On a routine and daily basis, women are exposed to sexually objectifying experiences, which result in a number of harmful psychosocial outcomes (Fredrickson & Roberts, 1997). Five-hundred and forty-sex women attending a large, Southeastern university participated in this study that investigated a conceptual model of how childhood sexual abuse (CSA) contributes to sexual risk behaviors (SRBs) via self-objectification (S0). In order to assess the causal relationships among variables, measured variable path analyses were conducted in order to test two theoretical models. The following instruments were used in this investigation: the Sexual Abuse Subscale of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (a measure assessing experiences of childhood sexual abuse [Bernstein, Stein, Newcomb, Walker, Pogge, Ahluvia et al., 2003]); the Body Surveillance Subscale of the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale (a measure assessing self-objectification [McKinley & Hyde, 1996]); the Body Shame Subscale of the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale (a measure assessing body shame [McKinley & Hyde, 1996]); the Toronto Alexithymia Scale-20 (assesses alexithymic symptoms, or difficulty identifying, describing, and expressing one’s emotions [Bagby, Parker, & Taylor, 1994]), the Contraceptive Self-Efficacy Scale (assesses overall sexual self-efficacy, such as the ability to insist upon sexual protection [Levinson, 1986]), and the Sexual Risk Survey (assesses risky sexual practices [Turkchik & Garske, 2009]). Results revealed that the data fit the second model better than the first. Specifically, data revealed that CSA directly predicted SRBs and was not mediated via SO, but was partially mediated by alexithymia and body shame. That is, CSA predicted increased alexithymia and body shame. Increased alexithymia predicted SRBs, whereas body shame decreased SRBs. Results also revealed that alexithymia and body shame mediated the relationship between SO and SRBs. Specifically, self-objectification led to increased alexithymia and body shame, and alexithymia increased SRBs while body shame decreased SRBs. Last, results revealed that body shame fully mediated the relationship between both CSA and SO and sexual self-efficacy. Pathways were significant at the p < .05 level.

La pornographie est souvent désapprouvée moralement, que ce soit aux niveaux éthique, sociétal, politique et juridique. Dans ce mémoire, nous allons nous questionner à savoir si les justifications normatives menant à une condamnation morale de la pornographie sont valides selon une éthique minimaliste. Dans un premier temps, nous tenterons de définir et de délimiter ce concept. Ce faisant, nous verrons qu’il est difficile d’établir une définition claire et objective, car la pornographie s’accompagne souvent de jugements moraux. Ce problème moral des appréciations subjectives conduira à nous questionner sur la dimension morale de la pornographie en lien avec ses jugements de valeurs. Pour ce faire, nous prendrons l’éthique minimaliste de Ruwen Ogien comme base réflexive. Selon cet angle éthique, nous verrons que la condamnation morale selon des critères extrinsèques tels que le consentement et la censure ne sont pas valables. Le critère de consentement est essentiel au niveau éthique et il ne peut pas être contourné. Toujours selon une éthique minimaliste, nous verrons que la censure doit être appliquée de manière minimale en se restreignant au principe de non nuisance. Dernièrement, nous verrons que l’objectivation sexuelle présentant les femmes comme des instruments ne doit pas être jugée moralement. Toutes les justifications conduisant à une condamnation morale de la pornographie ne sont pas valide si nous nous basons sur la conception substantielle du bien sexuel, sur la liberté d’offenser et sur le principe de non nuisance. / Pornography is often morally disapproved ethically, socially, politically and legally. In this research, we will ask ourselves on the normative justifications leading to a moral condemnation of pornography are valid according to a minimalist ethic from Ruwen Ogien. First, we will try to define the concept. Thereby, we will see that it is difficult to establish a clear and objective definition because pornography is often accompanied by moral judgments. This attempt to present a definition is problematic on the moral level, because the standards to qualify pornography is based on subjective judgments. Then, we will clarify the minimalist ethic and the substantial conception of sexual well being of Ruwen Ogien to suggest that the criterion of consent is essential to the ethical level and it cannot be bypassed. Still according to a minimalist ethic, we will see that censorship should be applied minimally limiting to the principle of non nuisance. Sexual objectification that offers modern pornography is often targeted as a moral issue. According to the minimalist ethic, although modern pornography shows women as sex objects, it should not be judged morally. Now, all the justifications leading to moral condemnation are not valid if we rely on the substantial conception of sexual well being, freedom of offence and the principle of non nuisance from Ruwen Ogien.

This quantitative study examined male and female characters in digital games between the years 2015–2020 and a total of 120 games were analyzed where 2108 characters were observed. Quantitative content analysis was used to analyze the characters. The analysis indicates that female characters (n=448) are underrepresented compared to male characters (n=1660). The female characters are significantly more portrayed with sexually revealing clothing, nudity, sexual verbal expressions, sexual behavior and inappropriate clothing for the task they were expected to perform in the narrative than the male characters. The male characters are more often portrayed with unrealistic body proportions than the female characters and overall the male characters are portrayed stereotypically muscular as previous research has shown. The results are compared with previous research and this study observes more female characters in 20 digital games released in 2020 than is noticed in 60 games from 2003. Furthermore, more characters with unrealistic body proportions are found in games from 2020 (n=39) than in games from 2003 (n=24). / Denna kvantitativa studie undersökte manliga och kvinnliga karaktärer i digitala spel mellan åren 2015–2020, totalt analyserades 120 spel där 2108 karaktärer observerades. Karaktärerna i studien analyserades genom en kvantitativ innehållsanalys. Analyserna visar att kvinnliga karaktärer (n=448) är underrepresenterade jämfört med manliga karaktärer (n=1660). Kvinnliga karaktärer porträtteras oftare med sexuellt avslöjande kläder, nakenhet, sexuellt verbala yttringar, sexuellt beteende och opassande kläder till uppgiften de förväntades utföra i narrativet än de manliga karaktärerna. De manliga karaktärerna porträtteras oftare med orealistiska kroppsproportioner än de kvinnliga karaktärerna och övergripande porträtteras de manliga karaktärerna stereotypiskt muskulösa likt tidigare forskning visat. Resultaten jämförs med tidigare forskning och denna studie observerar fler kvinnliga karaktärer i 20 digitala spel släppta år 2020 än vad som uppmärksammas i 60 spel år 2003. Vidare påträffas fler karaktärer med orealistiska kroppsproportioner i spel från år 2020 (n=39) än i spel från år 2003 (n=24).

Esta investigación pretende hacer un análisis de la evolución del arquetipo de la damisela, y con ello, identificar los cambios en este arquetipo en las películas en live action de las 3 últimas versiones del superhéroe Spiderman. Para ello, se ha hecho una investigación para la base teórica y se ha planteado analizar a la damisela desde 4 categorías distintas: apariencia visual, discurso, patrones de comportamiento y función del personaje. Además, entre las películas que se han analizado se encuentran: “El hombre araña” (2002), “El sorprendente hombre araña” (2012) y “Spider-man: Lejos de casa” (2019). Y donde el personaje de la protagonista femenina, es decir la damisela, haya tenido un cambio notorio. Por último, se ha enriquecido este trabajo con una serie de entrevistas para analizar la perspectiva de acuerdo a este arquetipo. / This research aims to make an analysis of the evolution of the archetype of the damsel, and with it, identify the changes in this archetype in the live action movies of the last 3 versions of the Spiderman superhero. To do this, an investigation has been made for the theoretical basis and it has been tried to analyze the damsel from 4 different categories: visual appearance, discourse, behavior patterns and function of the character. In addition, among the films that have been analyzed are: "The Spider-Man" (2002), "The Amazing Spider-Man" (2012) and "Spider-Man: Away from Home" (2019). And where the character of the female protagonist, that is the damsel, has had a noticeable change. Finally, this work has been enriched with a series of interviews to analyze the perspective according to this archetype. / Tesis

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