I denna rapport har avgångspunktligheten på SJ:s tågdepå i Hagalund undersökts, med som syfte att hitta bakomliggande mönster och orsaker till förseningar. Det teoretiska ramverk som använts är en kombination av Lean och Six Sigma, där managementverktyget Lean har sin grund i optimering av resursutnyttjande och minskande av slöseri. De Lean-begrepp som främst tagits fasta på är Visualisering och Standardisering, då SJ har haft stora problem inom just dessa områden.   Det praktiska arbetet i rapporten har i sin tur följt Six Sigma-metoden DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control), där stor tyngdpunkt har lagts vid Mätning och Analysering.   Den kvantitativa data som använts kommer direkt från SJ:s egna förseningsrapporter, där tåg som avgår fem minuter eller mer efter planerad avgångstid anses försenade. Denna försening avläses maskinellt, och den planerade avgångstiden kallas Rättidighet (RT). Alla RT > 5 avgångar noteras automatiskt, och för dessa förseningar rapporteras även förseningsorsak. Förseningsorsakerna sätts manuellt av personal på Depå Hagalund utifrån en begränsad lista med valbara förseningstyper (JDE-koder).   Arbetet i denna rapport gjordes under en sexmånadersperiod hösten/vintern 2012/2013. Arbetet tittade främst på data från perioden för Tidtabell 2012 (T12), vilken sträckte sig från den 11e december 2011 till den 8e december 2012. Extra punktmarkering lades på november 2012, under vilken ett experiment i punktlighetsrapportering utfördes.   Stor vikt lades vid visualisering och standardisering av processer, där tidtabellen är en naturligt styrande process vilken resursfördelat ger arbetsprocesser.   En dataminering av förseningsstatistiken för T12 visade under arbetets gång på stora brister i den manuella förseningsrapporteringen, där inkonsekvent användning av JDE-koderna gjorde det omöjligt att med säkerhet få fram bakomliggande förseningsorsaksmönster.   För att komma runt bristerna i grunddatan gjordes därför ett ovan nämnt experiment i november 2012 där all förseningsorsaksrapportering under månaden övervakades så att JDE-kodsättningen blev korrekt gjord. Resultatet visade på ett stort mörkertal i inrapporterade förseningar av typen ”Handhavandefel”, förseningar som tidigare dolts i slaktratskoden ”Övrigt”.   En visualisering av den maskinellt inrapporterade avgångspunktligheten, RT-datan, kunde i sin tur visa på brister vid skiftesbyten, samt fastställa 13:00-18:00 som en generellt tungt förseningsdrabbad tid på dygnet. Dygnsvisualiseringen av förseningar jämfördes även med en dygnsvisualisering av tågens tid på bangården, den så kallade vändtiden, där tåg som spenderar mindre än tre timmar på Depå Hagalund kunde påvisas påverka den allmänna punktligheten i högre grad än andra avgångar. Med hjälp av regressionsanalys kunde även dokumenteras att sent ankomande tåg med kort vändtid i högre utsträckning även avgår försenade, meden sent ankommande tåg med längre vändtid ej statistiskt påverkades vad gäller avgångspunktlighet. / This report is a study of departure punctuality at the SJ train depot in Hagalund. The purpose of the report has been to find underlying patterns and reasons behind late departures.   The theoretical framework that has been used is a combination of Lean and Six Sigma, where the management tool Lean has its basis in optimal resource utilization and minimizing of waste. The Lean concepts that have primarily been used are Visualization and Standardization, this since those are areas in which SJ have been lacking.   The practical work behind the report has been done using the Six Sigma method DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control), where a large focus has been put on Measuring and Analyzing.   The quantitative data that’s been used has come directly from SJ’s own late departure reports, where trains departing 5 minutes or more past the scheduled time are considered to be late. This lateness is automatically registered, where the scheduled departure time is called Right Time (RT) and RT > 5 hence indicated a late departure.   The reason behind the lateness is also noted for all departures, but this data is entered manually and the reason is chosen from a limited, predefined list of lateness codes (JDE codes).   A data mining of the late departure statistics for the Timetable period 2012 (December 11th 2011 to December 8th 2012) revealed large flaws with the manual lateness reporting, where inconsistent usage of the JDE codes made it impossible to discern any underlying patterns in lateness factors.    To circumvent the data flaws an experiment was mad during November 2012, where all late departure reporting during the month was monitored to ensure proper JDE code usage. The result revealed a large previously unknown source of delay, “Human error”, which had hitherto been hidden in the catch-all code “Miscellaneous”.    A visualization of the automatically collected departure data, the RT data, in turn revealed clear issues during personal shift changes, and also concluded 1pm-6pm CET to be a late departure heavy time of the day. The visualization of departure data was also compared to the visualization of trains’ time spent at the depot, the so called turn time, where trains spending less than three hours at Depot Hagalund could be shown to affect the general departure punctuality to a higher degree than other trains. Through use of regression analysis it could also be shown that trains arriving late with a short turn time, to a higher degree also departed late, whilst trains with a longer turn time were seemingly statistically unaffected by delays in arrival.

Due to changes in customer demands, companies often need to improve their processes and approach them in different ways. Waste elimination is very important for every company in their quest to reduce costs and use resources efficiently. Variation reduction helps keep processes steady and more accurate. Two powerful tools for process improvement are Lean and Six Sigma, when combined can bring many benefits to organizations that decide to implement them. The amount of continuous improvement tools that each methodology possesses brings the team a great variety of resources to attack and reduce variation in any process. Lean and Six Sigma methodologies have gain a lot of popularity in recent years. The improvements they bring to companies not only in an economical but as a way to develop professionals are impressive. These methodologies are changing mindsets worldwide and giving quality a new meaning. Lean Six Sigma certifications are a must for every professional looking to improve processes in their organization. Philip Morris International subsidiary in San Jose, Costa Rica has a great challenge on trying to improve processes in their production facilities to keep with goals and demands from headquarters in Laussane, Switzerland. This project is involved with the use of Lean and Six Sigma tools to improve the cigarette reject rate in the Marlboro line at Philip Morris. The project is divided in three parts. First an introduction to Lean and Six Sigma and why they are so important for companies now a days. Second, explain the DMAIC methodology used for the realization of the project. Third, explain the implementations made to improve the process and reduce cigarette reject rate.

En la presente tesis se abordó el desarrollo de la metodología Six Sigma a fin de establecer un conjunto de lineamientos y recomendaciones para el mejoramiento de la calidad en una determinada institución pública. Por ello, se tomó como base, los datos encontrados en una entidad denominada: Archivo Regional de Lambayeque, la misma que en adelante será llamada bajo el acrónimo ARL, basándose tanto en sus documentos de gestión técnico - administrativa así como del uso de varias herramientas y técnicas de recolección de datos como cuestionarios, entrevistas, encuestas y la observación detallada de los procesos existentes. En cada uno de los pasos definidos en el proceso DMAIC de la metodología, se detallaron los métodos y herramientas estadísticas utilizadas con el fin de lograr un mayor entendimiento de cada uno de los procesos del ARL y llegar así al ideal Six Sigma, reduciendo considerablemente el número de DPMO (defectos por millón de oportunidades). Finalmente, y luego de analizar minuciosamente la información recabada, se verificó la validez de la misma haciendo uso de un simulador predictivo previamente seleccionado y diseñado para trabajar bajo el entorno licenciado de Microsoft.

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This thesis is devoted to various aspects of electric-magnetic duality and its gravitational generalization, with an emphasis on the case of maximal supergravity. It is divided into three parts.In the first part, we review the symmetries of maximal supergravity in various dimensions, with a particular focus on the exceptional ``hidden" symmetries that appear upon toroidal dimensional reduction of eleven-dimensional supergravity. Two new results are obtained. First, we prove in detail that these hidden symmetries appear if and only if the Chern-Simons coupling of the eleven-dimensional theory takes the value predicted by supersymmetry. Second, we obtain a manifestly E7(7)-invariant formula for the entropy of non-extremal black holes in four-dimensional N = 8 supergravity.The second part of the thesis concerns the gaugings of extended supergravities in four dimensions. We first show that the embedding tensor formalism does not allow for deformations that cannot be reached by working with the usual Lagrangian in the duality frame picked by the embedding tensor. We then examine through BRST methods the deformations of a large class of non-minimally coupled scalars and abelian vector fields in four dimensions, of which ungauged supergravities offer a prime example. We prove that all local deformations of these models which modify the gauge transformations are of the usual Yang-Mills type, i.e. correspond to the gauging of some rigid symmetries of the undeformed theory. Combined with the first result, this shows that the embedding tensor formalism correctly captures the most general local deformations of these theories.In the third part, we construct self-contained action principles for several types of free fields in six dimensions, whose field strengths satisfy a self-duality condition. These fields are motivated by two considerations. First, their existence allows for a remarkable geometric interpretation of the electric-magnetic duality symmetries of vector fields and linearized gravity in four dimensions. Second, they appear in the spectrum of the chiral N = (4,0) and N = (3,1) ``exotic supergravities" in place of the usual metric. The free action and supersymmetry transformations for those theories are explicitly constructed. We also check that they reduce to linearized maximal supergravity in five dimensions, thus completing the picture of higher-dimensional parents of N = 8 supergravity, at least at the free level. Along the way, we also generalize previous works on linearized supergravity by other authors, in which the graviton and its dual appear on the same footing at the level of the action.We conclude with some open questions, perspectives for future work, and a series of technical appendices. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Delivery of primary care preventative services can be significantly increased utilizing Six Sigma methods. Missed preventative service opportunities were compared in the study clinic with the community clinic in the same practice. The study clinic had 100% preventative services, compared with only 16.3% in the community clinic. Preventative services can be enhanced to Six Sigma quality when the nurse executive and medical staff agree on a single standard of nursing care executed via standing orders.

The medical community recognizes the importance of regular, vigorous exercise. The evidence is indeed overwhelming in support of physical fitness for the prevention of disease and disability; yet nearly 80% of the population does not exercise enough to produce a health benefit (CDC, 2018). Thus, it is necessary to find a way to assist individuals to increase an awareness concerning physical fitness and furthermore, overall wellness awareness. This quantitative study?s instructional intervention treatment interlaced the six dimensions of wellness and Knowles andragogy interwoven within a single activity; in this case water exercise. Hence, the purpose of this study was to assess if adult participation in aquatic exercise classes results in increased awareness, longer lasting self-reported behavioral choices regarding the six dimensions of wellness. This study utilized a split-plot (mixed) factorial ANOVA with two treatment groups (experimental and control) and three occasions of measurements. Furthermore, this study?s assessment was a pretest, posttest 1, and posttest 2 wellness inventory to explore what changes adults perceived throughout the water exercise course and three weeks later. The research explored participants awareness based on teaching and learning plans that intertwined Knowles? (2015) andragogy with the depth and breadth of the wellness dimensions while participating in water exercise. Hence, participants gained an awareness of each wellness dimension. In this research the six dimensions of wellness is: physical, social, emotional, intellectual, environmental, and spiritual wellness. The six dimensions of wellness is an approach to life. It is how a person interacts with their surroundings. Thus, physical fitness is a portion of one?s whole wellness. But introducing the six dimensions into one activity demonstrated an awareness of overall wellness. This study was a step in the right direction as it confirmed adults? increased awareness concerning overall wellness interwoven with Knowles andragogy while participating in water exercise.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka historielärares syften med att använda film i sin undervisning. Studiens teoretiska perspektiv utgår från historiskt tänkande i form av Peter Seixas och Tom Mortons teori i The big six men också Klas-Göran Karlssons teori om historiebruk. Empirin utgår från en kvalitativ metod i form av kvalitativa intervjuer med fem historielärare på gymnasiet. För att analysera datan används en tematisk dataanalys, där de olika teman kategoriseras och ordnas efter studiens teoretiska perspektiv. Resultatet visar att lärarna använder sig av film när de arbetar med historiskt tänkande då det går att urskilja samtliga tankebegrepp ur The big six i deras svar. Dock är de vanligaste tankebegreppen historiska perspektiv och belägg. Studiens resultat visar också på att de flesta lärarna arbetar med historiebruk när de använder sig av film. En av studiens slutsatser är att lärarna främst utvecklar förmågorna 1, 4 och 5 i ämnesplanen för historia på gymnasiet. Studien mynnar ut i tankar kring vidare forskning om att förena elevers och lärares perspektiv om att använda film i historieundervisningen.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Since 1994, the District Six Museum, in constructing histories of forced removals from District Six, Cape Town, commenced as a post-apartheid memory project which evolved into a memorial museum. Design has been a central strategy claimed by the museum in its process of making memory work visible to its attendant publics evolving into a South African cultural brand. Co-design within the museum is aesthetically infused with sensitively curated exhibitions and a form of museumisation, across two tangible sites of engagement, which imparts a unique visual language

Purpose: Lean Six Sigma has been playing a vital role in numerous organizations to enhance the productivity of the Supply Chain by reducing “waste and variance”. During Lean Six Sigma implementation, a change is introduced in the organization, the purpose is to understand the organizational change in this context in order not to end up failing in the implementation of this technique. Different factors affect organizational change, such as communication, successful implementation of ideas, training, empowerment of employees, the impact of unions, and support from the management. However, out of these factors, from the workforce perspective, which ones act as facilitators, and which ones act as barriers? Method: The approach that has been followed is the abductive approach as an interchange between theory and method, by combining deduction and induction. In the abductive research method, the research process starts with surprising facts or puzzling situations, and the research process is dedicated to their explanation. Findings: The study has identified if communication, successful implementation of ideas, developmental training of the workforce, empowerment of employees, management support, and employee unions act either as a barrier or a facilitator during the implementations of lean six sigma methods. Implications: By studying how these factors are acting (barriers or facilitators) there would be a certain help for the organizations in understanding the perspective of the employees in adapting to the change. This will ease the process, which would, in turn, help the organizations in an efficient implementation of Lean Six Sigma methods. Furthermore, it was found that the inclusion of Employees in decision making from an early stage will lead to efficiency in the implementation. Another implication that was found is that informal communication is as important as formal during the implementation of lean six sigma methods. Limitations: This study is based on one company.