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Distúrbios no padrão do sono são sintomas comuns em pacientes com câncer e a literatura pertinente é escassa. Sabe-se que suas conseqüências são fortemente relacionadas à qualidade de vida dos sobreviventes do câncer. Objetivo: avaliar o padrão do sono em pacientes cirúrgicos oncológicos após a alta hospitalar e relacioná-lo com as dimensões da qualidade de vida. Método: estudo de pesquisa exploratória com delineamento observacional-transversal, realizado em 46 pacientes com diagnóstico de câncer, submetidos a procedimento cirúrgico nas especialidades de cabeça e pescoço e de urologia, no período de um até o sexto mês de pósoperatório. As entrevistas foram realizadas no ambulatório da Associação de Combate ao Câncer do Brasil Central, localizada na cidade de Uberaba MG, após assinatura do termo de consentimento. Para obtenção dos dados foram utilizados três questionários: instrumento A, para obter características sociais e clínicas dos pacientes; Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburg PSQI, utilizado na mensuração da qualidade subjetiva do sono e para a ocorrência de seus distúrbios; European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 itens (EORTC-QLQ-C30), para abordar os aspectos relacionados com a qualidade de vida no câncer. A consistência interna das escalas do PSQI e do EORTC foi verificada por meio do Coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach. Para este estudo, adotou-se p value inferior a 0,05 como estatisticamente significante. Resultados e Discussão: os procedimentos cirúrgicos na área de Cabeça e Pescoço corresponderam a 30,4% (14) dos pacientes e os da Urologia, a 69,6% (32). A confiabilidade alfa de Cronbach da escala do PSQI e do EORTC foi 0,794 e 0,8139, respectivamente. A correlação de Pearson entre o Estado Geral de Saúde (EGS) do EORTC e o escore global do PSQI foi r=-0,339 e entre o escore global do PSQI e o domínio de insônia do EORTC, de r= 0,710. Em relação às respostas fornecidas pelos entrevistados, observou-se: 73,9% possuem comprometimento da qualidade subjetiva do sono; os itens estatisticamente significantes para os dados sociodemográficos e clínicos, em relação ao escore global do PSQI, foram a renda, a escolaridade e o local do câncer; para os domínios do EORTC, em relação ao escore global do PSQI, foram o EGS, desempenho de papel, função social, dispnéia, fadiga, insônia e dificuldade financeira. Considerações: distúrbios no padrão do sono são freqüentes em sobreviventes do câncer e aceita-se que geralmente levam a problemas crônicos, que interferem diretamente na qualidade de vida. Espera-se que este estudo sensibilize a equipe de enfermagem, quanto à necessidade de investigar possíveis causas para distúrbios no padrão do sono em sobreviventes e conseguir implementar cuidados necessários para garantir melhor qualidade de vida. / sleep pattern disturbances are common in patients with cancer and pertinent references are scarce. It is known that their consequences are closely related to quality of life of cancer survivors. Objective: to evaluate the sleep pattern of surgical oncology patients after hospital discharge and to relate it with quality of life dimensions. Method: exploratory research with transversal-observational design, in 46 postoperative head & neck and urology cancer patients, one to six months after the operation. Outpatient interviews were made in the Associação de Combate ao Câncer do Brasil Central, located in the city of Uberaba MG, after obtention of signed consent form. Data were collected by use of three questionnaires: instrument A, to obtain social characteristics and patients\' clinical information; Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index PSQI, for evaluation of subjective quality of sleep and for occurrence of sleep disturbances; European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire Core 30 itens (EORTC-QLQ-C30), to register aspects related to cancer quality of life. The internal consistency of the scales of PSQI and of EORTC was verified by means of Cronbach\'s Alpha Coefficient. For this study, p values lower than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results and Discussion: surgical procedures of Head and Neck corresponded to 30.4% (14) of the patients, compared to 69.6% (32) for Urology. Cronbach\'s alpha reliability of the scales of PSQI and EORTC were 0.794 and 0.8139, respectively. Pearson\'s Correlation between General Health Condition (EGS) of EORTC and global PSQI score was r=-0.339, and between global PSQI score and the insomnia domain of EORTC was r= 0.710. Regarding the answers supplied by the interviewees, it was observed: 73,9% have impairment of the subjective quality of sleep; the statistically significant items for social and clinical data, relative to global PSQI score, were the income, the level of schooling and the location of the cancer; for the domains of EORTC, relative to global PSQI score, were EGS, daily activity performance, social function, dyspnea, fatigue, insomnia and financial difficulty. Considerations: sleep pattern disturbances are frequent in cancer survivors and it is accepted that they usually lead to chronic problems, which interfere directly with quality of life. It is expected that this study sensitizes the nursing team, regarding the need to investigate possible causes for sleep pattern disturbances in survivors and to get implemented necessary cares to guarantee better quality of life.

nÃo hà / Este trabalho consiste de dois estudos: o primeiro estudo avalia o papel da morfometria por ressonÃncia magnÃtica (RM) no diagnÃstico diferencial das sÃndromes parkinsonianas; o segundo avalia as alteraÃÃes do sono nessas sÃndromes e suas relaÃÃes com alteraÃÃes estruturais na RM. Nas fases iniciais da doenÃa o diagnÃstico diferencial entre as sÃndromes parkinsonianas pode ser de difÃcil realizaÃÃo. As medidas por RM podem contribuir para o diagnÃstico diferencial entre a doenÃa Parkinson (DP), paralisia supranuclear progressiva (PSP) e atrofia de mÃltiplos sistemas (AMS). O objetivo do primeiro estudo foi avaliar o valor diagnÃstico das alteraÃÃes anatÃmicas estruturais identificadas pela RM no diagnÃstico diferencial dessas sÃndromes. Foram estudados 21 casos com DP, 11 casos com atrofia de mÃltiplos sistemas forma cerebelar (AMS-c), 8 casos de atrofia de mÃltiplos sistemas forma parkinsoniana (AMS-p) e 20 com PSP. A Ãrea sagital mediana do mesencÃfalo (Ams), Ãrea sagital mediana da ponte (Apn), largura mÃdia do pedÃnculo cerebelar mÃdio (PCM) e pedÃnculo cerebelar superior (PCS) foram medidas pela RM. ComparaÃÃes mÃltiplas foram realizadas entre a PD, AMS-c, AMS-p e PSP. A morfometria da Apn, PCM e PCS apresentaram diferenÃas entre os casos com diferentes diagnÃsticos. A Ams e a morfometria do PCS foram as medidas mais preditivas para o diagnÃstico de PSP, de tal forma que uma Ãrea do mesencÃfalo < 105 mm2 e a medida do PCS < 3 mm mostraram uma grande probabilidade para este diagnÃstico (sensibilidade de 95,0 e 80,0%, respectivamente). Nos casos de AMS-c, a morfometria da Apn < 315mm2 apresentou boa especificidade e valor preditivo positivo para o diagnÃstico (93,8% e 72,7%, respectivamente). Em conclusÃo, demonstramos que dimensÃes e valores de cortes obtidos a partir de exames de RM podem diferenciar entre PD, PSP e AMS-c, com boa sensibilidade, especificidade e precisÃo. Na segunda etapa desse trabalho, foram avaliados e comparados os distÃrbios do sono em pacientes com DP, AMS e PSP e as possÃveis associaÃÃes com a morfometria por RM do encÃfalo em 16 casos de DP, 13 AMS, 14 PSP e 12 controles. Os distÃrbios do sono foram avaliados pela escala de SonolÃncia de Epworth, Ãndice de Qualidade do sono de Pittsburgh (IQSP), escala de pernas inquietas e questionÃrio de Berlim. A Apn e Ams e largura do PCS e do PCM foram medidas pela RM. A mà qualidade do sono, o risco da sÃndrome da apnÃia obstrutiva do sono (SAOS) e sÃndrome das pernas inquietas (SPI) foi detectado em todos os grupos. Pacientes com AMS apresentaram maior risco de SAOS e menor nÃmero de casos com SPI. Nos casos de AMS, uma correlaÃÃo entre os escores do IQSP e o estÃgio do Hoehn & Yahr foi observada (p<0,05). Na PSP, a SPI foi freqÃente (57%) e relacionou-se com a menor duraÃÃo e pior eficiÃncia do sono. Na DP, sonolÃncia diurna excessiva relacionou-se com a atrofia do PCM (p=0,01). Em conclusÃo, o alto risco de SAOS foi comum e proeminente nos casos de AMS. SPI foi mais freqÃente na DP e na PSP. Nos casos com PSP, a SPI associou-se com uma reduÃÃo da eficiÃncia e duraÃÃo do sono; e nos pacientes com DP e sonolÃncia excessiva diurna apresentaram maior atrofia do PCM (DP com sonolÃncia excessiva diurna PCM= 16,08Â0,93; DP sem sonolÃncia excessiva diurna PCM =17,82 0,80 p=0,01), sugerindo degeneraÃÃo de estruturas do tronco cerebral nesses pacientes. / We describe two studies, as follows: one concerns the role of cerebral morphometry as evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the differential diagnosis of the parkinsonian syndromes; the other is about sleep alterations and the relationship with MRI changes in these syndromes. MRI measures can be useful for differential diagnosis between Parkinson disease (PD), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of structural anatomic changes identified by MRI in the differential diagnosis of these syndromes. We studied 21 cases with PD, 11 with MSA-c, 8 with MSA-p, 20 with PSP and 12 controls. Midbrain area (Ams), Pons area (Apn), middle cerebellar peduncle (MCP) and superior cerebellar peduncle (SCP) width were measured using MRI. Multiple comparisons were made between PD, MSA-p, MSA-c and PSP and we show that Apn, MCP and SCP width morphometry dimensions have clear cut differences in these syndromes. The Ams and SCP were the most predictive measures of PSP. A Midbrain area below 105 mm2 and SCP less than 3 mm showed a major probability for this diagnosis (sensitivity of 95.0 and 80.0%, respectively). For the group of MSA-c patients, an Apn area below 315mm2 showed good specificity and positive predictive value (93.8% and 72.7%, respectively). In conclusion, we demonstrate that dimensions and cut off values obtained from routine MRI can differentiate between PD, PSP and MSA-c with good sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. Despite common reports in PD, in other parkinsonian syndromes, sleep disturbances have been less frequently described. We compare sleep disturbances in patients with PD, MSA and PSP and analyze associations with brain MRI morphometry. This was a cross-sectional study of 16 PD cases, 13 MSA and 14 PSP. Sleep disturbances were evaluated by Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Restless Legs Scale and Berlin questionnaire. Apn, Ams, MCP width, and SCP width were measured using MRI. Poor quality sleep, risk of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and restless legs syndrome (RLS) were detected in all groups. Patients with MSA showed higher risk of OSA and less frequent RLS. In MSA, a correlation between PSQI scores and Hoehn and Yahr stage was observed (p<0.05). In PSP, RLS was frequent (57%) and related with reduced sleep duration and efficiency. In PD, excessive daytime sleepiness was related to atrophy of the MCP (p= 0.01). High risk of OSA was common and prominent in MSA cases. RLS was more frequent in PD and PSP, and in PSP, was associated with reduced sleep efficiency and sleep duration. In conclusion, the morphometric analysis of PD patients with excessive daytime sleepiness showed more atrophy of MCP (PD with excessive daytime sleepiness MCP= 16.08Â0.93; PD without excessive daytime sleepiness MCP=17.82Â0.80 p= 0.01) suggesting widespread degeneration of brainstem sleep structures on the basis of sleep abnormalities in these patients.

Sleep disturbances and insomnia are prevalent, with around 33% of adults indicating that they experience at least one main symptom of insomnia, and bidirectional relationships exist with common psychopathology, particularly major depressive disorder (MDD). However, genetic and environmental (e.g., traumatic event exposure) contributions to the etiology of these phenotypes are not yet well understood. A genetically informative sample of approximately 12,000 Han Chinese women aged 30-60 (50% with recurrent MDD) was used to address several gaps within the sleep literature. Sleep disturbances were assessed in all individuals using a general item addressing sleeplessness (GS). A sleep within depression sum score (SDS) was also created in MDD cases, combining information from the GS and two insomnia items within MDD. A total of 11 traumatic events were assessed and additional information on childhood sexual abuse (CSA) was also obtained. First, factor analyses were conducted to determine trauma factor structure. The best-fit solution included 3 factors: interpersonal, child interpersonal, and non-assaultive, and composite variables were constructed accordingly. A series of hierarchical regressions were run to examine differential effects of trauma type and timing on sleeplessness. All traumatic events predicted sleeplessness at similar magnitudes, although population models indicated that childhood interpersonal trauma may be particularly potent. An association between CSA and sleeplessness was also replicated. A series of genetic analyses demonstrated that the single nucleotide polymorphism-based heritability of sleep phenotypes did not differ significantly from zero. Further, association analyses did not identify any genome-wide significant loci. However, using a liberal false discovery rate threshold of 0.5, two genes of interest, KCNK9 and ALDH1A2, emerged for the SDS. Polygenic risk score (PRS) analyses demonstrated genetic overlap between the SDS in MDD cases and GS in MDD controls, with PRSs explaining 0.2-0.3% of the variance. A final combined model of both genetic and environmental risk indicated that both PRS and traumatic events were significant predictors of sleeplessness. While genetic results should be interpreted with caution given the lack of heritability, additional research into the genetic and environmental contributions to insomnia, utilizing more standardized phenotypes and properly ascertained samples, is clearly warranted.

En betydande andel individer med bipolär sjukdom upplever kvarvarande, subkliniska symtom mellan egentliga sjukdomsepisoder. Sådana restsymtom är förenade med sänkt livskvalitet och förhöjd risk för återfall i sjukdomsepisoder. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att undersöka huruvida en kort, internetadministrerad behandling är genomförbar och kan ge en minskning av depressiva restsymtom, genom interventioner riktade mot sömn och emotionsreglering. För detta syfte användes en single-subject design med upprepade mätningar (n=4). Studiens resultat visar att behandlingen är genomförbar och att den, för vissa individer, kan ge en minskning av depressiva restsymtom. Vidare forskning kring behandlingen är motiverad. / A significant proportion of persons diagnosed with bipolar disorder experience subclinical, residual symptoms between major episodes. Residual symptoms are associated with poor quality of life and increased risk of relapse. The current study aims at investigating whether a time limited, internet-based treatment targeting disturbed sleep and emotion regulation is feasible and successful in reducing residual depressive symptoms. Pertaining to this purpose, a single-subject design with repeated measures was used (n=4). Results show that the treatment is feasible and, for some individuals, can lead to a decrease in depressive symptoms. Future studies regarding this treatment are warranted.

The overall aim of this thesis was to describe the prevalence of depressive symptoms, sleep disordered breathing (SDB) and sleep complaints, as well as to investigate the prognostic value of health-related quality of life (Hr-QoL) and depressive symptoms on mortality in an elderly community living population with a focus on those with impaired systolic function/heart failure (HF). Descriptive, prognostic and explorative study designs were used to examine if a single question about global perceived health (GPH) is associated with the domains of Hr-QoL as assessed by the SF-36 (I), as well as to evaluate whether GPH provided prognostic information concerning cardiovascular mortality (II). The aim was also to evaluate if depressive symptoms are associated with mortality (III), and to describe the prevalence of SDB and its relationship to impaired systolic function, different insomnia symptoms, as well as excessive daytime sleepiness (IV). In primary care elderly patients with HF, GPH correlated to the physical and mental aspects of Hr-QoL. Patients who rated poor GPH also scored worse physical and mental Hr-QoL compared to patients with good GPH, but the mental aspect of Hr-QoL was however not significant (p&lt;0.07) (I). Moreover, GPH also had an independent association with cardiovascular mortality during a ten-year follow-up. Compared to patients with good GPH, those who scored poor GPH had a four times increased risk for cardiovascular mortality (II). A total of 24% of the patients with HF suffered from depressive symptoms, not significantly different compared to 19% among those without HF. Depressive symptoms were a poor prognostic sign during the six-year follow-up and HF patients with depressive symptoms had the highest risk for cardiovascular mortality compared to HF patients without depressive symptoms (III). SDB is common among elderly people living in the community, almost one quarter (23%) had moderate or severe SDB. However, people with moderate impaired systolic function had a median apnea hypopnea index that was more than twice as high compared to those with normal systolic function (10.9 vs. 5.0, p&lt;0.001). No obvious associations between SDB and excessive daytime sleepiness or the insomnia symptoms; difficulties maintaining sleep; non-restorative sleep; or early morning awakenings were detected. Difficulties initiating sleep were however more common in those with moderate or severe SDB (IV). GPH can be used as a simple tool in clinical routine practice as an aid in identifying patients in need of additional management. SDB is a common phenomenon among elderly people and associated with impaired systolic function, but with a limited impact on subjective sleep complaints. Depressive symptoms were shown to be a poor prognostic sign and may amplify the patient’s experience of suffering. Screening for depressive symptoms could therefore be an important action in the management of patients with HF.

Bakgrund: Demens är ett samlingsnamn på flera sjukdomar som påverkar hjärnans kognitiva funktion och drabbar främst äldre personer. Sömnsvårigheter är vanligt förkommande hos personer med demens. Sömnen är ett sätt för kroppen att koppla av och återhämta sig. Det finns olika faktorer som kan påverka sömnen och orsaka sömnsvårigheter hos den drabbade personen. Miljöfaktorer, smärta och substansanvändning kan påverka sömnen negativt. Syfte: Syftet var att kartlägga omvårdnadsåtgärder som kan främja sömnen hos personer med demenssjukdom. Metod: En litteraturöversikt enligt Friberg bestående av 12 artiklar varav 10 kvantitativa studier och två kvalitativa studier. Resultat: I resultatet lyfter olika omvårdnadsåtgärder upp som kan främja sömnen hos personer med demens. Analysen av artiklarna utmynnade i kategorierna: betydelsen av miljön, betydelsen av beröring och betydelsen av meningsfulla aktiviteter. Slutsats: Omvårdnadsåtgärderna i de olika kategorierna kan utifrån det som redovisas i resultatet användas för att främja sömnen hos personer med demens. Genom en personcentrerad och individanpassad vård kan sjuksköterskor tillgodose patienternas behov och önskemål. / Bakgrund: Demens är ett samlingssubstantiv för flera sjukdomar som påverkar hjärnans kognitiva funktion och främst drabbar äldre. Sömnstörningar är vanliga hos personer med demens. Sömn är ett av kroppens sätt att slappna av och återhämta sig. Det finns olika faktorer som kan påverka sömnen och orsaka sömnstörningar hos personer med demens. Miljöfaktorer, smärta och droganvändning kan påverka sömnen negativt. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie var att kartlägga omvårdnadsåtgärder som kan främja sömn hos personer med demens. Metod: En litteraturöversikt genomfördes enligt Friberg bestående av tolv artiklar: tio kvantitativa studier och två kvalitativa studier. Resultat: Resultaten presenterar olika åtgärder som kan främja sömn hos personer med demens. Resultaten innehåller följande kategorier: miljöns betydelse, vikten av fysisk kontakt och betydelsen av meningsfulla aktiviteter. Slutsats: Omvårdnadsåtgärder kan användas för att främja sömn hos personer med demens. Sjuksköterskor kan möta patienters behov och önskemål genom en personcentrerad och individanpassad vård.

Bakgrund: Sömnstörningar är ett vanligt fenomen hos personer med demenssjukdom. Störningarna yttrar sig ofta genom upplevd trötthet under dagtid och osammanhängande sömn under natten. Sömnen är betydelsefull för återhämtningen och bidrar till en ökad livskvalitet.  Problem: Personer med demenssjukdom lider ofta av flera symtom som kan förvärras vid sömnbrist. Omvårdnadsåtgärder som sjuksköterskan kan använda för att främja sömnen för personer med demenssjukdom är bristande och behöver tydliggöras samt lyftas fram. Syfte: Syftet är att skapa en översikt av omvårdnadsåtgärder för att främja sömnen hos personer med demenssjukdom. Metod: En litteraturöversikt med kvalitativa-, mixade- samt kvantitativa artiklar. Resultat: Resultatet visade flera olika omvårdnadsåtgärder som kan tillämpas vid sömnstörningar för att främja sömnen hos personer med demenssjukdom. De olika kategorierna som presenteras under resultatet är: Miljöns betydelse, kvalitetssäkra rutiner för sömn och vikten av beröring. Slutsats: Några generella slutsatser kunde inte dras då evidensen för omvårdnadsåtgärderna är låg och kräver mer forskning. Sömnen kunde dock främjas genom de omvårdnadsåtgärder som presenteras i resultatet. / Background: Sleep disorders are a common phenomenon in people with dementia. The disorders are often manifested by perceived fatigue during the day and incoherent sleep during the night. Sleep is important for recovery and contributes to an increased quality of life. Problem: People with dementia can suffer from several symptoms that can be worsened by a lack of sleep. Nursing interventions that can be used to promote sleep in people with dementia are deficient therefore, they need to be clarified and highlighted. Aim: The aim is to create an overview of nursing measures to promote sleep in people with dementia. Method: A literature review with qualitative-, mixed-and quantitative articles. Results: The results showed several different nursing interventions that can be applied in sleep disorders to promote sleep in people with dementia. The importance of the environment, quality-assured routines for sleep and the importance of touch. Conclusion: No general conclusions could be drawn as the evidence for nursing measures is low and needs more research. However, sleep could be promoted through the nursing measures presented in the development.

Background: Previous research shows that it is common for people with dementia to have sleep disturbances as a result of several different physical, mental, environmental and pharmacological factors that cause complex consequences for the person with dementia. These sleep disorders are for example, insomnia during the night, drowsiness during the day and circadian rhythm disorders. Sleep is a prerequisite for recovery and sleep disturbances lead to a disturbed sleep. Pharmacological treatments for dementia and sleep disturbances have a deficient effect and side effects. The nurse needs increased competence about which non-pharmacological nursing measures reduce sleep disorders and promote sleep for people with dementia. Aim: The aim is to create an overview of which nursing interventions promote sleep for people with dementia. Method: A literature review according to Friberg (2017) with six quantitative articles, five qualitative articles, and one article with mixed methods that constitute the result of this thesis. Results: The results show several nursing measures to promote sleep for people with dementia based on four categories; the importance of the environment to promote sleep, the importance of regular routines to promote sleep, promote sleep through physical activity and promote sleep through touch. Conclusion: The non-pharmacological nursing measures presented in the results are effective in promoting sleep for people with dementia. The nurse needs to be creative and open to new evidence-based nursing measures that promote sleep for people with dementia and to individualize nursing measures. / Bakgrund: Tidigare forskning visar att det är vanligt förekommande att personer med demens har sömnstörningar till följd av flera olika fysiska, psykiska, miljömässiga och farmakologiska faktorer som orsakar komplexa konsekvenser för personen med demens. Dessa sömnstörningar är till exempel sömnlöshet under nattetid, dåsighet på dagen och dygnsrytmstörningar. Sömnen är en förutsättning för återhämtning och sömnstörningar leder till en störd sömn. Farmakologiska behandlingar mot demens och sömnstörningar harbristfällig effekt och biverkningar. Sjuksköterskan behöver en utökad kompetens om vilka icke-farmakologiska omvårdnadsåtgärder som minskar sömnstörningar och främjar sömnen för personer med demens. Syfte: Syftet är att skapa en översikt över vilka omvårdnadsåtgärder som främjar sömnen för personer med demens. Metod: En litteraturöversikt enligt Friberg (2017) med sex kvantitativa artiklar, fem kvalitativa artiklar och en artikel med mixad metod som utgör resultatet i detta examensarbete. Resultat: I resultatet framkommer flera omvårdnadsåtgärder för att främja sömnen för personer med demens utifrån fyra teman; miljöns betydelse för att främja sömnen, betydelsen av regelbundna rutiner för att främja sömnen, främja sömnen genom fysisk aktivitet och främja sömnen genom beröring. Slutsats: De icke-farmakologiska omvårdnadsåtgärderna som presenteras i resultatet är effektiva för att främja sömnen för personer med demens. Sjuksköterskan behöver vara kreativ och öppen för nya evidensbaserade omvårdnadsåtgärder som främjar sömnen för personer med demens samt att individanpassa omvårdnadsåtgärder.