The text of the thesis deals with the purchase of public transport fares in terms of user- friendliness and usability. The aim is to map the area of fare purchase theoretically and practically, including the user perspective. The theoretical ground is the concepts of User Experience, User Interface, Human-computer Interaction, smart city, the theory of the city as an interface. Important parts are also the theoretical aspects of the User Experience in the city environment. Literature review of current research in public transport ticketing systems with user-friendliness perspective presents current topics in the field of public transport ticketing. The practical part of the thesis describes the public transport ticketing systems in Prague and Copenhagen in detail, their possibilities, rules, and specifics. Primary research in the form of semi-structured interviews provides insight into the User Experience and reveals the perceived advantages and disadvantages of local systems.

The purpose of our thesis was to examine citizens' attitude in a smaller city to new digital innovations, specifically autonomous vehicles and carpools, as well as opinions about citizens' participation. Through a web-based questionnaire, which was distributed on social media, as well as a discussion group on Facebook, an understanding was formed about the human acceptance, motivation factors, views and mobility habits. This was then analyzed to create an understanding of how a citizen dialogue should be conducted in social media. In line with this, we examined whether connections regarding human acceptance of new digital innovations can be affected, depending on how the dialogue is conducted and how much information the citizens are provided with. The result showed a clear relationship between knowledge and attitude, where a little knowledge created a more negative opinion. Other interesting discoveries that were identified, were that people see both problem areas and opportunities with a more digitized society. We also found how the respondents wanted increased participation, and that citizens' views are taken into account and have a clear impact on urban development. Finally, we conclude that the degree of citizens' participation and how the dialogue is conducted, shape their acceptance and understanding of changes in society and mobility solutions. The research area on human acceptance, participation and dialogue on autonomous vehicles and carpools is an emerging area of research. This means that the essay is exploratory which can enable further and more in-depth research. / Syftet med vår uppsats var att undersöka medborgare i en mindre stads inställning till nya digitala innovationer, specifikt autonoma fordon och bilpooler, samt åsikter kring medborgares delaktighet. Genom ett webbaserat frågeformulär, som distribuerades på sociala medier, samt en diskussionsgrupp på Facebook, bildades uppfattning kring människans acceptans, motivationsfaktorer, synpunkter och mobilitetsvanor. Sedan analyserades detta för att skapa en förståelse kring hur en medborgardialog bör föras i sociala medier. I linje med det undersöktes även samband om människans acceptans till nya digitala innovationer påverkas, beroende på hur dialogen förs och hur mycket information medborgarna tillhandahålls. Resultatet visade en tydlig relation mellan kännedom och inställning, där en liten kännedom skapade en mer negativ åsikt. Andra intressanta upptäckter som identifierades var att människor ser både problemområden och möjligheter med ett mer digitaliserat samhälle. Vi fann även att respondenterna önskade en ökad inkludering, samt att medborgares synpunkter beaktas och har en tydlig påverkan inom stadsutveckling. Avslutningsvis drar vi slutsatsen att graden av medborgarnas delaktighet och hur dialogen förs, formar deras acceptans samt förståelse för samhällsomställningar och mobilitetslösningar. Forskningsområdet kring människans acceptans, delaktighet och dialog kring autonoma fordon och bilpooler är ett växande undersökningsområde. Det gör att uppsatsen är explorativ vilket kan möjliggöra ytterligare och en mer djupgående forskning.

[pt] Estima-se que até 2050, noventa por cento da população da América Latina esteja residindo em áreas urbanas (UN DESA, 2018), dado que impõe um desafio às cidades, que precisam buscar soluções para melhorar a qualidade de vida de seus habitantes e ainda ser capazes de atrair investimentos e visitantes, desenvolvendo estratégias que as destaquem mundialmente. Visando melhorar a qualidade de vida, a eficiência dos serviços e a competitividade dos centros urbanos, através da tecnologia, respeitando aspectos econômicos, sociais, ambientais e culturais, o conceito de Cidade Inteligente apresenta-se como uma solução para o presente e o futuro das cidades (ITU-T, 2016), influenciando ainda, a indústria do turismo, de onde emerge o Destino Turístico Inteligente, que se propõe a tornar a experiência geral dos visitantes mais divertida, eficiente e conveniente (BOES; BUHALIS; INVERSINI, 2015). O objetivo desta tese é compreender como os atributos de Cidades Inteligentes (GIFFINGER et al., 2007) influenciam a marca de uma cidade. Empregando uma estratégia de métodos mistos, foram coletadas percepções de turistas acerca dos atributos em dez capitais da América Latina. Em seguida, foram investigadas as iniciativas e a comunicação das cidades, através da análise dos sites e publicações nos perfis de turismo da rede social Instagram. Por fim, a trajetória do Rio de Janeiro para se tornar uma Cidade Inteligente e um Destino Turístico Inteligente (BUHALIS; AMARANGGANA, 2014) foi examinada. Os achados apontam dissonâncias entre o que é percebido e o que é comunicado, indicando oportunidades para que os gestores públicos, profissionais de branding e de turismo agreguem tais atributos aos posicionamentos de marcas de cidades, bem como ampliem o escopo de um Destino Turístico Inteligente, aproximando-o do conceito de Cidade Inteligente. A tese contribui com os estudos sobre marcas de lugares, ao investigar de que forma os atributos de Cidades Inteligentes podem influenciar as marcas de cidades ou de destinos turísticos e com a concepção de destinos turísticos, ao identificar que a dimensão Pessoas deve ser ressaltada. Envolver os cidadãos em uma cultura inteligente e adotar as dimensões de Cidades Inteligentes como premissas para direcionar a ideação do plano estratégico das cidades da América Latina, pode contribuir para a construção de sua reputação como Cidade Inteligente. / [en] It is estimated that by 2050, 90 percent of the population of Latin America will be living in urban areas (UN DESA, 2018), as this poses a challenge to cities, which need to seek solutions to improve the quality of life of their inhabitants and still be capable of attracting investments and visitors, developing strategies that make them stand out worldwide. Aiming to improve the quality of life, the efficiency of services and the competitiveness of urban centers, through technology, respecting economic, social, environmental and cultural aspects, the Smart City concept presents itself as a solution for the present and the future of cities (ITU-T, 2016), also influencing the tourism industry, from which the Smart Tourism Destination emerges, which proposes to make the general experience of visitors more fun, efficient and convenient (BOES; BUHALIS; INVERSINI, 2015) . The objective of this thesis is to understand how the attributes of Smart Cities (GIFFINGER et al., 2007) influence the brand of a city. Employing a mixed methods strategy, tourists perceptions of attributes were collected in ten Latin American capitals. Then, the initiatives and the communication of the cities were investigated, through the analysis of the websites and publications in the tourism profiles of the social network Instagram. Finally, Rio de Janeiro s trajectory towards becoming a Smart City and Smart Tourist Destination (BUHALIS; AMARANGGANA, 2014) was examined. The findings point to dissonances between what is perceived and what is communicated, indicating opportunities for public managers, branding and tourism professionals to add such attributes to the positioning of city brands, as well as to expand the scope of an Smart Tourism Destination, bringing it closer to the Smart City concept. The thesis contributes to studies on place branding, by investigating how the attributes of Smart Cities can influence the brands of cities or tourist destinations and with the design of tourist destinations, by identifying that the People dimension should be highlighted. Involving citizens in an intelligent culture and adopting the dimensions of Smart Cities as premises to direct the ideation of the strategic plan of cities in Latin America, can contribute to building their Smart Cities reputation.

Diese Doktorarbeit untersucht die Rolle die Bürgerinitiativen an der Schnittstelle zwischen städtischen und digitalen Räumen spielen können. Sie folgt drei Untersuchungslinien. Zunächst wird untersucht, wie die Forschung zu aus Graswurzelbewegungen entstandenen Alternativen für nachhaltige und gerechte Städte von einer besonderen Art des digitalen Gemeinguts profitieren kann: des kollaborativen kartografischen Mappings. Zweitens wird die Verflechtung von digitalen Gemeingütern mit physischen städtischen Gemeingütern untersucht, um zu verstehen, wie die gemeinsame Nutzung zu transformativen Effekten in der Stadt führen kann. Drittens wird versucht, das transformative Potenzial der Gemeingüter als ein Narrativ des Wandels für nachhaltige und gerechte Städte im digitalen Zeitalter zu bewerten. Methodisch stützt die Arbeit sich auf Aktionsforschung, primäre Einzelfallstudien sowie eine vergleichende Fallstudienanalyse. Ein vorläufiges Ergebnis ist die Identifizierung von basisgeleiteten kollaborativen Mappings – hier betrachtet als Initiativen des gemeinsamen Wirkens (Commoning) – als wertvolle Wissensquellen zu alternativer Stadtökonomik. Die Hauptergebnisse zwingen uns dazu, das klassisch-naturalistische Verständnis des Gemeinguts in Frage zu stellen, welches dazu neigt, ein Gemeingut als gegeben zu betrachten. Stattdessen wäre es für die Forschung von Vorteil, einen gemeinsamen Prozess zu untersuchen: die Rückgewinnung, Schaffung und Nutzung gemeinsamer städtischer Ressourcen. Über die künstliche Trennung zwischen materiellen und immateriellen Facetten des Gemeingutes hinaus lässt sich (urbanes) Commoning am besten als eine relationale Praxis in Pflege und Aufbau von Partnerschaften für die Reproduktion von Leben in der Stadt definieren. Dies ist umso wichtiger, dass digitale Werkzeuge zwar neue Potenziale eröffnen können, aber im Gegensatz zu anderen Diskursen (Sharing Economy, Smart Cities) für das Commoning der Stadt nicht von zentraler Bedeutung sind. / This doctoral research investigates the role that citizen-driven initiatives can play at the intersection of the urban and digital spaces. It follows three lines of investigation. First, it explores how research about grassroots alternatives for sustainable and just cities may benefit from a particular type of digital commons: collaborative cartographic mappings. Second, it investigates the intertwin of digital commons with physical urban commons to understand how commoning may lead to transformative impacts in the city. Third, it seeks to evaluate the transformative potential of the commons as a narrative of change for sustainable and just cities in the digital age. Methodologically, it relies on action research, primary individual case-studies as well as a comparative case-study analysis. A preliminary result is the identification of grassroots-led collaborative mappings – seen as commoning initiatives – as valuable sources of knowledge about alternative urban economies. Main results compel us to question the classical/naturalist understanding of the commons that tends to consider it as a given. Instead, research would benefit to investigate a commoning process: the reclaiming creation, and use of shared urban resources. And, further, transcending artificial divides between the tangible and intangible facets of the commons, (urban) commoning is best defined as a relational practice of caring for and building partnerships for the reproduction of life in the city. This is all the more important that another significant result of the present work is that, while they may open new potential, digital tools are not central to commoning the city, in contrast other discourses (Sharing Economy, Smart Cities). Epistemologically, the author recommends aligning the effort of researching urban commoning to the Diverse/Community Economies research agenda which calls for performative studies of more-than-human urban commoning-communities.

Initially, this thesis arose from an interest in technology and smart city as a concept and how this concept is used practically in urban planning. This thesis focuses on urban planning in four municipalities. Värmdö, Täby, Danderyd and Vallentuna municipality. This thesis analyses the concept of smart cities and praxis in relation to urban planning. Concepts and theories central to the study are processed and explored. In-depth interviews are conducted with planners to then analyse source material using grounded theory analysis with themes. This is done in detail to analyse what impact smart city as a concept has on practices and values regarding urbanplanning in municipalities. Different theoretical perspectives are also considered regarding the concept itself. The analysis demonstrates that implementing smart city as a concept has an impact on municipality organisation through smart governance, creates new urban planning goals as well, such as digitalizing the planning process, focusing on digital solutions and expanding fiber-networks. The results show that there are several driving factors behind the emergence of both smart governance and smart city initiatives, the most prevalent driving factor is the need to streamline communication and planning in a more competitive contemporary world where efficiency and pragmatism is premiered.

Based on an analysis of the smart city and smart region concepts and case studies, the aim of the thesis was to identify the possibilities of their use in the tourism industry and to create a proposal for their application in selected tourist destinations. In cooperation with the selected destination of Písek, which endorses the smart city concept, and based on discussions with city representatives, the objective was narrowed down to the introduction of new iBeacon technology implemented in Písek through the eCulture project. This technology helps fulfil the concept of the smart city as a tourist destination. The main goal of applying this method is effective presentation of the City of Písek. Together with the destination company Píseckem, s.r.o., a total of 12 beacons were proposed in the historic city centre and three more in its immediate vicinity. First, the content of individual beacons was prepared in the practical part of the research, which was divided into basic and supplementary text. The basic text provides the main information, while the supplementary text is primarily designed to attract attention. Subsequently, the destination company was provided with graphic designs for display-ing information to end-users through selected beacons. To ensure effective presentation of the City of Písek through iBeacon technol-ogy, selected visuals were tested with an eye camera. Eye tracking is a modern research method in which the eye movements of participants (respondents) are monitored. The results were presented using heat maps, which show the intensity with which individual places in the graphic design are viewed by respondents. The proposal part of the thesis was prepared based on the results of eye tracking tests and subsequent in-depth interviews. A total of four graphic designs were created, namely beacon 01 (Great Square), beacon 02 (Town Hall Courtyard), beacon 03 (Church of the Exaltation of the Holy Cross) and beacon 05 (Bakaláře).

Le développement, l'exploitation et la maintenance des systèmes urbains intelligents sont des tâches très complexes et impliquent de nombreux acteurs de différentes disciplines et domaines. Dans la plupart des cas, ces systèmes se trouvent à différentes phases de conception, de déploiement et d'exploitation, c'est-à-dire à différentes phases de leur cycle de vie. Par conséquent, les concepts de gestion du cycle de vie sont très importants pour mieux gérer le développement des villes intelligentes en tant qu'écosystème complet à travers les différentes phases du cycle de vie. Cet argument est étayé par les résultats de notre enquête sur les villes intelligentes, où les informations récoltées des parties prenantes interrogées prouvent la pertinence d’une approche cycle de vie pour répondre aux neuf préoccupations identifiées; non alignement sur les objectifs stratégiques, échec réglementaire au niveau des différentes phases, retard dans le «time to market», processus disjoints, partage des connaissances et traçabilité des données difficiles, échange inefficace de données/informations; et utilisation inefficace et inefficiente des infrastructures. Pour répondre aux préoccupations mentionnées ci-dessus, cette thèse propose l'application des éléments fondamentaux du cycle de vie aux villes intelligentes, ce qui nécessite l'introduction de la notion de temps dans la modélisation urbaine intelligente en ajoutant le point de vue « cycle de vie » comme nouvelle dimension de leurs architectures multicouches. L'approche proposée comprend deux éléments. Le premier est le modèle tridimensionnel qui permet aux développeurs de villes intelligentes d'envisager trois points de vue : les couches de l'architecture, le temps (phases du cycle de vie) et les domaines. Le deuxième correspond à la notion d'interaction qui permet l'intégration entre les systèmes de gestion du cycle de vie et les plateformes IoT. Cette approche est validée à travers un cas d'utilisation d’un système de stationnement intelligent « Smart Parking », proposé dans le cadre de la Coupe du Monde™ de la FIFA 2022. Le système de stationnement intelligent proposé est stratégiquement aligné sur les objets Smart Qatar et relie toutes les parties prenantes concernées à travers les différentes phases du cycle de vie. Pour assurer l'interopérabilité sémantique, le système de stationnement intelligent utilise les normes DATEX II pour les données statiques et dynamiques liées au stationnement. Enfin, le cas d'utilisation met l'accent sur l'intégration entre les données liées au cycle de vie et les données IoT à travers l'interaction entre un système de cycle de vie Aras Innovator® (construction de nomenclatures, gestion de configurations, etc.) et une plate-forme d’implémentation de référence IoT O-MI/O-DF (publication peer-to-peer, découverte d'informations liées au stationnement sous une forme agrégée). / Smart city system development, operation and maintenance are very complex tasks and involve numerous stakeholders from different disciplines and domains. In most cases, these systems are at different phases of design, deployment and operation, i.e. at different phases of lifecycle. Hence, lifecycle management concepts are very important to better manage smart city development as a complete ecosystem across different phases of lifecycle. This argument is supported by the findings of our smart city survey, where the information gathered from interviewed stakeholders proves the relevance of a lifecycle approach to address the identified nine concerns; non-alignment to strategic objectives, regulatory failure at different phases, delay in “time to market”, disjointed processes, difficult knowledge sharing and data traceability, inefficient and delayed exchange of data/ information, and inefficient and ineffective use of infrastructure.To address the abovementioned concerns, this thesis proposes the application of lifecycle management concepts in smart cities, which requires the introduction of the time notion to smart city modeling by adding the lifecycle viewpoint as a new dimension to the multi-layered architecture. The proposed smart city lifecycle-based approach consists of two components. First, the three-dimensional model that enables smart city developers to consider three viewpoints: Architecture Layers, Time (Lifecycle Phases), and Domains. Second, the interaction approach that enables integration between lifecycle management systems and IoT platforms. This approach is validated through a use-case of Smart Parking System, proposed as part of the FIFA World Cup™ 2022. The proposed smart parking system is strategically aligned to Smart Qatar objectives and connects all relevant stakeholders across the different lifecycle phases. To ensure semantic interoperability, the smart parking system uses the DATEX II standards for static and dynamic parking related data. Finally, the use-case focuses on the integration between lifecycle related data and IoT data through the interaction between Aras Innovator® lifecycle system (BoM construction, configuration management, etc.) and the O-MI/O-DF IoT Reference Implementation Platform (peer-to-peer publication and discovery of parking-related information in an aggregated form).

Au travers de l’étude de la politique d’open data, cette thèse analyse ce que la mise en circulation des données fait au gouvernement urbain. En effectuant une sociologie des données attentive aux transformations conjointes des données et des acteurs qui leur sont associés, la thèse pointe le pluralisme des politiques des données urbaines entendues comme les modes de composition de collectifs autour des données. La thèse repose sur une enquête ethnographique réalisée au sein de la Métropole de Lyon au cours de laquelle la politique d’ouverture de données de l’institution a été analysée en train de se faire. Ce travail ethnographique a été complété par la réalisation de 70 entretiens, le dépouillement d’archives communautaires et une comparaison partielle avec des villes nord-américaines. En suivant la chaîne des données ouvertes, la thèse met en évidence une tension entre attachement et détachement. Attachées à de vastes réseaux sociotechniques dans lesquelles elles sont insérées, les données doivent être détachées de leur environnement initial pour être mise en circulation, avant d’être ré-attachées à de nouveaux utilisateurs. Pour cela, elles subissent une série d’épreuves, au résultat incertain, desquelles émergent de nouveaux agencements qui peuvent questionner les frontières, sectorielles, institutionnelles et territoriales du gouvernement urbain. Pour conserver la maîtrise de ses politiques publiques, l’enjeu pour une collectivité est dès lors de faire de la donnée un objet de gouvernement pour parvenir à réguler les flux de données sur son territoire. / Analyzing open data policies, this thesis investigates the effect of the circulation of data on urban government. This political sociology of data, which analyses jointly the transformation of data and actors associated to them, highlights the pluralism of the politics of urban data. Based on an ethnographic investigation inside the Metropolis of Lyon, the thesis studies the open data policy in the making. In addition, 70 interviews, archive material and a partial comparison with North-American cities were used for the analyze. Following the chain of open data, the thesis emphasizes a tension between attachment and detachment. Attached to vast socio-technical networks, data must be detached from their initial environment to circulate, before being re-attached to new users. In order to do this, data undergo a series of trials. The uncertain outcome of these trials produce new agencements which question sectorial, institutional and territorial borders. That’s why, to maintain control on its public policies, the challenge for a local government is to manage to regulate the flows of data on its territory. Data thus become an issue that must be governed.

Contemporary cities challenge with complex problems. Different aspects of problems can be listed like ecological, demographical, economical or spatial. These problems require smart solutions. Increasing population and urbanization also force us to develop intelligent approaches to create economically, socially and environmentally sustainable cities. It&rsquo / s important that local authorities and planners have to have precise data to take actions against day to day urban problems. Collecting data and turning them in a knowledge are valuable for taking decisions and formulating urban policies. ICT technologies help spatial planners and decision-makers for collecting data and using them for taking agile and smart decisions. These smart solutions can be applied to different domains of cities. This thesis aims at elaborating the smart city concept and its potentials for solving complex urban challenges. A general analysis of world examples and a more profound analysis of a case study, namely Singapore Intelligent Island, have helped understanding the principles and criteria for attaining smartness in cities. The inferences from these analyses can provide a basis for the Turkish context. There are certain policies driven by Ministry of Environment and Urbanism in Turkey. Strategic action plans and legislative regulations can be a base for smart solutions for Turkish context.

The objective of this thesis is to find out the way, how to successfully promote a project which contains all modern technologies called "Smart cities ". The theoretic part is split into two main topics. The first part contains all found information about marketing, Facebook, Instagram. I was describing how the Facebook advertisement works, how to reach the most people etc. The second part is describing, what is the global project called Smart Cities. This thesis describes the concept of a city with 32,000 inhabitants. How does the city promote the concept, what benefits this concept should have for the population, how much money should save? It's also described how the concept will work and cooperate with other European cities and the connection with the rest of the world. The practical part was the population research how they are informed about this project, what they think it should bring and if they see any advantage or disadvantage. The practical part was completed with sociological survey focused on the level of knowledge about this program. The main object was to find the best way how to promote this concept or how to reach the most people.