Sammanfattning Titel: Kvalitetscertifiering i mindre företag – Interna, externa eller finansiella motiv? Nivå: Examensarbete på Grundnivå (kandidatexamen) i ämnet företagsekonomi Författare: Casper Wessén och Daniel González Handledare: Tomas Källquist och Pär Vilhelmson Datum: 2019 - juni Syfte:Syftet med denna studie är att öka förståelsen för de bakomliggande motiven till att ledningen i mindre företag väljer att kvalitetscertifiera verksamheten mot ISO 9001. Metod: Studien utgår från en socialkonstruktivistisk verklighetssyn och en hermeneutisk tolkande kunskapssyn. Källkritisk litteratursökning har framställt en teoretisk referensram, vilket samtidigt har synliggjort studiens empiriska datainsamlingsmetod. Studien antar en abduktiv forskningsansats, alltså en samverkan mellan teori och empiri. Empirin i sin tur samlades in genom kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer med tio mindre företag. För att kvalitetssäkra studien synliggjordes fyra kvalitetskriterier, vilka alla har spelat en avgörande roll för studiens helhet.   Resultat & slutsats: Studien har primärt fokuserat på att besvara syftet. Utifrån framställningen av teoretisk referensram synliggörs de motiv som i huvudsak benämns i tidigare forskning. Därefter lyfts de bakomliggande motiv som illustrerades genom vald datainsamlingsmetod fram. De jämförs i kapitlet analys för att påvisa hur empirisk datainsamling har ökat förståelsen för bakomliggande motiv, vilket var studiens avsikt.   Examensarbetes bidrag:Ett teoretiskt bidrag ges dels i form av en strukturering i underkategorier av de motiv som påvisades i tidigare forskning, dels i form av nya synliggjorda underkategorier utifrån empirisk datainsamling. De nya framställda underkategorierna har hjälpt till att strukturera de bakomliggande motiv som inte nämnts i tidigare forskning, men som vår insamlade empiri påvisade att ledningen haft till certifiering av sitt företag mot ISO 9001.  Förslag till vidare forskning: Forskning skulle kunna ta vid denna studie genom att använda de underkategorier ur framställd modell som utgångspunkt för att synliggöra huruvida fler mindre företag även har dessa som bakomliggande motiv. Ytterligare förslag är att studera motiv till att fortsätta vara certifierad, då kostnaderna ständigt ökar allt eftersom standarden förnyas. Även att ställa den tid och de resurser som läggs ner på att certifiera ett företag mot den nytta certifieringen faktiskt ger skulle vara intressant att ta vid. / Abstract Title: Quality certification in smaller companies – Internal, external or financial motives? Level: Student thesis, final assignment for Bachelor Degree in Business Administration Authors: Casper Wessén and Daniel González Supervisors: Tomas Källquist and Pär Vilhelmson Date: 2019 - June Aim: The purpose of this study is to increase the understanding of the management in small companies underlying motives to quality certificate the business against ISO 9001.  Method: The study is based on a social constructivist view of reality and a hermeneutic view of knowledge. Source-critical literature search has produced a theoretical frame of reference. The frame then helped decide the study's empirical data collection method. The study is conducted with an abductive research approach, which is a collaboration between theory and empirical data. The empirical data in turn, was collected through qualitative semi-structured interviews with ten smaller companies. To assure the quality of the study, four quality requirements were made visible, which all played a crucial role for the whole of the study. Result & conclusions: The study has primarily focused on answering its purpose. Based on the theoretical frame of reference, the motives from previous research were made visible. Then the underlying motives illustrated by our empirical data collection method were highlighted.They are then compared in the chapter analysis to demonstrate how empirical data collection has increased the understanding of underlying motives, which was the study's intention. Contribution of the thesis: A theoretical contribution is given partly in the form of a structuring in subcategories of the motives that were demonstrated in previous research, partly in the form of new visible subcategories based on empirical data collection. The new subcategories have helped to structure the underlying motives that were not mentioned in previous research, but our empirical evidence showed that the management had to certify its company against ISO 9001. Suggestions for further research: Research could take on this study by using the model presented in the result as a starting point to visualize whether other small companies also seem to have had these underlying motives. Additional suggestions are to study motives to continue to be certified, as costs are constantly increasing as the standard is renewed. It would also be interesting to take the time and resources spent on certifying a company against the benefit of the certification.

In pieces I wanted to create a design solution inspired by traditional wooden furnitures. Furnitures, like the kitchen sofa with built in storage and a place to sleep or the lockable free-standing linen cabinet that held hand crafted treasures safe and clean inside. Furnitures that are large in size and can be hard to fit into smaller homes today but that holds a huge sentimental value to the owner and are often handed down through generations as heirlooms.   So what if I could weave in a piece of my own family history into a design solution that can fit in smaller living spaces while still be an attractive choice for larger ones?  Pieces resulted in two wooden cabinets that tell part of my family history through the repetitative, organic shapes that I have implemented into them. They are a tribute to my grandmother Aino and her three year younger sister Hanna and my way of symbolically reclaiming their right to the land, forests and lakes around their childhood home that the two sisters didn´t get to share with their siblings in the inheritance after my great grandparents.  The methods I have used in my research are surveys, workshops, in-depth interviews and my own observations. Major design decisions have been based on the input from my research process with the goal to display two full scale cabinets at Konstfack's spring exhibition in May 2023.

The purpose of this research is to explore possible ways of making the Eucharistic celebration more meaningful to Catholics in Mutare diocese, Zimbabwe. The reason for this concern is that the Eucharist is the `source and summit' of the Christian life. Since inculturation is a possible means of achieving this aim of a meaningful celebration, it was found necessary in this study to examine how the Eucharist has been taught and inculturated in the Catholic Church over the years. From this It was discovered that inculturation was absent in the writings and catechesis of early Church authors and Fathers during the periods reviewed. Although an observation was made that it was indirectly implied in the Eucharistic prayers of the early Christians, it was only after a new `understanding of culture' emerged, following Vatican II, that permission was given by Rome to use local languages at Eucharistic celebrations. In the course of this study, efforts were made to determine the elements that constitute Eucharistic inculturation in Mutare diocese. These include: symbolic gestures, local languages, proverbs, enthronement, local staple food, invocation of ancestors, and others. In an empirical study to find out the extent of inculturation that has taken place in Mutare diocese, questionnaires were sent to sixteen out of twenty-four parishes in the diocese. Oral interviews were also conducted for this purpose. After analyzing the responses from respondents and those interviewed, it was discovered that some areas of inculturation have been realized, though not fully. Two outstanding areas which have not yet been realized were found to be the use of local staple food and the invocation of ancestors. The conclusion was that inculturation is not fully implemented in Mutare diocese and this impacts negatively on the celebration of the Eucharist. Eucharistic inculturation is an achievable goal in Mutare diocese, however, provided there is intensive catechesis which takes into account Shona-rich cultural values, aided by active involvement of small Christian Communities and the support of the hierarchy. / Systematic Theology and Theological Ethics / M. Th. (Systematic Theology)

The purpose of this research is to explore possible ways of making the Eucharistic celebration more meaningful to Catholics in Mutare diocese, Zimbabwe. The reason for this concern is that the Eucharist is the `source and summit' of the Christian life. Since inculturation is a possible means of achieving this aim of a meaningful celebration, it was found necessary in this study to examine how the Eucharist has been taught and inculturated in the Catholic Church over the years. From this It was discovered that inculturation was absent in the writings and catechesis of early Church authors and Fathers during the periods reviewed. Although an observation was made that it was indirectly implied in the Eucharistic prayers of the early Christians, it was only after a new `understanding of culture' emerged, following Vatican II, that permission was given by Rome to use local languages at Eucharistic celebrations. In the course of this study, efforts were made to determine the elements that constitute Eucharistic inculturation in Mutare diocese. These include: symbolic gestures, local languages, proverbs, enthronement, local staple food, invocation of ancestors, and others. In an empirical study to find out the extent of inculturation that has taken place in Mutare diocese, questionnaires were sent to sixteen out of twenty-four parishes in the diocese. Oral interviews were also conducted for this purpose. After analyzing the responses from respondents and those interviewed, it was discovered that some areas of inculturation have been realized, though not fully. Two outstanding areas which have not yet been realized were found to be the use of local staple food and the invocation of ancestors. The conclusion was that inculturation is not fully implemented in Mutare diocese and this impacts negatively on the celebration of the Eucharist. Eucharistic inculturation is an achievable goal in Mutare diocese, however, provided there is intensive catechesis which takes into account Shona-rich cultural values, aided by active involvement of small Christian Communities and the support of the hierarchy. / Systematic Theology and Theological Ethics / M. Th. (Systematic Theology)

Course: Degree project in Supply Chain Management, Master of science within business and economics, 30 credits Title: To secure limited material for smaller enterprises - A case study on KG ListAuthors: Oskar Olsen & Axel StrandbergSupervisor: Åsa GustavssonExaminator: Peter Berling Background: In an increasingly competitive business market, the sourcing process needs to be optimized to gain advantages over competitors. Companies using limited resources suffer from not being able to secure material in different ways. Being a small enterprise also gives additional negative consequential effects. To be able to decrease the effects, working methods with solutions and key performance indicators need to be found. Smaller enterprises in the wood industry have been identified as actors suffering from the consequential effects. Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to identify negative consequential effects experienced by smaller enterprises regarding the securing of limited resources. In addition, the aim is to describe a working method with solutions and associated key performance indicators to counteract the consequential effects regarding the securing of limited resources. Research questions: RQ1: What consequences do smaller enterprises experience when securing limited material?RQ2: What solutions and key performance indicators can be applied to counteract identified consequential effects when securing limited material for smaller enterprises?Method: The paper uses a deductive approach while applying a qualitative research method with elements of quantitative data. The primary empirical data was collected by unstructured and semistructured interviews, observations and the in-depth method focus-group interviews. Results: The study shows multiple consequential effects of not being able to secure limited resources as a smaller enterprise. The three major findings were: uncertainty in supply, decreased purchasing power due to being a smaller enterprise in the industry, and being forced to import materials. The study finds working methods with solutions and associated key performance indicators to counteract each effect. With supply chain resilience the effects of uncertainty in supply decreases. The purchasing power could increase by developing supplier relationships or increase the purchase price. By outsourcing a part of or the whole production process the effects of being forced to import could be counteracted. The key performance indicators for each solution needs to be developed individually for every company and should focus on critical moments related to the consequential effects.   Keywords: Limited resources, smaller enterprises, securing resources, consequential effects, solutions, key performance indicators, KPI, sourcingprocess, purchasing power, resilience, supply chain, supplier relationships, outsourcing, supplier pool, the wood industry, oak, oak log

Diese Arbeit betrachtet ausschließlich die Überlagerung von Förderprogrammen im Rahmen der Städtebauförderung nach Art. 104b GG. Die Einbeziehung von anderen Förderungsmöglichkeiten wie Fach-, Landes- sowie EU-Förderung wird im Rahmen dieser Arbeit nicht untersucht, da die Komplexität der Zusammenhänge den Umfang der Arbeit beträchtlich erhöhen würde. In der weiterführenden Perspektive wird dennoch darauf Bezug genommen. Ebenso komplex wird das Thema, wenn die Überlagerung der Städtebauförderprogramme nicht nur als räumliche Überlagerung betrachtet wird, sondern als inhaltliche (z. B. in den Maßnahmen), finanzielle (z. B. als Mittelbündelung) oder verwaltungsstrukturelle Überlagerung. Als Ausgangsbasis wird die räumliche Überlagerung im Mittelpunkt stehen. In der Analyse sowie Bewertung werden die anderen Aspekte einbezogen, wenn sie von Bedeutung sind. Bei der Betrachtung einer räumlichen Überlagerung ist nur das jeweilige Programm nicht das festgelegte Gebiet von Interesse. In Abhängigkeit vom Programm sind verschiedene Gebietsfestlegungen möglich. In der Analyse werden die rechtlichen Vorgaben sowie der Umgang mit der Überlagerung von Förderprogrammen untersucht. Dabei wird für alle Länder eine Systematik der jeweiligen Regelungen und Positionen erstellt. Die Perspektiven des Bundes und ausgewählter Gemeinden bilden den Rahmen der Untersuchung. Die näheren Gründe für die bisherige Handhabung auf Landes- und Gemeindeebene werden genauer beleuchtet. Insgesamt ergibt sich ein Bild über die bestehenden bundesweiten Regelungen und Praktiken zur Überlagerung von Förderprogrammen sowie deren Genese. Die zweite Zielstellung betrifft die Bewertung der existierenden Verfahren zur Überlagerung von Förderprogrammen. Die Bewertung erfolgt auf drei Ebenen: die rechtliche Ebene, die Zielebene sowie die Ebene der Rahmenbedingungen. Als Grundlage dienen die Analysen aus den vorangegangenen Kapiteln sowie weiteren Quellen. Abschließend werden Handlungsempfehlungen zur Überlagerung von Städtebauförderprogrammen erstellt, die den Nutzen erhöhen bzw. die Kosten verringern.

Diese Arbeit betrachtet ausschließlich die Überlagerung von Förderprogrammen im Rahmen der Städtebauförderung nach Art. 104b GG. Die Einbeziehung von anderen Förderungsmöglichkeiten wie Fach-, Landes- sowie EU-Förderung wird im Rahmen dieser Arbeit nicht untersucht, da die Komplexität der Zusammenhänge den Umfang der Arbeit beträchtlich erhöhen würde. In der weiterführenden Perspektive wird dennoch darauf Bezug genommen. Ebenso komplex wird das Thema, wenn die Überlagerung der Städtebauförderprogramme nicht nur als räumliche Überlagerung betrachtet wird, sondern als inhaltliche (z. B. in den Maßnahmen), finanzielle (z. B. als Mittelbündelung) oder verwaltungsstrukturelle Überlagerung. Als Ausgangsbasis wird die räumliche Überlagerung im Mittelpunkt stehen. In der Analyse sowie Bewertung werden die anderen Aspekte einbezogen, wenn sie von Bedeutung sind. Bei der Betrachtung einer räumlichen Überlagerung ist nur das jeweilige Programm nicht das festgelegte Gebiet von Interesse. In Abhängigkeit vom Programm sind verschiedene Gebietsfestlegungen möglich. In der Analyse werden die rechtlichen Vorgaben sowie der Umgang mit der Überlagerung von Förderprogrammen untersucht. Dabei wird für alle Länder eine Systematik der jeweiligen Regelungen und Positionen erstellt. Die Perspektiven des Bundes und ausgewählter Gemeinden bilden den Rahmen der Untersuchung. Die näheren Gründe für die bisherige Handhabung auf Landes- und Gemeindeebene werden genauer beleuchtet. Insgesamt ergibt sich ein Bild über die bestehenden bundesweiten Regelungen und Praktiken zur Überlagerung von Förderprogrammen sowie deren Genese. Die zweite Zielstellung betrifft die Bewertung der existierenden Verfahren zur Überlagerung von Förderprogrammen. Die Bewertung erfolgt auf drei Ebenen: die rechtliche Ebene, die Zielebene sowie die Ebene der Rahmenbedingungen. Als Grundlage dienen die Analysen aus den vorangegangenen Kapiteln sowie weiteren Quellen. Abschließend werden Handlungsempfehlungen zur Überlagerung von Städtebauförderprogrammen erstellt, die den Nutzen erhöhen bzw. die Kosten verringern.:INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1 Einleitung 1.1 Von der Stadt zur Städtebauförderung 1.2 Stand der Forschung und Literatur 1.3 Eingrenzung und Ziel der Arbeit 1.4 Aufbau und Methodik der Arbeit 2 Die Entwicklung der Städtebauförderung 2.1 Genese der Rechtsgrundlagen 2.1.1 Novellierungen und aktuelle Vorschriften des Artikel 104b Grundgesetz 2.1.2 Wichtige Novellierungen des Baugesetzbuches 2.1.3 Das Besondere Städtebaurecht im Baugesetzbuch 2.2 Entwicklung der Städtebauförderprogramme 3 Die aktuelle Städtebauförderung am Beispiel des Freistaates Sachsen 3.1 Die Verwaltungsvereinbarung Städtebauförderung 2013 3.2 Die Verwaltungsvorschrift Städtebauliche Erneuerung 2009 3.3 Die Programmausschreibung des Sächsischen Staatsministerium des Innern 2013 3.4 Position zu den Überlagerungen und deren Entwicklung 4 Analyse der Überlagerung von Städtebauförderprogrammen 4.1 Methode der Informationsbeschaffung 4.2 Berichte und die Position des Bundes zur Überlagerung von Städtebauförderprogrammen 4.3 Systematisierung der Regelungen und Positionen der Länder zur Überlagerung 4.4 Position ausgewählter Gemeinden 4.5 Gegenüberstellung der Argumente 5 Bewertung 6 Handlungsempfehlungen und Ausblick

O controle da extrusão apical durante a reintervenção endodôntica é essencial para o sucesso do novo tratamento. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar a quantidade de material sólido extruído na desobturação de canais radiculares variando-se a técnica de esvaziamento e o limite de obturação. Foram utilizados 40 incisivos inferiores previamente tratados divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o limite de obturação estabelecido. Cada grupo foi subdividido em dois subgrupos levando-se em conta a técnica de desobturação empregada; manual (subgrupos A1 e B1) e mecânico-rotatória com limas de Ni-Ti (Quantec LX) (subgrupos A2 e B2). O material sólido extruído foi coletado por meio do sistema de filtração Millipore, levado à secagem em dessecador de sílica e pesado em balança analítica de precisão. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos a ANOVA para dois fatores de variação sendo em seguida empregado o Teste de Tukey (&#945; = 5%). A técnica de desobturação mecânico-rotatória produziu menor extrusão (0,66mg) que a manual (1,11mg), havendo diferença estatística significante entre elas (p < 0,05). Os canais preenchidos até o vértice radiográfico apresentaram maior quantidade de extrusão (1,38mg) do que os obturados 1 mm aquém do forame (0,39mg), observando-se diferença estatística significante entre eles (p < 0,05). A menor quantidade extrusão foi observada no subgrupo A2 (0,20mg), em que foi empregada a técnica rotatória de desobturação em canais obturados 1mm aquém do forame apical, sendo constatada diferença estatisticamente significante deste subgrupo com os demais (p < 0,05). A extrusão de material sólido durante a desobturação de canais radiculares é influenciado pela técnica empregada e pelo limite apical de obturação. / The apical extrusion control during the endodontic retreatment is essential for the success of the new treatment. The purpose of this study was to compare the quantity of solid apically extruded material during filling removal according the gutta-percha removal technique and root filling limit. Forty mandibular incisors with a single straight canal were selected. The canals were previously endodontically treated and then divided into two groups according the filling level. Each group was subdivided in two groups considering the retreatment technique: stainless steel hand files (subgroups A1 and B1) versus niquel-titanium rotatory instruments (subgroups A2 and B2). The extruded solid material was collected by Millipore filtration system, dried in silica desiccators and weighed in an eletrobalance. The results were analyzed using ANOVA with two variation factors and Tukey Test (&#945; = 5%). The niquel-titanium rotatory instruments produced less extrusion (0,66mg) than the stainless steel hand files (1,11mg), with significant statistical difference between them (p < 0,05). The canals filled until the radiographic apex showed larger amount of extruded material (1,38mg) than those filled 1 mm beyond the foramen (0,39mg). It was observed significant statistical difference between them (p < 0,05). The smaller extruded debris amount was observed in subgroup A2 (0,20mg), in which one the rotary technique was used to remove the gutta-percha of canals filled 1mm beyond the apical foramen. It was verified significant statistical difference of this subgroup with the other ones (p < 0,05). The extrusion of solid material during the gutta-percha removal is influenced by the technique as well as the apical filling limit.

O controle da extrusão apical durante a reintervenção endodôntica é essencial para o sucesso do novo tratamento. Nesse contexto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar a quantidade de material sólido extruído na desobturação de canais radiculares variando-se a técnica de esvaziamento e o limite de obturação. Foram utilizados 40 incisivos inferiores previamente tratados divididos em dois grupos de acordo com o limite de obturação estabelecido. Cada grupo foi subdividido em dois subgrupos levando-se em conta a técnica de desobturação empregada; manual (subgrupos A1 e B1) e mecânico-rotatória com limas de Ni-Ti (Quantec LX) (subgrupos A2 e B2). O material sólido extruído foi coletado por meio do sistema de filtração Millipore, levado à secagem em dessecador de sílica e pesado em balança analítica de precisão. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos a ANOVA para dois fatores de variação sendo em seguida empregado o Teste de Tukey (&#945; = 5%). A técnica de desobturação mecânico-rotatória produziu menor extrusão (0,66mg) que a manual (1,11mg), havendo diferença estatística significante entre elas (p < 0,05). Os canais preenchidos até o vértice radiográfico apresentaram maior quantidade de extrusão (1,38mg) do que os obturados 1 mm aquém do forame (0,39mg), observando-se diferença estatística significante entre eles (p < 0,05). A menor quantidade extrusão foi observada no subgrupo A2 (0,20mg), em que foi empregada a técnica rotatória de desobturação em canais obturados 1mm aquém do forame apical, sendo constatada diferença estatisticamente significante deste subgrupo com os demais (p < 0,05). A extrusão de material sólido durante a desobturação de canais radiculares é influenciado pela técnica empregada e pelo limite apical de obturação. / The apical extrusion control during the endodontic retreatment is essential for the success of the new treatment. The purpose of this study was to compare the quantity of solid apically extruded material during filling removal according the gutta-percha removal technique and root filling limit. Forty mandibular incisors with a single straight canal were selected. The canals were previously endodontically treated and then divided into two groups according the filling level. Each group was subdivided in two groups considering the retreatment technique: stainless steel hand files (subgroups A1 and B1) versus niquel-titanium rotatory instruments (subgroups A2 and B2). The extruded solid material was collected by Millipore filtration system, dried in silica desiccators and weighed in an eletrobalance. The results were analyzed using ANOVA with two variation factors and Tukey Test (&#945; = 5%). The niquel-titanium rotatory instruments produced less extrusion (0,66mg) than the stainless steel hand files (1,11mg), with significant statistical difference between them (p < 0,05). The canals filled until the radiographic apex showed larger amount of extruded material (1,38mg) than those filled 1 mm beyond the foramen (0,39mg). It was observed significant statistical difference between them (p < 0,05). The smaller extruded debris amount was observed in subgroup A2 (0,20mg), in which one the rotary technique was used to remove the gutta-percha of canals filled 1mm beyond the apical foramen. It was verified significant statistical difference of this subgroup with the other ones (p < 0,05). The extrusion of solid material during the gutta-percha removal is influenced by the technique as well as the apical filling limit.