilité faisant que les femmes se dirigent vers l’univers des pratiques sexuelles rémunérées, y demeurent ou parfois y retournent après un arrêt, ceci afin d’assurer leur subsistance, la consommation de substances psychoactives ou pour pouvoir rembourser des dettes et/ou se payer certains luxes. Le but de notre étude est de découvrir et de comprendre la perception des femmes quant à leur expérience associée à la pratique de différentes formes d’activités sexuelles rémunérées hors rue. Il s’agissait plus spécifiquement de décrire, comprendre et analyser la trajectoire ayant conduit les femmes vers la pratique d’activités sexuelles rémunérées; comprendre leurs trajectoires et leurs expériences en fonction des différents types de pratique, plus ou moins intense, plus ou moins variée et plus ou moins étendue dans le temps et, enfin, de situer leur perspective sur le continuum du débat social positionnant la pratique d’activités sexuelles rémunérées comme étant soit une forme d’exploitation ou une forme de travail comme un autre. Afin d’atteindre ces objectifs, une approche qualitative faite d’entretiens semi-dirigés auprès des femmes a été réalisée. Nous avons ainsi pu situer les perspectives des femmes sur un continuum où plusieurs trouvaient leur place dans des visions plus nuancées de leur réalité, alors que d’autres rejoignaient davantage une des deux visions polarisées. En effet, certaines ont vécu leur expérience essentiellement comme une forme d’exploitation et de violence à leur égard, alors que d’autres en traitent comme un choix et un travail comme un autre. / This research is an analysis of the perception on their activities of eight women of different age groups who have undertaken or are still practicing various forms of remunerated sexual activities in an indoor context. Most common forms of remunerated sexual activities addressed by women in the study include nude dancing with and without contacts, escort services, massage parlours and the phenomenon commonly known as "sugar daddy", when women exchange services for remuneration with a particular client. Even though street prostitution was not specifically addressed in the study, two female participants in the sample practiced both indoor and outdoor activities. The term “remunerated sexual activities” has been chosen to ensure a neutral perspective. We wanted to focus on an unbiased approach that encompasses both common views on prostitution, on the one hand, the one that is known to be the abolitionist vision, which maintains that prostitution is a form of exploitation and of sexual violence committed primarily against women, and in that sense, it should be decriminalized for women but criminalize customers and pimps. On the other hand, the “pro-sex work” vision, arguing that "sex work" is a choice and it is a job like any other, deserves to be decriminalized completely, even for customers and pimps. Our approach was used essentially to get the subjective visions, that might be more nuanced than what we hear in the writings and debates on the subject, a way of giving a voice to those women we do not hear a lot about. The theoretical framework that underlies our analysis is the intersection of discrimination. The main sources of discrimination that emerged in our sample were those of age, social and economic status and ethnicity, for one person. Those sources of vulnerabilities increased the probabilities for women to go toward those practices, to stay in it and to return after a break, sometimes to meet their basic needs, to be able to pay for drugs or to reimburse some debts and/or afford luxury. The aim of the study is to discover and understand the perception of women regarding their experience in various forms of indoor remunerated sexual activities. To achieve this, we describe, understand and analyze the path that led women into engaging in remunerated sexual activities; identify and understand their journey and experiences based on their type of practice, more or less intense, more or less varied and more or less extended in time, of remunerated sexual activities and finally, place their perspective on the continuum of the social debate surrounding the phenomenon, whether it is more a way to exploit women versus a form of work like any other or somewhere in between, where we could locate the perspectives of women on a continuum where many of them found their way into more nuanced visions of their reality. A qualitative methodology was used where semi-structured interviews were conducted. It allows to discover nuanced perspectives among them, and for others, to validate their perspective among the polarized visions we often hear in the actual debates and studies, meaning some of them situate their realities more in a form of sexual exploitation and others in a common form of work.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:24:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe Poyares Miranda.pdf: 1524149 bytes, checksum: 50890a832ecad77e69669a0821822162 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-02 / This dissertation deals with trafficking theme of people for the purpose of sexual exploitation, analyzing its concept, causes, species and other details, all in the light of the social sciences with practical approach through analysis conducted field research and constant jurisprudence of the UNODC database (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime). In the study, it is verified the relation of trafficking in persons for forced labor, was discoursing on the trafficking of migrants and immigrants, its confrontation, as well as Brazilian law and comparative law relevant to the topic / A presente dissertação trata do tema do tráfico de pessoas para o fim de exploração sexual, analisando seu conceito, causas, espécies e demais pormenores, tudo à luz das Ciências Sociais, com abordagem prática mediante análise de pesquisas de campo realizadas e da jurisprudência constante do banco de dados do UNODC (Escritório das Nações Unidas sobre Drogas e Crime). No estudo, é verificada a relação do tráfico de pessoas com o trabalho escravo, discorrendo-se sobre o tráfico de migrantes e imigrantes, seu enfrentamento, bem como sobre a legislação brasileira e o Direito Comparado pertinentes ao tema

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T18:13:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 NaboznyAlmir.pdf: 9338232 bytes, checksum: 1e2880cb39ca8477089e9d73ef157cac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-07 / This research constructs elements for comprehension of social-spacial process of comercial infantile-juvenile feminine sex exploitation in Ponta Grossa, State of Paraná, Brazil. In the middle of a legal mark (regulator of distinctions between adults, children, adolescents) there are quotidian practises of the girls forming meanings around of sexuality, body and identities. The geographical space exercise an mediator role, composing relations and representations by the quotidianity. The focal group of this investigation is constituted by chidren and adolescents of female sex who are sexual exploited in a commercial way. The execution of this research is based on (a) sistematical observation of adult prostitution points; (b) analisis of proceedings of Infancy and Youth Judgeship of Ponta Grossa, Brazil; (c) reading of registers of occurrences of Conselho Tutelar Oeste (West Tutelary Council), after the year of 1990; (d) interviews with adults sex professionals; (e) interviews with professionals who works in institutions whose target public are adolescents and children; (f) dialogues with public security professionals; (g) interlocution with communitaries agents of Programa Saúde da Família (Family Health Program) and (h) investigation with the institutionalized children and adolescents that are in shelters, by half-structured interviews and corporal and visual expression. These various fronts are complementaries in the comprehension of the phenomenon enquired and they reforce the methodological validation. The research evidenced that the spatiality of the feminine infantile-juvenile sexual exploitation phenomenon is characterized by a high complexity and it does not presents a homogeneous standard. On the contrary, its survival is possible by the multiple spatial configurations. In this way, make feasible the practises fo the components agents in the spatial interdependence. These are invisible tactics to strategies referred to the State. / Esta dissertação constrói elementos para compreensão do processo sócio-espacial da exploração sexual comercial infanto-juvenil feminina em Ponta Grossa – PR. Em meio a um marco legal (regulador das distinções entre adultos, crianças, adolescentes) existem as práticas cotidianas das meninas conformando significados em torno da sexualidade, do corpo e das identidades. O espaço geográfico exerce um papel mediador, componente de relações e representações desenvolvidas na sua cotidianidade. O grupo focal dessa investigação se constitui por crianças e adolescentes do sexo feminino exploradas sexualmente na forma comercial. A operacionalização desta pesquisa se deu a partir de (a) observação sistemática de pontos de prostituição adulta; (b) análise de processos constantes na Vara da Infância e da Adolescência, Comarca de Ponta Grossa; (c) leitura de registros de ocorrências do Conselho Tutelar Oeste, após o ano de 1990; (d) entrevistas com profissionais do sexo adultas; (e) entrevistas com profissionais que trabalham em instituições cujo público-alvo são adolescentes e crianças; (f) diálogos com profissionais de segurança pública; (g) interlocução com agentes comunitárias do Programa Saúde da Família e (h) investigação junto às crianças e adolescentes institucionalizadas em abrigos, a partir de entrevistas semi-estruturadas e de expressão corporal e visual. Essas diversas frentes de trabalho são complementares na compreensão do fenômeno indagado e reforçam a validação metodológica. Constatou-se que a espacialidade do fenômeno da exploração sexual comercial infanto-juvenil feminina é de alta complexidade e não apresenta um padrão homogêneo. Pelo contrário, sua sobrevivência só é possível pelas múltiplas configurações espaciais. Assim se viabilizam as práticas dos agentes componentes da rede de interdependência espacial. São táticas invisíveis às estratégias estatais.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:38:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LeonardoCAM_DISSERT.PDF: 848604 bytes, checksum: 380bbbf0ba188d77e735a4bc76d071da (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-10 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents (ESCCA) is a phenomenon that has been given priority in public policy agenda of many democratic governments of Western countries and civil sectors of society, besides the object of studies in different fields of knowledge. Psychology is among these areas and is considered one of the references in the construction of knowledge and actions to confront the phenomenon. However, the epistemological foundations of psychological science are quite different, and so, several are his speeches, knowledge produced and ways of conceiving man and the world. This is evident in the publications of psychology on ESCCA. This work aims to achieve a state of the art of psychology publication in Brazil (in the post-graduation - through theses and dissertations - and journals) on the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents. More specifically try to evidence (a) what conceptions of commercial sexual exploitation of children and adolescents the authors lists, (b) what are aimed at research and publications, (c) how the research and issues are justified, and (d) that theoretical approaches the authors are affiliated and methodological possibilities are applied to range the aim proposed in their work. In order to do so, a survey was conducted in the major index sites (eg, BVS-Psi, Capes, theses and dissertations database of university libraries) of the material, covering the period 1990 to 2007. Through research on these sites, we built a database, including information relating to the work sought from specific descriptors for studies in the area of victimization of children and adolescents, with reference to a list provided by Faleiros (2000). After reading the summary of the work, the number of recovered 25 productions was reached - including theses, dissertations and articles. For analysis of the material used in the analysis of thematic content. Two axes themes were established in order to guide the analysis: conceptual elements of commercial sexual exploitation, and theoretical and methodological strategies employed. The axes have as reference for analysis a chapter built on the concept of commercial sexual exploitation, so that all analysis is anchored on it. The analysis points to the existence, still strong, conceptual and terminological confusion about ESCCA. Few studies have not demonstrated this confusion, maintaining a consistent theoretical approach. In relation to the theoretical and methodological strategies, there is a great diversity of approaches in psychology surrounding the phenomenon of ESCCA, enriching levels of understanding and action. This diversity reflects a constitutive heterogeneity of psychological science. We emphasize the perspective of socio-historical psychology, most frequently among the publications. It is hoped that this research will help advance the qualitative approach to ESCCA, especially in the field of psychology, as well as contribute to new research in the area and construction of new means of addressing this human rights violation / A Explora??o Sexual Comercial de Crian?as e Adolescentes (ESCCA) ? um fen?meno que vem tendo prioridade nas agendas de pol?ticas p?blicas de muitos governos democr?ticos dos pa?ses ocidentais e setores da sociedade civil, al?m de se constituir em objeto de estudos em diferentes ?reas de conhecimento. A Psicologia figura-se dentre essas ?reas e ? considerada uma das refer?ncias na constru??o de conhecimento e de a??es para enfrentamento do fen?meno. Contudo, as bases epistemol?gicas da ci?ncia psicol?gica s?o bastante diversas, e logo, diversos s?o seus discursos, saberes produzidos e formas de se conceber o homem e o mundo. Tal fato ? evidente nas publica??es da psicologia que tratam da ESCCA. Assim, este trabalho tem por objetivo realizar um estado da arte das produ??es em psicologia no Brasil (em programas de p?s-gradua??o atrav?s de teses e disserta??es - e peri?dicos da ?rea) sobre a Explora??o Sexual Comercial de Crian?as e Adolescentes. Mais especificamente se buscar? evidenciar (a) que concep??es de explora??o sexual comercial de crian?as e adolescentes os autores elencam, (b) o que visam as pesquisas e produ??es, (c) como s?o justificadas as pesquisas e tem?ticas, e (d) a que abordagens te?ricas os autores se filiam e que possibilidades metodol?gicas recorrem para o alcance do(s) objetivo(s) proposto(s) em seus trabalhos. Para tanto, foi realizado um levantamento nos principais sites indexadores (por exemplo, BVS-Psi, peri?dicos Capes, Bancos de teses e disserta??es de bibliotecas universit?rias) do material, referente ao per?odo de 1990 a 2007. Por meio de pesquisas nesses sites, foi constru?do um banco de dados, comportando informa??es referentes aos trabalhos buscados a partir de descritores espec?ficos para estudos na ?rea de vitimiza??o de crian?as e adolescentes, tendo como refer?ncia uma lista fornecida por Faleiros (2000). Ap?s leitura do resumo dos trabalhos, chegou-se ao n?mero de 25 produ??es recuperadas dentre teses, disserta??es e artigos. Para an?lise do material recorreu-se ? an?lise de conte?do tem?tica. Foram estabelecidos 2 eixos tem?ticos norteadores das an?lises: elementos conceituais da explora??o sexual comercial, e estrat?gias te?rico-metodol?gicas empregadas. Os eixos t?m como refer?ncia para an?lise cap?tulo constru?do acerca do conceito de explora??o sexual comercial, de forma que todas as an?lises se ancoraram neste. As an?lises apontam para a exist?ncia, ainda forte, de confus?o conceitual e terminol?gica acerca da ESCCA. Poucos trabalhos n?o apresentam essa confus?o, mantendo um percurso te?rico consistente. Em rela??o ?s estrat?gias te?ricometodol?gicas h? uma grande diversidade de abordagens na psicologia cercando o fen?meno da ESCCA, enriquecendo os patamares de a??o e compreens?o. Tal diversidade reflete a heterogeneidade constitutiva da ci?ncia psicol?gica. Destacamos a perspectiva da Psicologia s?cio-hist?rica, com maior freq??ncia dentre os referencias que comparecem. Espera-se que essa pesquisa ajude no avan?o qualitativo de abordagem ? ESCCA, principalmente no campo da Psicologia, al?m de contribuir para novas pesquisas na ?rea e constru??o de novas pr?ticas de enfrentamento dessa viola??o de direitos humanos

Abstract Domestic minor sex trafficking in the United States is a human rights issue and social problem affecting over 300,000 children ages 12-17, 43% of whom are African American girls. This survey was an exploration of domestic minor sex trafficking knowledge among African American parents and their protective strategies to prevent victimization. Ecological systems theory provided a conceptual framework to examine the environmental factors shaping parental knowledge. The sample consisted of 2 Southern California African American churches (n = 38, n = 32) that served different socioeconomic groups. The African American Sex Trafficking Knowledge survey was researcher designed and pretested by 7 police colleagues. The qualitative data analysis provided sample demographic specifics and associated themes on their knowledge and strategy. Both had basic information about minor sex trafficking, but were unaware of its presence in their communities or the availability of local resources, if needed. Parents believed their children became insulated from victimization because they engaged in protective measures. The social change implications included building and coordinating resources in African American communities with the goal of reducing the high victimization rate of African American children. African American churches as family resource centers could facilitate meaningful parent-child dialogues about sex trafficking. This partnership could initiate innovative preventive programs with community organizations. The outcome could be a model for creating effective culturally-sensitive prevention programs for not only African American families, but also other vulnerable groups.

L’exploitation sexuelle à des fins commerciales fait de plus en plus de victimes en Inde. Compte tenu de l’ampleur constatée du phénomène et de la gravité de ses multiples conséquences, notre recherche vise à mieux connaître et comprendre l’expérience vécue par les femmes se livrant à des activités sexuelles contre rémunération. Plus précisément, elle a comme objectifs de décrire le cheminement ayant conduit ces femmes à se livrer à de telles pratiques ainsi que leur réalité quotidienne et comment elles perçoivent leur situation pour ensuite être en mesure de formuler des propositions d’interventions préventives ou s’adressant aux femmes se livrant déjà à des activités sexuelles à des fins commerciales. Nous avons choisi de nous intéresser aux femmes vivant et se prostituant à la gare de Varanasi. Une approche qualitative a été privilégiée dans la réalisation de la recherche. Huit entrevues ont été réalisées avec des femmes et fillettes qui se prostituent à la gare, trois avec des intervenants sociaux y travaillant et l’observation in situ a permis d’enrichir le matériel recueilli. Ces prostituées sont souvent issues d’un milieu familial dysfonctionnel. C’est en situation de fuite ou d’abandon familial qu’elles s’installent à la gare. Il s’agit d’un endroit où les femmes sont en situation d’extrême vulnérabilité et où les conditions de vie sont misérables. Exposées aux dangers de la vie à la gare et accessibles aux proxénètes, la prostitution devient une option pour y survivre. Les besoins d’intervention auprès de ces femmes sont multiples et y répondre est complexe. Une approche favorisant la réduction des méfaits et la prévention paraît être les avenues à privilégier. / The sexual exploitation for commercial purposes is making more and more victims in India. Considering the scale of the phenomenon and the gravity of its multiple consequences, our research aims at knowing better and at understanding the experience lived by women engaged in sexual activities against payment. More precisely, the objectives of our research are to describe the progress having driven these women to be engaged in such practices as well as their daily reality and how they perceive their situation, to be then capable to formulate propositions of preventive interventions or addressed to the women being already engaged in sexual activities for commercial purposes. We chose to interest ourselves in the women living and prostituting themselves at the train station of Varanasi. A qualitative method was privileged in the realisation of the research. Eight interviews were conducted with women and girls who prostitute themselves at the train station and three with social workers already involved on site. The observation in situ allowed to enrich the collected data. These prostitutes often come from a dysfunctional family circle. It is in situation of flight or family abandonment that they settle down at the train station. It is a place where the women are in situation of extreme vulnerability and where the living conditions are miserable. Exposed to the dangers of the life at the station and accessible to the pimps, prostitution becomes an option to survive. The needs of intervention with these women are multiple and answering to those needs is complex. A harm reduction policy and prevention appear to be avenues to be privileged.

Att människohandel för sexuell exploatering utgör ett brott mot mänskliga rättigheter står klart. Människohandel kränker flertalet av individens rättigheter och staters skyldigheter gentemot dessa individer finns således stadgade i flertalet internationella konventioner. Palermoprotokollet stadgar den första internationellt gemensamma definitionen av människohandel och stadgar vidare ett krav på att definitionen utgör ett brott i konventionsstaternas nationella lagstiftning. Om prostitution anses kränka individers rättigheter och föranleder krav på rättslig reglering är däremot omtvistat, detta trots de likheter som finns. Med utgångspunkt i mänskliga rättigheter syftar uppsatsen, med hjälp av genus- och rättssociologisk teori och metod, att undersöka om prostitution torde omfattas av dessa samt om, och i så fall, vilka positiva skyldigheter stater enligt folkrätten har gentemot personer som befinner sig i prostitution. Detta för att utreda huruvida det är möjligt att kräva att stater kriminaliserar sexköp, antingen för att uppfylla de konventioner som kräver ett förebyggande arbete mot människohandel för sexuell exploatering men även för att leva upp till de åtaganden stater åtagit sig för att motverka den könsojämställdhet, könsdiskriminering och våld som prostitution bevisligen kan innebära. Det finns en tydlig korrelation mellan prostitution och människohandel för sexuell exploatering. Forskning visar att omfattningen av människohandel är högre i stater med legaliserad prostitution samtidigt som både prostitutionen och människohandeln minskat i Sverige sedan sexköpslagen trädde i kraft. Prostitution kan anses uppfylla många delar av det som utgör människohandelsbrottet enligt Palermoprotokollets definition och torde således generellt sett kunna vara en form av människohandel. Således, med hänvisning till krav på förebyggande åtgärder mot människohandel, så torde det kunna krävas att stater kriminaliserar sexköp, inte minst då det bevisligen kan vara ett effektivt sätt att motverka den efterfrågan vilken upprätthåller både prostitution och människohandel för sexuell exploatering. / Whether trafficking for sexual exploitation constitutes a violation of human right is indisputable. Human trafficking violates several individual rights and states' obligations towards victims of trafficking are thus stated in various international conventions. The Palermo Protocol constitutes the first international joint definition of human trafficking and the statute further requires that the definition constitutes a criminal offence in the convention states' national legislation. Whether prostitution is considered a violation of human rights and therefore induce a legal obligations of states is however disputed. Based on human rights, with a gender -and sociological theory of law this study aims to examine whether prostitution also should benefit from these rights and if so, determine the obligations of states under international law towards people in prostitution. Further to investigate whether it is possible to require states to criminalize the purchase of sexual services, either to comply with international conventions that urges prevention of human trafficking for sexual exploitation but also to live up to commitments to discourage the gender inequality, discrimination and violence often included in prostitution. There is a correlation between prostitution and human trafficking for sexual exploitation. Research shows that the scope of human trafficking is higher in states with legalized prostitution, while both prostitution and trafficking for sexual exploitation decreased in Sweden since the Sex Purchase Act came into force 1999. Prostitution is often considered to satisfy several elements of what constitutes trafficking under the Palermo Protocol's definition and could therefore generally be considered a form of human trafficking. Thus, by referring to the many requirements of preventive measures against trafficking it could therefore be argued that states should criminalize purchase of sexual services, as it is proven an effective way to counter the demand that maintains both prostitution and human trafficking for sexual exploitation.

This study was conducted with the aim to critically analyse how the crime of human trafficking for sexual exploitation can be identified in order to develop practical guidelines to be used during the identification of this crime in South Africa. In this study the researcher conducted a review of pertinent literature, both international and national, to gain an understanding of the problem being researched. The explanatory sequential mixed-method design was used with the main purpose to use the qualitative data to help explain in more detail the initial quantitative results obtained. The explanatory sequential mixed-methods design assisted the researcher to follow a procedure whereby the mixed-mode survey design was applied to collect data through questionnaires. These questionnaires were in the form of mailed, self-administered surveys and in-person interviews with human trafficking provincial coordinators, police officials and investigators of human trafficking within the nine provinces country wide during the first quantitative phase of this study. The data were analysed and followed up during the second qualitative phase with interview schedules that were used in semi-structured one-on-one interviews with the following persons: police investigators working at the SAPS organised crime units who dealt with and investigated cases of human trafficking where victims were trafficked for sexual exploitation; state prosecutors working at the National Prosecuting Authority who dealt with, identified and prosecuted human trafficking cases where victims were trafficked for sexual exploitation in South Africa; NGOs who work in the field of counter-trafficking and victim assistance; and an international police investigator who dealt with, identified and investigated human trafficking cases where victims were trafficked for sexual exploitation. The researcher is of the opinion that this study (analysing how the crime of human trafficking for sexual exploitation can be identified in order to develop practical guidelines to be used during the identification of this crime in South Africa) presents a significant contribution to the identification of human trafficking for sexual exploitation incidents in South Africa and subsequently presents practical guidelines that can be used during the identification of this phenomenon in South Africa. SUMMARY “Modern slavery – be it bonded labour, involuntary servitude, or sexual slavery – is a crime and cannot be tolerated in any culture, community, or country... [It] is an affront to our values and our commitment to human rights.” (US Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton, US Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report, 2010) This study was conducted with the aim to critically analyse how the crime of human trafficking for sexual exploitation can be identified in order to develop practical guidelines to be used during the identification of this crime in South Africa. In this study the researcher conducted a review of pertinent literature, both international and national, to gain an understanding of the problem being researched. Relevant international legislation which informs South African legislation was accordingly considered in order to explain the current legal framework that forms the foundation to address this problem. A survey was conducted to gain insight into the phenomenon of human trafficking in South Africa. Thereafter interviews were conducted in order to understand the meaning provided by individuals to the problem researched. The researcher also explored how the federal police in Australia address the specific problem relating to the identification and investigation of human trafficking, as they have appointed a leading human trafficking task team focusing on this phenomenon in specific. Links and associations were identified through the knowledge and facts gained in this study, exploring past events and theories developed from former research relating to this topic. This formed the foundation of the study in order to describe and explain future application of findings emanating from this research. The explanatory sequential mixed-method design was used with the main purpose to use the qualitative data to help explain in more detail the initial quantitative results obtained. The explanatory sequential mixed-methods design assisted the researcher to follow a procedure whereby the mixed-mode survey design was applied to collect data through questionnaires. These questionnaires were in the form of mailed, self-administered surveys and in-person interviews with human trafficking provincial coordinators, police officials and investigators of human trafficking within the nine provinces country wide during the first quantitative phase of this study. The data were analysed and followed up during the second qualitative phase with interview schedules that were used in semi-structured one-on-one interviews with the following persons: police investigators working at the SAPS organised crime units who dealt with and investigated cases of human trafficking where victims were trafficked for sexual exploitation; state prosecutors working at the National Prosecuting Authority who dealt with, identified and prosecuted human trafficking cases where victims were trafficked for sexual exploitation in South Africa; NGOs who work in the field of counter-trafficking and victim assistance; and an international police investigator who dealt with, identified and investigated human trafficking cases where victims were trafficked for sexual exploitation. Through a critical analysis of the identification process of the phenomenon of human trafficking for sexual exploitation, the purpose of this research was to gain a better understanding of this phenomenon and establish, develop and provide practical guidelines, procedures and recommendations to the South African Police Service to identify these cases more successfully. The specific research objectives and research questions answered in this study to address the research aim were divided into five categories:  Explore and describe the phenomenon of human trafficking.  Determine the nature and extent of the legal arena to criminalise human trafficking, to prevent human trafficking, and to protect trafficking victims upon which South African legislation is based.  Explain how the identification of the phenomenon of human trafficking fits into the policing process.  Explore the current situation regarding the procedures followed to identify the phenomenon of human trafficking for sexual exploitation.  Develop practical guidelines, procedures and recommendations for police officials to identify human trafficking for sexual exploitation incidents more successfully. The trafficking of women and children for commercial sexual purposes lies in the expansion and ever growing sexual entertainment industry, which is most importantly a demand-driven phenomenon. The exploitation of victims for profit through the use of force, fraud or coercion remains the common denominator of this crime and the trade of human beings continues to evolve into new and more multifaceted forms of exploitation, using debt contracts and other means to coerce people for the purpose of profit gain. Women and children are perceived as the most exploitable and controllable and therefore are deemed to be the most in demand to contribute to this expanding and very competitive economic market driven by maximum profit. It is imperative and fundamental to have an understanding of the trafficking of persons as a crime committed against an individual and therefore it is of the utmost importance that police personnel serving in the South African Police Service (one of the key role players within the Criminal Justice System), are conversant with the means of trafficking, what it constitutes and what attributes and features this phenomenon includes. Through the development of practical guidelines, procedures and recommendations for police officials to identify human trafficking for sexual exploitation incidents more successfully, data obtained from both literature and interviews contributed immensely in the identification of incidents of human trafficking in order to prevent and address this crime successfully. The researcher is of the opinion that this study (analysing how the crime of human trafficking for sexual exploitation can be identified in order to develop practical guidelines to be used during the identification of this crime in South Africa) presents a significant contribution to the identification of human trafficking for sexual exploitation incidents in South Africa and subsequently presents practical guidelines that can be used during the identification of this phenomenon in South Africa. / Police Practice / D. Litt. et Phil. (Police Science)

This diploma thesis examined human trafficking in Latin America focusing on child trafficking in chosen countries and showed the importance of prevention. One major key point is to develop more strategies helping youngsters avoid being trapped in human trafficking. Major role is played by parents and teachers who are in daily contact with young people and can help them to develop their critical thinking. Method used in our research include case study approach, more precisely instrumental case study. Using this method, we try to illustrate the phenomena occurring in selected Latin American countries, namely the problem of child soldiers in Colombia, the criadazgo system in Paraguay, Brazil Baby Affair and the problem of illegal adoptions in Brazil, and last but not least, the issue of child sexual exploitation in Venezuela. Since these countries have different experiences and also their will to deal with the issue is distinct, it is not possible to compare their approaches to the problem. Therefore, based on our observations, we have created common factors that may contribute to increasing human trafficking in the region, as well as focusing on the characteristics of society that lead to the primary use of children and women as the main victims of this criminal activity. The aim of the thesis is to...