O presente estudo, com abordagem quantitativa, foi motivado pela reduzida adesão ao uso do preservativo pela mulher soropositiva ao HIV/com aids e pela gravidez indesejada. Teve como objetivo geral discriminar fatores de impacto que influenciam as ações de mulheres soropositivas ao HIV/com aids no uso de preservativos, e como objetivos específicos: construir um instrumento para avaliação de fatores de impacto no campo de interesse; identificar os fatores de impacto relacionados à adesão aos preservativos pela mulher soropositiva ao HIV/com aids; associar a situação sociodemográfica dessa mulher às variáveis de maior influência na adesão aos preservativos. Na construção do instrumento de coleta de dados, especialistas avaliaram o formulário original e emitiram sugestões que resultaram em sua reformulação. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Secretaria Municipal da Saúde da Prefeitura da Cidade de São Paulo. Os dados foram coletados no período de setembro de 2009 a setembro de 2010, por meio de entrevistas com 201 mulheres soropositivas ao HIV/com aids que frequentavam um serviço de assistência especializada em DST/aids no município de São Paulo. Os achados foram tratados estatisticamente, iniciando pela avaliação da consistência do instrumento utilizado. Identificaram-se dez fatores de impacto que influenciam na adesão aos preservativos da mulher HIV positivo/com aids. Em ordem decrescente de valor, os impactos obtidos foram: Relações de Gênero, Cultural, Comportamental, Cognitivo, Drogadição, Religioso-Sentimental, Intencional, Socioeconômico, Protetor e Fidelidade. Como se vê, as relações de gênero mostraram-se com maior impacto na adesão ao preservativo; no outro extremo, a fidelidade entre os parceiros mostrou menor impacto sobre esta situação. Os dados mostraram, também, que as mulheres apresentavam dificuldade na decisão em aderir ao uso do preservativo, mesmo recebendo orientações sobre sua necessidade, pelo serviço de assistência especializado. Concluiu-se que a assistência à mulher soropositiva ao HIV necessita ser implementada em relação às orientações sobre o uso do preservativo em todas as relações sexuais; orientações que devem ser realizadas com o casal, priorizando as suas dúvidas e dificuldades. O apoio deverá ser contínuo, para fortalecer e incentivar a aderência ao preservativo. Sugere-se, também, a replicação do instrumento construído para sua validação junto a outros grupos de mulheres infectadas pelo HIV/com aids, no país. / This study, with a quantitative approach, was motivated by the reduced use of protection by women who are HIV positive/with AIDS and also by the undesirable pregnancy. The general aim was to discriminate the factors of impact that influences these HIV womens actions, according to the use of protection. The specific aims were: to create an instrument to evaluate the factors of impact in the field of interest; to identify the factors of impact related to the use of protection by the HIV women with AIDS and also to relate the socio-demographic situation of these women to the variables that have higher influence in the use of protections. During the creation of the instrument for data collection some changes were done considering the suggestions given by the experts who have evaluated the original. The study was approved by the Ethic and Research Committee of the Health Department of São Paulo city. The data collection was done between September 2009 and September 2010, by interviews with 201 women who are with STD/AIDS and used to go to a STD/AIDS assistance service in São Paulo city. The findings were statistically analyzed, starting from the consistency of the instrument used. It was found ten factors that influenced the use of protection by the HIV women with AIDS. In a decreasing order of value, the factors of impact were: Relation of Gender, Culture, Behavior, Cognition, Use of Drugs, Religion-Feeling, Intention, Society-Economic, Protection and Fidelity. According to the results, the relation of gender had more impact in the use of protection; on the other hand, the fidelity between the partners had less impact on the situation. The findings also showed that the women had difficult in deciding the use of protection, even after the specialized assistance service has given them orientation to the necessity. It was concluded that the assistance to the HIV women needs to be improved in order to give better orientation towards the use of protection during all sexual intercourses. This orientation has to be given to the couple, prioritizing their doubts and difficulties. The support must be continuous, in order to motivate and intensify the use of protection. It was also suggested the use of the instrument created, in order to get its validation with other groups of HIV women with AIDS, in the country.

Background- Bullying victimization, both physical and electronic, has been associated with health risk behaviors such as smoking and substance use; and chronic conditions such as obesity, depression and sleep disorders. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between bullying victimization and risky sexual behavior. Failure to use condom in last sexual intercourse was used as an indicator of engagement in risky sexual activities. Methods- Data from the 2015 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), a biennial nationally representative survey of 9-12 grade students (N=15,624) were used. After cleaning and re-coding the data set, a total of 5,037 students who reported ever having sex in their lifetime were included in the analyses. The explanatory variable included in the multiple logistic regression analysis was bullying victimization. Marijuana use and feeling of sadness or hopelessness in a row for two weeks or more during past twelvemonths were included as covariates. The analyses were adjusted for age and race, and odds ratios were stratified by gender. Results- No significant association was found between being a bullying victim at school property and not using condom in last sexual intercourse for both male (OR: 1.08, 95% CI: 0.71-1.65) and female (OR: 0.98, 95% CI:0.65-1.47) students. This finding was consistent for both male (OR: 1.80, 95% CI: 0.89-3.65) and female (OR: 1.04, 95% CI: 0.70-1.55) victims of electronic bullying. Failure to use condom in last sexual intercourse was found to be associated with male students who were sad or hopeless in a row for two weeks or more during past 12 months (OR: 1.49,95% CI: 1.13-1.96). Conclusions- Failure to use condom in last sexual intercourse was not found to be significantly associated with bullying victimization. Other risky sexual behaviors such as having multiple sex partners, use of protective methods other than condom and use of drugs or alcohol before engaging into sexual relationship should be examined in further studies.

Despite knowledge about the transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), young adults continue to participate in sexual risk behaviors such as unprotected sexual intercourse. This study examines factors that influence condom use in adults aged 18-24 years in the United States. Using secondary data from the 1998, 2000, and 2001 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS), univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to assess the factors influencing condom use stratified by gender and study year. A p-value of <0.05 and 95% confidence intervals were used to determine statistical significance throughout all analysis performed. Univariate analysis found that increased age and being male were associated with increased odds of condom use. Multivariate analysis stratified by study year found that in 1998 increased age and unemployment was associated with increased odds of condom use. In 2000/2001, increased age was the only factor associated with increased odds of condom use. Being female was associated with decreased odds of condom use in that study year. When stratified by gender, only increased age was associated with increased condom use. The study results suggest that the factors influencing condom use vary between gender and year. Since different factors impact condom use for each gender, the interventions designed to increase condom use must be centered on those factors. Since age was one of the consistent factors positively associated with condom use, interventions must begin earlier to affect the decision-making processes of young adults.

This dissertation is presented in two articles derived from the same project about sexuality in the adolescence. The first article explain the descriptive behaviors of sexuality in a group of 560 adolescents from the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil. This part examines the behaviors and characteristics related to sexual initiation, the partner of the first sexual encounter, protection, and family orientation, as well as the parent’s responses to the sexual initiation of the adolescents. Among the results, we found that the means of the age of the first relation was 14.81 years; 82.1% was report uses of contraception at the first sexual intercourse; 60% of the parents know about the sexual life of his children and 72.3% of parents gave advice and guide young people about responsible sexual behavior. The second article discusses the sexual risk behaviors and gender differences presented by 365 adolescents who have already started their sexual life. The risk behaviors were: the age of sexual initiation, age difference with sexual partner, the frequency of condom use, use of contraceptives, number of partners in the last year and the history of pregnancies. Results indicated that 39.6% of this sample started their sexual activity between 14 and 15 years old; 69.8% of adolescents have until two years apart with their sexual partner; 52.6% use condoms in all their sexual relations; 54.2% use effective contraceptive methods; 60.3% have until two sexual partners in the last year and only 3.9% have a history of pregnancies. This result allow understand and describe the sexual behaviors in adolescence. In addition, the data provide empirical bases for the elaboration of projects and policies for the improvement of the health and prevent sexual risk behaviors. / Esta disertación está dividida en dos artículos que integran un mismo proyecto que trata sobre la sexualidad en la adolescencia. El primero artículo aborda comportamientos descriptivos de la sexualidad en un grupo de 560 adolescentes de la ciudad Porto Alegre, Brasil. En esta sección se estudian las conductas y características relacionadas con el inicio sexual, el compañero del primer encuentro, protección, y la orientación familiar, así como la respuesta de los padres frente al inicio sexual de los menores. Entre los principales resultados se encontró que la media de la edad de la primera relación fue de 14,81 años; el 82,1% de los adolescentes reportaron que hicieron uso de algún método anticonceptivo en la primera relación sexual; el 60% de los progenitores saben sobre la vida sexual de los adolescentes y el 72,3% de los padres dieron consejos y orientaciones a los jóvenes sobre conductas sexuales responsables. El segundo artículo aborda los comportamientos sexuales de riesgo y las diferencias de género presentadas en los 365 adolescentes que ya habían comenzado su vida sexual. Los comportamientos de riesgo que fueron considerados están: edad del inicio sexual, diferencia de edad con el compañero sexual, frecuencia del uso del preservativo, uso de anticonceptivos, numero de compañeros en el último año y histórico de embarazos. Entre los resultados se encontró que el 39,6% de esta muestra comenzó su actividad entre los 14 y los 15 años; el 69,8% de los adolescentes tenían hasta dos años de diferencia con sus compañeros; el 52,6% usan preservativo en todas sus relaciones sexuales; el 54,2 % usan métodos anticonceptivos eficaces; el 60,3% hasta 2 compañeros sexuales en el último año y solo el 3,9% presentan histórico de embarazos. Los datos encontrados permiten entender y describir los comportamientos sexuales en la adolescencia y dar bases empíricas para subsidiar la elaboración de proyectos y políticas hacia la mejora de la salud de los jóvenes y prevenir comportamientos sexuales de riesgo.

The study deals with ways to protect students of the Faculty of Health and Social University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice against sexually transmitted diseases. The group consisted of students of the Faculty of Health and Social University of South Bohemia . The aim of this work consists in monitoring students' knowledge of Health and Social Faculty of sexually transmitted diseases and mapping the extent of health students from the Faculty of Health and Social sexually transmitted diseases. The theoretical part describes the evolution of human sexual behavior. It describes the characteristics of the different stages of development issues and pitfalls of each of these periods. The practical part monitors the students' knowledge about sexually transmitted diseases, while also monitoring their sexual behavior and surveyed coverage of girls against cervical cancer . As a tool of data collection method was used questioning, which was carried out using a questionnaire. Quota for the research was to study the JU Faculty, students , elected to field ZSF JU and the form of study. The whole research was preceded by partial study , which was supposed to verify all stages of research tools and data collection, sample survey and analysis.

This dissertation is presented in two articles derived from the same project about sexuality in the adolescence. The first article explain the descriptive behaviors of sexuality in a group of 560 adolescents from the city of Porto Alegre, Brazil. This part examines the behaviors and characteristics related to sexual initiation, the partner of the first sexual encounter, protection, and family orientation, as well as the parent’s responses to the sexual initiation of the adolescents. Among the results, we found that the means of the age of the first relation was 14.81 years; 82.1% was report uses of contraception at the first sexual intercourse; 60% of the parents know about the sexual life of his children and 72.3% of parents gave advice and guide young people about responsible sexual behavior. The second article discusses the sexual risk behaviors and gender differences presented by 365 adolescents who have already started their sexual life. The risk behaviors were: the age of sexual initiation, age difference with sexual partner, the frequency of condom use, use of contraceptives, number of partners in the last year and the history of pregnancies. Results indicated that 39.6% of this sample started their sexual activity between 14 and 15 years old; 69.8% of adolescents have until two years apart with their sexual partner; 52.6% use condoms in all their sexual relations; 54.2% use effective contraceptive methods; 60.3% have until two sexual partners in the last year and only 3.9% have a history of pregnancies. This result allow understand and describe the sexual behaviors in adolescence. In addition, the data provide empirical bases for the elaboration of projects and policies for the improvement of the health and prevent sexual risk behaviors. / Esta disertación está dividida en dos artículos que integran un mismo proyecto que trata sobre la sexualidad en la adolescencia. El primero artículo aborda comportamientos descriptivos de la sexualidad en un grupo de 560 adolescentes de la ciudad Porto Alegre, Brasil. En esta sección se estudian las conductas y características relacionadas con el inicio sexual, el compañero del primer encuentro, protección, y la orientación familiar, así como la respuesta de los padres frente al inicio sexual de los menores. Entre los principales resultados se encontró que la media de la edad de la primera relación fue de 14,81 años; el 82,1% de los adolescentes reportaron que hicieron uso de algún método anticonceptivo en la primera relación sexual; el 60% de los progenitores saben sobre la vida sexual de los adolescentes y el 72,3% de los padres dieron consejos y orientaciones a los jóvenes sobre conductas sexuales responsables. El segundo artículo aborda los comportamientos sexuales de riesgo y las diferencias de género presentadas en los 365 adolescentes que ya habían comenzado su vida sexual. Los comportamientos de riesgo que fueron considerados están: edad del inicio sexual, diferencia de edad con el compañero sexual, frecuencia del uso del preservativo, uso de anticonceptivos, numero de compañeros en el último año y histórico de embarazos. Entre los resultados se encontró que el 39,6% de esta muestra comenzó su actividad entre los 14 y los 15 años; el 69,8% de los adolescentes tenían hasta dos años de diferencia con sus compañeros; el 52,6% usan preservativo en todas sus relaciones sexuales; el 54,2 % usan métodos anticonceptivos eficaces; el 60,3% hasta 2 compañeros sexuales en el último año y solo el 3,9% presentan histórico de embarazos. Los datos encontrados permiten entender y describir los comportamientos sexuales en la adolescencia y dar bases empíricas para subsidiar la elaboración de proyectos y políticas hacia la mejora de la salud de los jóvenes y prevenir comportamientos sexuales de riesgo.

The research assumes a narrative constructionist and feminist perspective in order to explore stories concerning men and women's first sexual experience. Such a metatheoretical stance is concerned with the ways that lives are constructed and storied through language. There is a concern for the myriad voices, both personal and social, that speaks through individuals' stories and for the manner in which these voices are represented. Three men and three women were interviewed to elicit narratives of first sexual experience. The analysis of interview transcripts tells first sexual experience as a rite of passage described in terms of certain mythic elements. That is, the experience of first sex concerns three stages. Firstly the individual is detached from the experience of sex while still a virgin. Secondly the experience itself is one that is ineffable and diffuse. Thirdly the individual must make sense of the experience. Participants' experience could be characterised as containing elements of demonic, heavenly or earthly myths about sexual relationships: demonic elements concerned the base , physical and painful experiences of first sex; the myth of heavenly love emphasises the mental and emotional connection between partners; an earthly myth tells sex as a predestined meeting of two partners. The manner in which stories were constructed was different for male and for female participants, and these differences have implications for the power dynamics at play between genders in the context of sexual interaction, especially first sex. Further the research's storied and ritualised approach to these gender differences suggests the performative aspect of gender. / KMBT_363 / Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in

With the spread of the Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus and sexually transmitted diseases, it is extremely important for sexually active individuals to protect themselves properly if they decide to engage in sexual intercourse. Knowledge of HIV and the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome has been associated with safer sexual practices, but knowledge alone does not totally explain risky sexual practices. This study examined how 154 college students' knowledge of HIV/AIDS, relationship status, perceptions of condom use, and perceptions of personal risk affect condom use during sexual intercourse. The impact of trust and love justifications along with the approval of peers were also examined. Perceptions of condom use and perceptions of personal risk were compared by gender and ethnicity; how perception of personal risk is related to condom use and condom use intentions was also examined. Condom use intention was found to be a significant predictor of condom use, and a significant difference of means for condom use intentions was reported between individuals who used condoms during their last experience with sexual intercourse and those who did not use condoms during their last sexual experience

The present study is an interpretation of the two myths copied in the Old Babylonian period in which the Sumerian mother goddess is one of the main actors. The first myth is commonly called “Enki and Ninḫursaĝa”, and the second “Enki and Ninmaḫ”. The theoretical point of departure is that myths have society as their referents, i.e. they are “talking about” society, and that this is done in an ideological way. This study aims at investigating on the one hand which contexts in the Mesopotamian society each section of the myths refers to, and on the other hand which ideological aspects that the myths express in terms of power relations. The myths are contextualized in relation to their historical and social setting. If the myth for example deals with working men, male work in the area during the relevant period is discussed. The same method of contextualization is used regarding marriage, geographical points of reference and so on. Also constellations of mythical ideas are contextualized, through comparison with similar constellations in other Mesopotamian myths. Besides the method of contextualization, the power relations in the myths are investigated. According to this latter method, the categories at issue, their ranking, as well as their changed ranking, are noted. The topics of the myths are issues important for the kingship and the country, such as irrigation, trade, health and healing, birth, collective work, artisanry and rivalry. All these aspects are used in order to express what the power relations between the goddess Ninḫursaĝa/Ninmaḫ and the god Enki look like. The relations are negotiated and recalibrated, which leads to the goddess getting a lowered status. Part of the negotiations and recalibrations is gender behavior, which is related to historical developments in society. The present work points to the function of these myths as tools of recalibrating not only deities, but also men and women in society.

The problem of the youth’s sexual behaviour is one of the most serious problems. The following juvenile problems have lately become especially urgent: early sexual relationships, pregnancy, abortion, diseases that are spread through sexual intercourse. Thus it is not surprising that the problem of juvenile sexual behaviour receives so much attention in pedagogy. In most cases love is understood as physical satisfaction. It is compared to sex. The true secret of sexual life is not realized properly. The problems of irresponsible sexual behaviour cause a number of other problems that have a negative impact on the future of adolescents. On the basis of the research results it is possible to draw the conclusion that the problem of early sexual experience in Lithuania is becoming more and more urgent. The number of teenagers who have had early sexual experience is increasing. It has been noticed that over a half of pupils who took part in the survey have had sexual relationships. According to the research data, the majority of sexually active adolescents acquired their first sexual experience at the age of 16-17. Most male adolescents have begun their sexual life at the age of 16 and the majority of female adolescents – at the age of 17. Thus, the hypothesis of the research that male adolescents start their sexual life earlier than female ones has been confirmed.