Gene delivery for therapeutic purposes is quickly emerging as the best potential treatment option for inherited genetic diseases and cancer. Viral gene carriers have been the choice for this purpose due to their high efficiency, but harmful immunogenic and oncogenic host reactions have limited their in vivo use. Cationic polymers provide a safe alternative to viral carriers as they can be engineered to reduce immunogenic and toxic responses and serve therapeutic purposes in the body. Due to their strong positive charge, they are able to compact the negatively charged nucleotides to small nano-sized particles appropriate for cellular uptake. Additionally, they efficiently encapsulate the highly sensitive nucleotides, and protect them against degradation by the nucleases present at the physiological milieu. In this thesis work, I have used a novel approach for gene delivery by combining the critical properties of a cationic polymer (i.e., nucleotide condensing ability) with that of a fatty acid (i.e., lipid membrane compatibility). The resulting lipid modified polymer increased delivery of our gene of interest into target cells and resulted in increased siRNA delivery for cancer gene therapy. / Biomedical Sciences

Dendrimers are synthetic macromolecules with branches-upon-branches structures, nanoscale dimensions and a high density of surface groups. Presence of multiple cationic sites in dendrimers permits their efficient nucleic acid complexation and cellular internalization through endocytic pathways. PETIM dendrimers of are characterized by tertiary amine branch points, and ether linkages. A third generation PETIM dendrimer, G3(NH2)24, with nitrogen at the core and twenty four peripheral primary amines was synthesized through alternate Michael addition and reduction reactions. The ability of G3(NH2)24 to interact with DNA was ascertained by spectroscopic and bio-physical techniques. These studies established the formation of dendrimer-DNA, and complex formation was also shown to protect the plasmid DNA from nucleases. Toxicity studies in cell culture, as well as, in female Balb/c mice established the non-toxic properties of the dendrimer. G3(NH2)24 was able to mediate efficient transfection in mammalian cells and in vivo. Targeted delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) to hepatocytes, in order to combat hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection was undertaken to expand the scope of PETIM dendrimer based gene delivery. Functionalization of the dendrimer periphery with galactose units ensured preferential delivery to the liver through multivalent interactions with the asialoglycoprotein receptors on the liver cell surface. The delivery of siRNA to the perinuclear region, in close proximity to the HCV RNA replication site resulted in ~75% decrease in viral RNA levels in replicon containing cells, as well as, JFH-1 infectious virus systems. The dendrimer-siRNA complexes were preferentially delivered to mice liver and were active in vivo. Physico-chemical studies of the protonation pattern of PETIM dendrimer indicated that the protonation of the dendrimer amines proceeded in a shell-wise pattern from the periphery to the core. The primary amines of the dendrimer as well as the outer shell tertiary amines with pKa values ~7-10 were protonated at physiological pH and were cationic sites for nucleic acid condensation. The inner shell tertiary amines with a pKa of ~4-6 were protonated at endosomal pH and aided ‘endosomal escape’ due to the high buffering capacity of 3.5. Work described in the Thesis establish a new synthetic dendrimer vector, namely, the series of PETIM dendrimers, as a high value gene delivery vector, making in-roads towards pre-clinical and possible clinical trials in future studies.

L'ARN interférence est un mécanisme d'inhibition post-transcriptionnel, capable de réguler l'expression des gènes. Ce mécanisme endogène, activé par l'intermédiaire de microARN, peut être détourné après transfection de cours fragments d'ARN synthétiques, notamment les siARN. Cette technique autorise ainsi le ciblage spécifique de l'ensemble des gènes composant le génome, dont l'extinction transitoire permet d'étudier à la fois leurs fonctions, mais aussi de découvrir de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques ou de nouveaux biomarqueurs. Ce très fort potentiel pour la recherche in vitro se retrouve également in vivo, où l'ARN interférence peut être directement utilisé comme agent thérapeutique pour des situations pathologiques telles que les cancers, les infections ou les maladies systémiques. Cependant, la délivrance intra-cytoplasmique des ARN interférents exogènes est nécessaire pour déclencher ce mécanisme de régulation. À l'heure actuelle, en dépit de nombreuses méthodes de transfection développées dans la littérature, cette étape de délivrance reste une limite importante selon les applications envisagées.En ce sens, ces travaux de thèse ont permis de développer un nouveau vecteur à base de nanoparticules lipidiques cationiques, les cLNP, dédié à la transfection cellulaire de siARN. Cette formulation de cLNP a été adaptée, à l'aide d'un plan d'expérience, d'une formulation neutre de LNP permettant l'encapsulation de molécules lipophiles pour des applications en imagerie de fluorescence et/ou de délivrance de médicaments liposolubles. Les caractérisations physico-chimiques des particules cLNP ont démontré une très forte stabilité colloïdale, à la fois pour dans les tampons aqueux et dans les milieux de culture cellulaire complémentés par du sérum. En outre, ces nano-vecteurs se sont avérés extrêmement efficaces pour établir et conserver des liaisons électrostatiques avec des siARN, permettant ainsi d'obtenir rapidement des complexes démontrant une stabilité élevée dans le temps. Les efficacités d'inhibition fonctionnelle de ces nanoparticules ont été testées avec succès sur 3 lignées cellulaires différentes (PC3, HeLa et U2OS). L'ensemble des résultats obtenus confirme le fort potentiel de ce nouveau nano-vecteur, en termes d'inhibition fonctionnelle et d'absence de cytotoxicité, et le positionne parmi les meilleurs agents de transfection commerciaux testés. Ces caractéristiques sont complétées par des capacités de multi-modalité, dont la possibilité d'encapsuler dans le cœur des particules des drogues ou des fluorophores lipophiles. Enfin, des tests préliminaires réalisés sur des cellules considérées comme difficile à transfecter (cellules primaires, cellules non-adhérentes, neurones), ou sur des structures cellulaires tridimensionnelles plus complexes, ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives extrêmement prometteuses. / L'auteur n'a pas fourni de résumé en anglais

Les études d’association pangénomique (GWAS) ont permis la mise en évidence de nouvelles voies putativement importantes dans la physiopathologie du diabète de type 2, par l’identification de variants génétiques fréquents (SNP) de susceptibilité au diabète de type 2, mais souvent avec peu ou pas d'informations sur le mécanisme sous-jacent expliquant le lien entre ces variants génétiques et le phénotype diabétique. En effet ces SNP sont souvent non codants et ont un effet modeste sur le risque de diabète de type 2, ce qui rend difficile leur étude d’un point de vue fonctionnel. Dès le début des GWAS, il a été suggéré que ces gènes associés au diabète de type 2, étaient des « gènes de la cellule β pancréatique » sans que des études fonctionnelles n’aient été faites de manière systématique. Dans ce contexte, nous avons mené une étude de fishing pour déblayer cette quantité importante de données provenant des GWAS et d’identifier des gènes potentiellement importants, pouvant être de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques. Le premier objectif de ma thèse a été l’étude de l’expression des gènes de susceptibilité au diabète de type 2 dans un panel de tissus humains comprenant des tissus pancréatiques et des tissus sensibles à l’insuline. Pour cela nous avons utilisé une technique de quantification non biaisée de l’expression génique dans le but de montrer si ces gènes associés au diabète de type 2 avaient une expression enrichie (proportion de gènes de susceptibilité au diabète de type 2 surexprimés dans les cellules β versus les autres tissus) dans les cellules β pancréatiques. Nous avons ensuite réalisé des études fonctionnelles sur la trentaine de gènes de susceptibilité au diabète de type 2 les plus exprimés dans notre modèle cellulaire par des tests de sécrétion d’insuline, des études de la viabilité cellulaire, du séquençage d’ARN (RNA-seq) et du western blotting dans la lignée de cellules β pancréatiques humaines EndoC-βH1. Les EndoC-βH1 sont des cellules en mesure de sécréter de l’insuline en réponse au glucose et à d’autres sécrétagogues. Nous les avons utilisé afin d’étudier le rôle de ces gènes de susceptibilité au diabète de type 2 dans la fonction de la cellule β pancréatique, en particulier dans la sécrétion insulinique. Notre étude d’expression a montré que l’expression des gènes de susceptibilité au diabète de type 2 est enrichie de manière significative dans les cellules β pancréatiques et la lignée EndoC-βH1. Pour cinq gènes du diabète de type 2 (TBC1D4, TCF19, KCNK16, CDKN2A et SLC30A8) ayant une présence et un effet déjà connus dans la fonction des cellules β, nous avons démontré une variation significative de la sécrétion d’insuline après extinction génique, en concordance avec la littérature. Par ailleurs, nous avons pu mettre en évidence quatre gènes de susceptibilité au diabète de type 2 (PRC1, SRR, ZFAND3 et ZFAND6) montrant une baisse significative de la sécrétion d’insuline après extinction génique et dont la présence ou la fonction dans la cellule β était pour l’heure inconnue. Les analyses RNA-seq ont montré une association significative de l’extinction de ces gènes avec des réseaux moléculaires liés à la physiopathologie du diabète de type 2 (par exemple : l’apoptose des cellules pancréatiques, l’insulinémie, la glycolyse, le stress du réticulum endoplasmique…). Et l’évaluation de l’expression de nos quatre gènes dans des îlots de souris obèses (ob/ob) ou traitées à la streptozotocine a montré une corrélation positive de leur expression avec celle de l’insuline. Notre étude a démontré que les études fonctionnelles post-GWAS sont importantes et permettent de définir le lien de causalité des gènes de susceptibilité avec la maladie, et ainsi de mener à des progrès sur la compréhension de la physiopathologie de la maladie [...] / Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a plethora of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes, but most often with little information about the mechanism underlying the relationship between these genetic variants associated with type 2 diabetes and the diabetic phenotype. Indeed, these SNPs are often noncoding and have a modest effect on the risk of type 2 diabetes, making difficult their functional study. At the beginning of the GWAS era, it has been suggested that susceptibility genes for type 2 diabetes are strongly involved in pancreatic β cell gene function, while no functional studies had been systematically performed. In this context, we conducted a “fishing” study to decipher this large amount of data generated by GWAS and to pinpoint potentially important genes that may be new therapeutic targets. The first objective of my thesis was to study the expression of type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes in a panel of human tissues comprising pancreatic and insulin-sensitive tissues using an unbiased technique of quantification of genes expression in order to show that these genes associated with type 2 diabetes were enriched in pancreatic β-cells. We then performed functional studies on the thirty mostly expressed genes in our cell model by insulin secretion tests, cell viability test, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and Western blotting in the human pancreatic β cell line (EndoC-βH1). These cells are able to secrete insulin in response to glucose and other secretagogues. Our goal was to study the role of these type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes in pancreatic β cell function, particularly in insulin secretion. Our expression study of type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes showed that their expression is significantly enriched in pancreatic β cells and the EndoC-βH1 cell line. For five genes associated with type 2 diabetes (TBC1D4, TCF19, KCNK16, CDKN2A and SLC30A8) with an already known presence and function in pancreatic β cell, we showed a significant variation in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion after gene silencing, in agreement with the literature. In addition, we identified four type 2 diabetes associated genes (PRC1, SRR, ZFAND3 and ZFAND6), with a significant decrease in insulin secretion after gene silencing without already know function in pancreatic β cell. RNA-seq has shown a significant association between the extinction of these genes and molecular networks related to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (e.g. apoptosis of pancreatic cells, insulinemia, glycolysis, endoplasmic reticulum stress response...). The assessment of the expression of our four genes in the islets of obese mice (ob/ob) or treated with streptozotocin shows a positive correlation between their expression and the expression of insulin. Our study has shown that post-GWAS functional studies are important and can help to define the causal link between these genes and the disease, and therefore to make progress in the understanding of the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. This study allowed us to identify genes whose function in β cell was not anterior known and which are involved in pancreatic β cell function and the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes.

Le carcinome à cellules rénales claires métastatique (CCC) demeure résistant aux thérapies actuelles. Les travaux précédents ont montré des similitudes mécanistiques entre tumorigenèse et néphrogenèse. Parmi les cibles de la voie oncogénique Sonic Hedgehog-Gli, le facteur développemental Lim1 a été identifié comme un nouvel oncogène dans le CCC. Les études préliminaires suggèrent que Lim1 aurait un rôle dans l’invasion cellulaire. Aucun inhibiteur de Lim1 n’est disponible; l’ARN interférence reste l’outil le plus efficace et le plus spécifique pour l’extinction des gènes. Dans le but de développer un nouvel outil d’inhibition de Lim1 applicable en clinique, basée sur des siRNAs véhiculés par des systèmes nanométriques, une nouvelle génération de véhicules de siRNAs a été étudiée. Il s’agit de polymères diacétyléniques photo-polymérisables sous forme de nanofibres (PDA-Nf). Ces travaux démontrent le rôle invasif de Lim1 dans la dissémination métastatique et identifient les PDA-Nf comme un nouvel outil de délivrance de siRNAs très prometteur en clinique. L’avantage du ciblage de Lim1 avec cette approche, est l’absence de son expression à l’âge adulte. / Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCC) remains resistant to current therapies, despite the development of anti-angiogenic and the new immunotherapeutic approaches. Previous work of the laboratory has shown mechanistic similarities between tumorigenesis and nephrogenesis. Among the targets of the Sonic Hedgehog-Gli pathway which is found oncogenic in CCC, the developmental factor Lim1 has been identified as a new oncogene in CCC. Preliminary studies suggest that Lim1 would have a role in cell invasion. No Lim1 inhibitors are available; RNA interference remains the most effective and specific tool for gene silencing. In order to develop a new clinically applicable inhibition tool for Lim1, based on siRNAs carried by nanoparticles, a new generation of siRNA vehicles has been investigated. These are photo-polymerizable diacetylenic polymers in the form of nanofibers (PDA-Nf). These works demonstrate the invasive role of Lim1 in metastatic dissemination and identifies PDA-Nf as a new promising siRNA delivery tool in clinical practice. The advantage of targeting Lim1 with this nano-carrier approach is that Lim1 is not expressed in adulthood.

A. Background<p><p>Skin wound healing (WH) is a dynamic and extremely determinate process of cellular, humoral and molecular mechanisms which begins directly after wounding and can last for years. WH is described as is an intricate process in which the skin (or another organ-tissue) repairs itself after injury. The process of skin WH occurs through the actions of an interplay of cells, growth factors and cytokines leading to wound closure.<p><p>WH occurs in three precisely and highly programmed phases: the inflammatory phase (day 0 to day 7) followed by the proliferative phase or vasculogenic phase (day 7 to day 21) and finally the remodeling phase (2 days - up to 2 years). For a successful healing, all three phases must occur in the proper sequence and time frame.<p><p>Many factors can interfere with one or more phases of the WH process, thus causing improper or impaired healing. The proliferation phase, in particular, requires the participation of various cells types such as fibroblasts, endothelial cells (ECs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), to produce a healthy well-vascularized granulation tissue for epithelization and wound closure.<p><p>A.1 Wound Healing And Obesity<p><p>In 2008, over 1.4 billion adults, 20 and older, were overweight. Of these, obesity has been shown to affect over 500 million people (OMS website). Moreover, the prevalence of obesity continues to rise, and by 2018, it is estimated that obesity will cost $ 347 billion annually.<p><p>Each year, in the US, approximately 33 million overweight and obese patients undergo surgery. Obesity causes a number of known health problems and increased post-surgical complications such as wound infection, dehiscence, hematoma and seroma. Surgeons anecdotally report WH complications among obese patients; however, little research has been conducted to investigate the mechanisms mediating impaired obesity-related WH. <p><p>Some previous work on diabetic patients and diabetic mice showed an imbalance between pro-oxydant and anti-oxydant genes as well as impaired EPCs proliferation and tube formation during the WH process. More then a hundred cytologic factors have been found to impair WH in the type 2 diabetic patient. It is a very complex and multifactorial problem involving decreased growth factors secretion, impaired keratinocyte and fibroblast functions, impaired EPs function, alteration of the macrophage function and granulation tissue synthesis, etc. <p><p>Based on these findings and because obesity is associated with the development of type 2 diabetes, we hypothetize that, impaired balance between pro-apoptotic/anti-apoptotic and pro- oxydant /anti-oxydant genes is involved in impaired WH. Furthermore, we hypothetize that impaired EPCs function leads to the perturbation of the proliferation phase of obesity impaired WH.<p><p>A.2. Wound Healing and Age<p><p>The world population is aging; by 2030, nearly 20% of Americans, (± 72 million people), will be 65 years old and older. In 2010, 17% of the European population was over the age of 65. By 2060, it is projected that the share of those aged 65 and over will rise to 30%, accounting for more then 150 million people. (ec.europa.eu) These aging subjects undergo an increasing number of surgical procedures: in the past two decades, the percentage of surgeries in patients over 65 has doubled to nearly 40%.<p>As a corollary, it is well established knowledge that elderly WH is impaired. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms of age-related impaired WH.<p><p>As previously mentioned, adult BM-derived EPCs contribute to peripheral tissue repair and regeneration. In light of the abundant literature suggesting that neovascularization is impaired in the elderly, we characterize a novel model of senile cutaneous WH and investigate the role that vasculogenesis plays in the pathogenesis of age related impaired WH.<p>Aged mice colonies have traditionally been the model for aged small mammalian research, however, the ability to use a readily-available transgenic mouse model with features of accelerated aging would aid in the exploration of targeted therapies and a great number of age-related investigations.<p><p>We hypothesize that the Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS) Zmpste24 deficient (Zmpste24-/-) mouse mimics physiological ageing and can be used as a novel model for the study of senescent WH. We further hypothetized that impaired balance between pro-apoptotic/anti-apoptotic and pro-oxydant /anti-oxydant genes as well as impaired EPCs function are responsible for the impairment of the proliferative phase, leading to overall impaired WH.<p><p>A.3 Aims<p><p>Recently, a great deal of research has been directed at understanding the critical factors inducing poorly healing wounds. However, a lot remains unclear.<p><p>It is now well accepted that new blood vessel formation occurs not only by angiogenesis (blood vessels formation from a preexisting network of capillaries), but also by vasculogenesis (blood vessels formation from BM SCs recruitment) and that EPCs contribute to as much as 25% of new blood vessels formed in healing tissues4. They are mobilized from the BM in response to injury and production of local cytokines, are incorporate into wounds and play an integral role in systemic tissue repair. <p><p>Based on this finding, we hypothesized that co-morbidities related impaired WH may be due, in part, to decreased EPCs number, migration/homing, and/or function resulting in impaired vasculogenesis. Because age and/or obesity have been shown to be one of the most common predictors of altered WH, we decided to focus on these two parameters.<p><p>Following a bedside to bench approach the purpose of this work was to 1) develop coherent and translatable models of co-morbidity digging in the physiologic/pathologic mechanisms underlying altered healing in obese and senile mice; 2) develop targeted therapeutics to improve impaired WH.<p><p>B. Material and Methods<p><p>B.1 Human Model<p><p>Since obesity impairs WH and BM EPCs are important for tissue repair, we hypothesize that obesity- impaired WH is due, in part, to impaired EPCs mobilization, trafficking, and function. Peripheral blood was obtained from non diabetic, obese (BMI > 30, n = 25), and non obese (BMI < 30, n = 17) subjects. Peripheral blood human EPCs were isolated, quantified, and functionally assessed.<p>As for aged impaired WH, EPCs of aged subjects have already been found to have decreased adhesion, migration and proliferative properties as well as being decreased in number in elderly patients undergoing surgery compared to younger patients.<p><p>B.2. Mice Models<p><p>Two models of WH were developed and characterized.<p>In order to isolate the effect of obesity on EPCs and WH, OB non-diabetic female TallyHo/JngJ mouse were selected (Female mice don’t express hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia). Female SWR/J non-OB mice were used as control mice. In order to limit variables, TallyHO/JngJ obese mice were selected over other OB mice that exhibit a polygenic type of obesity (Jackson Laboratory Website). By selecting this mouse model, we have excluded in our selection of the ideal model common confounding factors such as hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, immune disorders.<p><p>Zmpste24 is a metalloproteinase involved in the maturation of lamin A (LmnA), an essential component of the nuclear envelope. When Zmpste24 or LmnA are knocked-out, mice exhibit profound nuclear architectural abnormalities and histopathological defects that phenocopy an accelerated aging process. Of crucial importance, the lamin-A dependent nuclear alterations seen in Zmpste24-deficient mice have also been found in human physiological aging. We defined the utilization of the Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS) Zmpste24 deficient (Zmpste24- /-) mouse as a novel model for the study of senescent WH (controls used were C57BL/6J mice).<p><p>B.3. Wounding Model and Data Collection<p><p>All mice group underwent wounding using a stented wound model developed in our laboratory and previously published. Briefly, paired 6-mm circular, full-thickness wounds extending through the panniculus carnosus were made on the dorsal skin of the mouse. An O-ring, 12-mm splint made of silicone sheeting was then sutured to the skin around the wound. To minimize wound contraction and reliably recapitulated the granulation and re-epithelialization seen in human WH by secondary intention. Time to wound closure was measured using standardized digital photographs taken on days 0, 7, 14, and 21. Wound closure was calculated as a percentage of the original wound.<p><p>For each model, EPCs were harvested, quantified by flow-cytometry and their function tested. Wounds were harvested at various time points and RNA, DNA and protein analysis were conducted. Finally immunohistochemistry to assess epidermal thickness, vascularity and WH were also realized.<p><p>In a second step, after characterization of the models, local (using targeted siRNA gel) and systemic therapies (using AMD3100, a PC mobilizer) were applied on the wounds and compared to controls. WH was monitored. We conducted the previously mentioned analysis (RT-PCR, ELISA and DNA analysis) on the harvested samples.<p><p>All values are expressed as a mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). The number of mice per treatment group was determined using G*Power (G*Power©, Melbourne, Australia) to provide a power greater than 0.80. Student T test was realized to compare two groups among each other.<p><p>C. Results<p><p>C.1. Human EPCs Have Impaired Function<p><p>There was no difference in the number of baseline circulating human EPCs in non-diabetic OB and non-OB<p>subjects, but EPCs from OB subjects had impaired adhesion (p<0.05), migration (p<0.01), and proliferation (p<0.001).<p><p>C.2. Obesity and Wound Healing<p><p>TallyHo/JgnJ OB mice demonstrated significantly impaired healing when compared to SWR/J control mice. They healed at an average of 28 ± 2 days (p<0.05). Post-wounding circulating EPCs were quantified and wounds were analyzed. Circulating EPCs recruitment is impaired in wounded TallyHo/JngJ mice and their wounds shown significantly decreased new blood vessel formation through decreased HIF-1α/SDF-1α signaling (p<0.05). Their wounds are characterized by increased apoptosis, increased DNA damage and impaired pro-/anti-oxydant balance. Immunonistochemistry and histology showed decreased vascular vessels in TallyHo/JngJ wounds and thinner epidermal thickness.<p><p>In the local treatment phase, local p53 silencing consistently improved WH to a nearly normal healing time (wounds healed in 18 ± 2 days, p<0.05). sip53 treatment showed a significant decrease in pro-apoptotic markers (p53, Bax, PUMA p<0.05) and a significant increase in angiogenic markers (VEGF, SDF-1α, HIF-1α) with increased blood vessel formation and decreased DNA damage.<p><p>C.3. Age and Wound Healing<p><p>In these experiments, we show that not only is Zmpste24-/- WH impaired when compared to C57BL/6J mice (Zmpste24-/- mice healed at average 40 days ± 2 days p<0.05) at all time points but that they also showed decreased vascularity and proliferation in the wound bed (p<0.05).<p><p>Histological analysis was performed utilizing hematoxylin and eosin staining to assess epidermal thickness, CD31 immunofluorescence to assess vascular density, p53 and caspase 3 to assess apoptosis, 8’OHdG staining to assess DNA damage and PCNA to assess proliferation. Epidermal thickness was significantly decreased in Zmpste24-/- animals compared to WT as well as vascular density, and proliferation in Zmpste24-/- wound tissue (p<0.05). <p><p>Circulating vasculogenic EPCs recruitment was impaired in Zmpste24-/- mice and their wounds showed significantly decreased new blood vessel formation through decreased HIF-1α/SDF-1α signaling (p<0.05). Zmpste24-/- wounds are characterized by increased apoptosis and an abnormal rise in ROS.<p>In the treatment phase, local p53 silencing consistently improved healing by more then a two fold (18 ± 2 days). VEGF production was significantly increased and pro-apoptotic factors were significantly downregulated in siRNA-treated Zmpste24-/- mice (p<0.05). DNA damage due to ROS production was also shown to be significantly decreased following treatment. Our results suggest a vasculogenic dysfunction in wound closure and showed that the specific knock down of p53 significantly improves WH.<p><p>Because EPCs showed impaired function, lower peripheric blood counts and impaired SDF-1α/HIF-1α signaling, we hypothesized that improving their mobilization by using a progenitor cell mobilizer, AMD3100, known to mobilize SCs from the BM, in a systemic treatment phase will improve WH. Peripheral blood counts were significantly increased and time to wound closure significantly decreased (20 days ± 2, p<0.05). Vasculogenic markers and anti- apoptotic molecules were upregulated compare to non-treated animals.<p><p>D. Conclusions<p><p>Obesity impaired wound closure is a complex problem with many contributory factors. Our results suggest that obesity impairs the BM-derived EPCs response to peripheral injury and this, in turn, impairs wound closure. This impairment is associated with decreased new blood vessel formation and increased DNA damage leading to an increase in the p53 pathway. We also demonstrate that targeted siRNA therapy can partially rescue impaired WH due to obesity. Based on these results we support the encouraging argument that, WH and closure has the potential be improved through specific local and systemic therapies in vivo in our rodent model and that further studies are needed to support this in a clinical environment.<p><p>Impaired WH due to ageing is a complex phenomenon that is partially understood. We demonstrate that the Zmpste24-/- transgenic knockout mouse provides a model for age-related WH investigation. Zmpste24-/- animals heals their wounds with significant delays, showed impaired EPCs mobilization following wounding through an impaired HIF-1α/SDF-1α pathway and increased apoptosis. Furthermore, WH can be improved through specific local siRNA therapy and systemic stem cell mobilization therapies.<p><p>Our results suggest strong similar patterns between obesity and ageing in the way they mediate WH impairments trough (premature) ageing. Our encouraging endeavor to bring WH back to baseline in these diseased models underlines the possibility to reverse the microenvironment alterations and improves EPCs contribution to the WH process. Because EPCs are involved in virtually every tissue repair process happening in the human body, we hope that this work will lead the way for new research in various fields in medicine to improve wound care and quality of life of patients. / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Comme nous l’indiquions dans le But du Travail, le mélanome figure parmi les cancers associés aux pronostics les plus sombres, et ce en raison de son taux de réponse très faible à la radiothérapie et à la chimiothérapie. Cette résistance à la radiothérapie et à la chimiothérapie provient essentiellement du fait que les cellules de mélanomes sont résistantes à l’apoptose, et que la radiothérapie ainsi que bon nombre d’agents chimiothérapiques induisent la mort des cellules cancéreuses en y induisant l’apoptose. Nous avons voulu investiguer les rôles de la gastrine et de la galectine 1 sur le comportement biologique des cellules de mélanomes afin de voir s’il était possible de proposer la gastrine et/ou la galectine 1 comme nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques potentielles dans le cas du mélanome. <p>Notre stratégie de recherche est basée sur le principe (démontré sur le plan expérimental par de nombreuses études) selon lequel les cellules cancéreuses migrantes résistent à l’apoptose, et sont dès lors protégées contre les effets pro-apoptotiques de la chimiothérapie et de la radiothérapie qui représentent la quasi totalité de l’arsenal thérapeutique dont disposent les oncologues pour combattre les cancers. Diverses études expérimentales ont démontré que le fait de réduire le taux de migration de cellules cancéreuses résistantes à l’apoptose conférait à celles-ci une sensibilité accrue aux agents pro-apoptotiques. Nos résultats démontrent que la gastrine modifie de manière très significative les propriétés migratoires des cellules de mélanomes, sans toutefois modifier leur sensibilité à des agents pro-apoptotiques. Au contraire, la gastrine protègerait les cellules de mélanomes contre l’apoptose. Nous démontrons également dans notre travail, in vivo, un rôle pro-angiogénique pour la gastrine au sein de xénogreffes de mélanomes humains. Signalons que notre travail est le premier à démontrer un rôle potentiel de la gastrine au niveau de la biologie des mélanomes, tout au moins sur le plan expérimental. <p>Tout comme nous l’avons observé pour la gastrine, la galectine 1 semble également conférer aux cellules de mélanomes un certain degré de résistance aux agressions chimiothérapiques. Cette fois, le fait de diminuer le taux d’expression de la galectine 1 au sein de cellules du mélanome murin expérimental B16F10 (qui exprime des quantités importantes de galectine 1) renforce l’effet thérapeutique du témozolomide qui est une molécule cytotoxique. Cet effet semble survenir, tout au moins partiellement, suite à une diminution du taux d’expression de la protéine Hsp70 (suite à la diminution du taux d’expression de la galectine 1), avec pour conséquence une augmentation de la mort cellulaire par perméabilisation de la membrane des lysosomes.<p>Nous proposons une nouvelle approche thérapeutique pour combattre les mélanomes en faisant appel à la technique des petits ARN interférants (siRNA), dirigés dans le cas présent contre la galectine 1.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

La thérapie génique et l'interférence par l'ARN sont des méthodes pleines de promesses pour le traitement de nombreux troubles génétiques et infections virales, mais ce sont aussi des outils polyvalents pour l'étude des mécanismes génétiques et épigénétiques à la base du bon fonctionnement ou dysfonctionnement des cellules et des organismes complexes. Toutefois, la délivrance intracellulaire d'acides nucléiques reste un obstacle majeur pour la mise en œuvre de ces thérapies. En dépit des progrès récents dans le domaine, il existe un nombre limité d'agents de transfection non viraux qui ont passé à la phase clinique de la mise au point de médicaments. Un agent de transfection efficace forme un complexe (généralement non-covalent) avec des acides nucléiques, qui est stable dans l'environnement extracellulaire, en particulier dans le plasma sanguin. En outre, il doit favoriser la délivrance cellulaire en interagissant avec la membrane plasmique ou avec des glycosaminoglycanes chargés négativement et induire l'absorption par endocytose du complexe de transfection. Enfin, l’agent de transfection devrait améliorer l'échappement de l'endosome et le dépaquetage des acides nucléiques à partir du complexe. Les peptides amphiphiles et cationiques, qui ont la capacité de pénétrer dans les cellules, possèdent toutes les caractéristiques ci-dessus nommées. En effet, ils s’associent aux acides nucléiques via des liaisons électrostatiques, ils se lient de manière efficace et traversent la membrane plasmique en favorisant l'absorption de la cargaison. LAH4-L1 est le peptide de la famille LAH4 riche en lysines et histidines, possédant une activité de transfection d’ADN et de pARNi prometteuse. Ce qui a été montré dans des expériences biologiques sur des cellules en culture. Le peptide LAH4-L1 présente des modes d'interaction différents avec les membranes à pH neutre et acide, ce qui est l'une des caractéristiques les plus importantes puisqu’elle assure une libération efficace des acides nucléiques dans le cytoplasme. Ce travail est dédié à l'étude des caractéristiques structurales et thermodynamiques de l'association LAH4-L1 avec des membranes modèles et des acides nucléiques, comme l'ADN générique et de pARNi. Une grande variété de techniques biophysiques, telles que la résonance magnétique nucléaire, le dichroïsme circulaire, la calorimétrie de titration isotherme, la diffusion dynamique de la lumière et le dosage d'efflux de la calcéine, a été utilisée pour élucider le mécanisme de la transfection cellulaire efficace par le peptide LAH4-L1. / Gene and RNA-based therapies have a great promise as the methods for the treatment of variety of the genetic disorders and viral infections, but also it is a versatile tool for the investigation of the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying the proper functioning or dysfunctioning of the cells and complex organisms. However, intracellular delivery of nucleic acids remains a major hurdle for the implementation of these therapies. In spite of the recent progress in the field, there is limited number of the non-viral transfection agents that passed to the clinical phase of the drug development.An efficient transfection agent forms a complex (usually non-covalent) with nucleic acids, which is stable in the extracellular environment, in particular in the blood plasma. Furthermore, it should promote the cellular delivery by interacting with the plasma membrane or negatively charged glycosaminoglycans and inducing the endocytic uptake of the transfection complex. Finally transfection agent should enhance the endosomal escape and unpacking of the nucleic acids from the complex.Cationic amphipathic cell-penetrating peptide comprise all above-named features as they associate electrostatically with the nucleic acids, they bind efficiently and translocate plasma membrane promoting the cargo uptake. LAH4-L1 is the lysine and histidine-rich designed peptide from LAH4 family, possessing a promising DNA and siRNA transfection activity, which was shown in biological experiments on the cell culture. LAH4-L1 peptide displays different modes of interaction with the membranes at neutral and acidic pH, which is one of the most important features that assure an efficient nucleic acid release to the cytoplasm.This works is dedicated to the investigation of structural and thermodynamic characteristics of the LAH4-L1 association with model membranes and nucleic acids, such as generic DNA and siRNA. The variety of the biophysical techniques, as nuclear magnetic resonance, circular dichroism, isothermal titration calorimetry, dynamic light scattering and calcein efflux assay, were used to unravel the mechanism of efficient cellular transfection by LAH4-L1 peptide.

Les membres du genre Morbillivirus, famille Paramyxoviridae sont responsables de graves maladies chez l'homme et les animaux, comme la rougeole, la peste bovine (RP) et la peste des petits ruminants (PPR). Malgré l'existence de vaccins efficaces contre ces maladies, des traitements spécifiques sont souhaitables. L'inhibition de la réplication de ces virus peut-être acquise par interférence ARN (ARNi), un mécanisme d'inhibition post-transcriptionnel déclenché par des séquences courtes d'ARN double-brin (siARN). Le CIRAD a précédemment identifié 3 siARNs ciblant des régions conservées du gène de la nucléoprotéine virale capables d'inhiber au moins 80% de la réplication in vitro des virus de la rougeole, de la RP et de la PPR. Cependant, un problème majeur dans la stratégie d'ARNi est le risque d'apparition de virus résistants. Dans cette étude, nous avons évalué le risque d'apparition de mutants d'échappement du virus de la PPR sous pression de sélection de 3 siARNs appliqués seul ou en association après plusieurs transfections successives in vitro. Excepté pour la combinaison des 3 siARNs, le virus a échappé à l'ARNi après 3 à 20 passages consécutifs, avec des mutations simples ou multiples (synonymes ou pas) ou une délétion de 6 nucléotides dans la zone cible des siARN. Ces résultats mettent en évidence une plasticité génomique inattendue des morbillivirus surtout illustrée par cette délétion non-délétère d'une partie significative d'un gène viral essentiel, qui devrait être considérée comme un obstacle à l'utilisation de l'ARNi comme thérapie antivirale. Cependant, l'utilisation combinée de 3 siARNs peut être proposée pour diminuer le risque d'échappement aux siARNs. / Viruses in the genus Morbillivirus, within the family Paramyxoviridae are responsible for severe humans and animal diseases, including measles, rinderpest (RP) and peste des petits ruminants (PPR). In spite of the existence of efficient vaccines against these diseases, specific treatments to be applied when the infection is already present are desirable. Inhibition of morbillivirus replication can be achieved by RNA interference (RNAi), a mechanism of post-transcriptional gene silencing triggered by small double-stranded RNA (siRNA). The CIRAD previously identified three siRNAs that target conserved regions of the essential gene encoding the viral nucleoprotein and are able to prevent in vitro at least 80% of the replication of measles, RP and PPR viruses . However, a major problem in RNAi is the important risk of emergence of escape mutants. In this study, we investigated the ability of PPR virus to escape the inhibition conferred by single or multiple siRNAs after several consecutive transfections in vitro. Except with the combination of the three different siRNAs, the virus systematically escaped RNAi after 3 to 20 consecutive passages. The mutations were characterized by either single or multiple punctual nucleotide mutations (synonymous or not) or a deletion of a stretch of 6 nucleotides into the siRNA target. These results demonstrate that the genomic plasticity of morbilliviruses, illustrated maily by this significant and no-deleterious deletion in an essential viral gene, should be considered as an obstacle to the use of RNAi in antiviral therapy. However, the combined use of three siRNAs can be proposed to prevent treatment failure with siRNAs.

A number of cyclic peptides containing a positively charged ring composed of arginine residues attached to hydrophobic tail made of tryptophan residues through a lysine linker namely [R5K]W5, [R6K]W5, [R5K]W6, [R7K]W5, [R5K]W7, [R6K]W6, and [R7K]W7 were synthesized and evaluated as molecular transporters. The peptides were evaluated for their ability to deliver, fluorescence-labeled cell-impermeable negatively charged phosphopeptide (F′-GpYEEI), and fluorescent labeled anti-HIV drugs (F′-FTC and F′-d4T). The results indicated that the presence of positively charged arginine residues on the ring and hydrophobic tryptophan residues in a sequential linear outside the ring was an optimal approach to improve the intracellular uptake of cargo molecules through non-covalent interactions. Some of these peptides were also evaluated for their efficiency for intracellular delivery of siRNA to triple-negative breast cancer cell lines in the presence and absence of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE). [R6K]W6 and [R5K]W5 were found to be very efficient in the delivery of siRNA. Furthermore, co-formulation of peptides with lipid DOPE significantly enhanced the efficiency of siRNA delivery compared to peptide alone. Silencing of kinesin spindle protein (KSP) and Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) was evaluated in MDA-MB-231 cells in the presence of the peptides. The addition of DOPE significantly enhanced the silencing efficiency for all selected peptides. A chemotherapeutic drug, doxorubicin (Dox) was covalently conjugated to the cyclic peptide [R5K]W7A and linear peptide R5KW7A, and the biological activity was evaluated in cell-based assays. Comparative antiproliferative assays between covalently conjugated peptide-Dox and the corresponding noncovalent physical mixtures of the peptides and Dox were performed. The conjugation of Dox with cyclic [R5K]W7A-Dox exhibited similar antiproliferative activity compared to Dox alone after 72 h incubation time in all cancer cell lines, such as leukemia, ovarian and gastric cancer cells. However, [R5K]W7A-Dox significantly reduced the cell cytotoxicity in normal cell lines such as normal heart muscle and normal kidney cells after 72 h when compared with Dox alone. These results revealed that this cyclic peptide prodrug can be used as a potential candidate for the treatment of cancer cells with reduced side effects against normal cells in the body.