Syftet med denna undersökning är att med hjälp av två vetenskapliga metoder, kvalitativa intervjuer och användardagböcker ta reda på hur användares mobila brukarvanor ser ut och vilka typer av tjänster kan de ligga till grund för baserat på ett Smart city-perspektiv. Arbetet kommer även att analysera och utveckla metodiken för fortsatta studier inom ämnet. Mobilen har under de senaste åren utvecklats till att bli en enhet där dess ursprungliga telefonfunktioner blivit sekundära egenskaper. Dess främsta ändamål är fortfarande för att kommunicera med andra, men i första hand genom andra typer av tjänster. Man kan idag även se hur utvecklingen går från ett bruk av digitala tjänster där varje enhet har specifika syften, till ett bruk där enheter samarbetar och delar ett gemensamt syfte. I och med att vårt bruk, och våra vanor, av dessa enheter förändras, så förändras även naturen hos tjänsterna de tillhandahåller. Man kan se en utveckling mot, och en efterfrågan för, tjänster som genom att utnyttja ny teknologi kan beskrivas bryta gränsen mellan det digitala och den fysiska verkligheten. Vilket ur ett Smart City-perspektiv kan ha stor potential inom flera områden av samhälls- och verksamhetsutveckling. Det går även att se att synen på hur vi konsumerar digitala tjänster förändras. Från att ha haft en väldigt enhetsfokuserad syn, där varje enhet har specifika ändamål, går vi mot ett bruk av tjänster där enheten i sig inte är viktig. Många tjänster finns idag på flera enheter, och enheterna fungerar mer som ett samarbetande ekosystem än enskilda enheter med egna syften. Enheterna delar snarare ett gemensamt syfte, att agera fönster mot internet. / The purpose of this study is to find out how mobile user habits can provide a basis for applications and services based on a Smart City perspective, this by using two scientific methods, interviews and user diaries. The study will also analyze and develop the method for further studies in this subject. The cell phone has in recent years evolved into a unit where the original phone functions and features have become secondary. Even though its main purpose is still to communicate with others, it’s now done primarily through other types of services. Today the development goes from a use of digital services where each unit has a specific purpose, to a practise where they work together and share a common purpose. As a result of the fact that our use and our habits of these devices are changing, the nature of the services provided by these devices are also changing. Due to this, there is an ongoing evolution towards, and a demand for, new services that can take advantage of new technologies to dissolve the border between the digital and the physical reality. Which, from a Smart City perspective, could have great potential in several areas of social and organizational development. One can also se that the way we consume digital services is changing. We have gone from having a device centerd focus, were every unit has a specific purpose to a serviced centerd focus, were the units work as a collaborative ecosystem. These units share a collective pupose, to act as a window towards the internet.

Over the last few decades, major changes have taken place in the world due to the riseof technology. Industrial mass-based cities have been replaced by post-industrial cities. At the same time, urban development is affected by both global and local processes. Knowledge, innovation and creativity are central to urban development to create a higher quality and more attractive living environment. Smart cities are part of nowadays urban development. Smart cities focus on sustainability and overall improvement of citizen’s life quality in the cities by implementing ICT solutions in different areas of cities. This research focused on Estonian cities of Tallinn and Tartu and their smart solutions in different smart city dimensions. The purpose of this research was to find out Estonian hotel employees' views of current smart tourism solutions in Estonian cities and according to the answers to determine development areas of the cities. For data collection method, Estonian hotel employees from Tallinn and Tartu were interviewed. This research revealed that most respondents were familiar with the smart tourism solutions and it’s challenges.

The diploma thesis focuses on specification of standard type buildings and Smart City buildings differences. Thesis also contain a history part of individual buildings category, including their specification. The aim of thesis is to determine designs for changes of building valuation in Smart City standard. Theoretical part contains basic definition and limitation of terms from civil engineering branch and structural types, summary of historical development of houses and evaluation by cost method, most common used experience. Practical part is focused on calculation. According real houses cost of three detached houses in Smart standard, there are calculated new price ratio which enter into cost method valuation. Their effectiveness is verified together with newly design adaptation of cost method valuation on next five detached houses in Smart standard.

[pt] A busca por uma realidade mais sustentável, desde Brundtland até os Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável, vem ganhando destaque na agenda global. O avanço tecnológico, as transformações digitais e a urbanização acelerada, sem precedentes, integram essa agenda, quando se fala em smart cities. Estas, na teoria incluem os objetivos da sustentabilidade e do bem-estar, mas na prática, ainda são centradas em tecnologias e ficam distantes dos impactos significativos nos desafios atuais. Aplicar novas tecnologias em antigas soluções sem que o cidadão enxergue sentido e usabilidade não basta. É preciso desenvolver soluções inovadoras que, com o uso das tecnologias, alavanquem um desenvolvimento genuinamente sustentável e gere o bem-estar das pessoas. A lacuna na literatura acerca da inexistência de modelos que contribuam para uma ampla adoção e permitam a operacionalização da transição para smart cities, combinado com a ampla e crescente adoção do Design Thinking, deu início a esta pesquisa, que parte da hipótese que o Design Thinking é uma estratégia colaborativa adequada a ser adotada para gerar projetos inovadores para smart cities, atendendo às necessidades de bem-estar das pessoas e do desenvolvimento de forma sustentável. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi, assim, desenvolver um modelo que use a abordagem do Design Thinking para criação de projetos com foco em smart cities, sob a ótica do bem-estar das pessoas e do desenvolvimento sustentável. A metodologia aplicada abrangeu pesquisas bibliográfica, documental, ex-post-facto e de campo, incluindo uma fase de pesquisa-ação. Primeiro houve uma fundamentação teórica, realizada por meio de revisão da literatura existente a respeito das smart cities, que resultou da identificação de seus elementos essenciais, e das etapas de operacionalização do Design Thinking. Por meio de pesquisa documental e ex-post facto de estudos de casos foi analisado se e como o Design Thinking tem sido aplicado em smart cities, quais foram as motivações para sua adoção e os pontos positivos e negativos da operacionalização a partir dos modelos existentes. As informações geradas embasaram teoricamente a criação de um modelo específico de Design Thinking para Smart City. Este modelo foi testado em campo, no bairro de Copacabana, no Rio de Janeiro. Envolveu um Diagnóstico com a população local, com aplicação de 388 questionários e atividades de verificação da aplicabilidade dos dois produtos criados para este modelo – o Mapa das Forças Locais Atuantes e o Mapa de Inovação Local. Junto com estes dois produtos, soma-se aos resultados a inclusão de duas etapas frente aos modelos existentes: Descoberta e Distribuição, esta última com foco na descentralização e multiplicação das soluções. A pesquisa alcançou seu objetivo de desenvolvimento do modelo proposto, confirmando a hipótese inicial e contribuindo para a operacionalização de pequenas intervenções locais, alinhadas e integradas, para gerar impacto frentes aos desafios atuais e tornar as cidades genuinamente smart cities. Campos para novas investigações foram identificados, tais como a formulação de políticas capazes de equilibrar tecnologias e bem-estar, e o uso da identidade local como estratégia de engajamento e ação em smart city. / [en] The search for a more sustainable reality, from the Brundtland Report to the UN Sustainable Development Goals, has gained prominence in the global agenda. Concerning smart cities, unprecedented technological advancement, digital transformations, and accelerated urbanization integrate this agenda. In theory, smart cities encompass sustainability and well-being objectives, but in practice, they remain technocentric and distant from substantial impacts on current challenges. Applying new technologies to outdated solutions without citizens perceivable meaning and usability is insufficient. It is imperative to develop innovative solutions that, through technology, drive genuinely sustainable development and well-being. The literature gap on the absence of models contributing to the widespread adoption and operationalization of the transition to smart cities, coupled with the extensive adoption of Design Thinking, triggered this research. The hypothesis declares that Design Thinking is a suitable collaborative strategy for generating innovative projects for smart cities, meeting well-being needs, and promoting sustainable development. The research aimed to develop a model using the Design Thinking approach for smart city projects, focusing on well-being and sustainable development. The applied methodology encompassed bibliographic, documentary, ex-post-facto, and field research, including an action research phase. The theoretical foundation involved a literature review on smart cities, identifying essential elements, and the Design Thinking stages. The application, motivations, and positive/negative results of Design Thinking operationalization in smart cities were examined through documentary research and ex-post facto analysis of case studies. The information theoretically underpinned the creation of a specific Design Thinking model for Smart City. Field research to test the model occurred in Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro, involving a local population diagnosis with 388 surveys and verification activities for the applicability of two products created for this model—the Map of Local Acting Forces and the Local Innovation Map. Additionally, two stages were added to existing models: Discovery and Distribution, the latter focusing on decentralization and solution multiplication. The research achieved its goal of developing the proposed model, confirming the initial hypothesis, and contributing to operationalizing small local interventions, aligned and integrated to generate impact against current challenges and make cities genuinely smart. Areas for further investigation were identified, including formulating policies balancing technology and well-being and using local identity as a strategy for engagement and action in smart cities.

Le secteur public est un domaine en perpétuelle mutation, de par la pression économique actuelle mais aussi du fait des progrès technologiques constants. C'est en particulier le cas des collectivités territoriales, dans lesquelles les agents du secteur public sont soumis à de fortes pressions, notamment par la nécessité d'assurer un service de qualité aux usagers tout en minimisant les coûts engagés, mais également du fait de devoir développer de nouvelles compétences pour répondre à des exigences en évolution. Les projets actuels, impliquant de multiples technologies et le besoin de travailler en synergie avec les acteurs territoriaux, sont devenus primordiaux pour la gestion des chaînes logistiques du secteur public. Le domaine du génie industriel a développé diverses méthodes pouvant répondre à ces nouveaux besoins. Ces méthodes englobent différentes théories et pratiques allant du progrès permanent à la gestion de la chaîne logistique jusqu’à la gestion de la relation client. Ces pratiques visent avant tout à améliorer la coordination et l'intégration de toutes les activités nécessaires à l'élaboration d’un produit ou un service. L’apparition de nouvelles démarches, telles que la Smart City, légitime la mise en pratique de méthodes industrielles pour la gestion de services répondant à l’intérêt général d’un territoire. Dès lors, l'objectif de ce travail a été de transposer aux collectivités territoriales des méthodes issues du génie industriel, en s’appuyant sur la démarche de la Smart City, afin de permettre une synergie entre les partenaires, tout en augmentant la productivité de l’organisation dans la fourniture de services publics plus performants. / The public sector is a domain in perpetual transformation, due to current economic pressure and constant technological progress. This is particularly the case in Urban Communities, where employees are under intense pressure, notably by the need to ensure services of high quality to their users while minimizing the costs incurred, but also because of the necessity to develop new skills to meet the new requirements of the sector. Current projects involving multiple technologies, the need to work in synergy with the territorial actors becomes essential for the management of the public sector supply chains. The field of industrial engineering has developed various methods which can address these new needs for the public sector. These methods include various theories and practices going from continuous improvement to Supply Chain Management, including customer relationship management. These practices aim above all at improving the coordination and integration of all activities necessary to the development of a product or service. The emergence of new approaches, such as the Smart City, legitimizes the application of industrial methods for the management of services answering the general interest of a territory. Consequently, the objective of this work is to adapt to the Urban Communities of the methods derived defined in industrial engineering and to integrate the approach of Smart City to improve the synergy between the partners, while increasing the productivity of the organization in the supply of more efficient public services.

Cette thèse d’urbanisme s’est donnée pour objectif de réfléchir à l’avenir des gares métropolitaines françaises et allemandes à horizon 2050. Elle porte une interrogation sur les fondements de la gare comme objet urbain conceptuel (abordé comme un système) et pose comme hypothèse qu’il serait en quelque sorte doté de propriétés autonomes. Parmi ces propriétés, c’est le processus d’expansion et de dialogue sans cesse renouvelé et conflictuel, entre la gare et son tissu urbain environnant, qui guide cette recherche ; notamment dans le rapport qu’il entretient avec l’hypermobilité des métropoles. Pour ce faire, cette thèse convoque quatre terrains d’études : les gares principales de Cologne et de Stuttgart en Allemagne et les gares de Paris-Montparnasse et Lyon-Part-Dieu en France ; et commence par un historique détaillé de leurs évolutions morphologiques, pour dégager une série de variables architectoniques et urbaines. Il procède dans un deuxième temps à une série d’analyse prospective, permettant de juger de l’influence possible des politiques publiques en matière transports et de mobilité, sur l’avenir conceptuel des gares. Cette thèse propose alors le concept de système-gare, pour décrire l’expansion et l’intégration des gares métropolitaines avec leur environnement urbain ; un processus de négociation dialectique qui ne trouve pas sa résolution dans le concept de gare comme lieu de vie/ville. Elle invite alors à penser la gare comme une hétérotopie, et propose une lecture dépolarisée et déhiérarchisée de ces espaces, en introduisant les concepts d’orchestre de gares et de métagare. Cette recherche propose enfin une lecture critique de la « ville numérique » et du concept de « mobilité comme service. » Pour éviter une mise en flux tendus potentiellement dommageables, l’application de ces concepts en gare ne pourra se soustraire à une augmentation simultanée des espaces physiques. / This urban planning thesis aims to reflect on the future of French and German metropolitan stations by 2050. It questions the foundations of the station as a conceptual urban thing (considered as a system) and suggests as a hypothesis that it might somehow have autonomous properties. Among these properties, it is the process of expansion and ever renewed and conflictual dialogue between the station and its surrounding urban fabric which guides this research; particularly its link to metropolises’ hypermobility. To do this, this thesis calls up four study sites: the main stations in Cologne and Stuttgart in Germany, and the Paris-Montparnasse and Lyon-Part-Dieu stations in France; and starts with a detailed history of their morphological evolutions, to identify a series of architectonic and urban variables. In a second stage, it proceeds to a series of prospective analyses, allowing us to evaluate the possible influence of public transport and mobility policies on the conceptual future of stations. This thesis then puts forward the concept of a station-system, to describe the expansion and integration of metropolitan stations within their urban environment; a process of dialectic negotiation which does not resolve itself within the concept of stations as a living/urban space. It therefore invites us to think of stations as a heterotopia, and puts forward a depolarised and dehierarchised reading of these spaces, introducing the concepts of station orchestras and metastations. Finally, this research suggests a critical reading of the “smart city” and the concept of “mobility as a service”. To avoid that stations move to a just-in-time model which could potentially be damaging, the application of these concepts to stations cannot avoid a simultaneous increase of physical spaces. / Diese Doktorarbeit im Bereich der Stadtplanung zielt darauf ab, sich mit der Zukunft der französischen und deutschen Metropol-Großbahnhöfe bis zum Jahr 2050 auseinanderzusetzen. Sie hinterfragt die Grundprinzipien des Bahnhofs als konzeptuelles urbanes Objekt (welchem sich als System angenähert wird) und formuliert die Hypothese, dass der Bahnhof als Objekt oder System in gewisser Weise autonome Eigenschaften hat. Zu diesen Eigenschaften gehört der diese Forschungsarbeit prägende Prozess der Expansion und des ständig erneuerten und konfliktgeladenen Dialogs zwischen Bahnhof und umliegenden städtischen Strukturen. Ein Augenmerk liegt hierbei auf der Beziehung dieses Expansionsprozesses und Dialoges zur Hypermobilität von Ballungsräumen. Zu diesem Zweck beschäftigt sich diese Arbeit mit vier Forschungsgegenständen: den Hauptbahnhöfen Köln und Stuttgart in Deutschland und den Großbahnhöfen Paris-Montparnasse und Lyon-Part-Dieu in Frankreich; und stellt zu Beginn eine detaillierte Geschichte der morphologischen Entwicklung derselben dar, um eine Reihe von architektonischen und urbanen Variablen zu identifizieren. Anschließend werden prospektive Analysen durchgeführt, die es ermöglichen, den möglichen Einfluss der aktuellen und geplanten Verkehrspolitik auf die Zukunft des Konzepts Bahnhof zu bewerten. Sodann wird das Konzept des Bahnhofssystems (système-gare) vorgeschlagen, um die Expansion von Großbahnhöfen und deren Integration in ihr urbanes Umfeld zu beschreiben; ein dialektischer Verhandlungsprozess, der vom Konzept des Bahnhofs als Lebensraum und Stadtraum/-ort nicht hinreichend erfasst wird. Die Arbeit lädt dazu ein, Bahnhöfe als Heterotopien zu betrachten und schlägt eine entpolarisierte und de-hierarchische Lesart dieser Räume vor, indem die Konzepte Bahnhofs- Orchester und Meta-Bahnhof eingeführt werden. Schließlich erfolgt eine Auseinandersetzung mit der “Smart City” und dem Konzept der “Mobilität als Dienstleistung”, die sich insbesondere kritisch mit dem Umstand befasst, dass beide Ansätze den aufgrund der Zunahme des Verkehrs und zur Vermeidung einer potentiell schädlichen Just-in-time Organisation in Bahnhöfen notwendigen Ausbau der Bahnhöfe nicht vermeiden können.

The text of the diploma thesis focuses on autonomous tram transportation in the context of Prague. The goal of this work is to map out Prague tram transportation and autonomous technology and then suggest its implementation in future service. The outcomes will bet hen projected into the role of a tram driver. The theoretical part consists of historical synthesis of tram transportation and the role of drivers and conductors. It introduces the current state of autonomous technology research for road vehicles, which provide inspiration for tram technology and also current pilot projects of autonomous trams in the world. The practical part includes a prognostic research with professionals with focus on the future of prague trams in the context of autonomy. Another research included observation of interaction between citizens and trams in the field. The outcomes of the research are projected with the background of the theoretical part into a concept of process of autonomous trams implementation for Prague. This process is then reflected from the point of view of tram drivers.

Der Alltag von Menschen wird von den Angeboten und Leistungen der Städte und Gemeinden geprägt, in denen sie leben. Die Potenziale der Digitalisierung werden durch Konzepte wie E-Government und Smart City konkretisiert. Während E-Government vor allem die elektronische Nutzung von Verwaltungsleistungen betrifft, umfasst der Begriff einer Smart City die Nutzung digitaler Technologien für nahezu jede Aufgabe in einer Stadt, damit diese effizienter, nachhaltiger und resilienter wird und dadurch die Lebensqualität der Bürgerschaft erhöht (D`Onofrio & Stucki, 2021). Die neue Bundesregierung will die Verwaltungsdigitalisierung voranbringen. Dazu soll der Staat die Kooperation mit Wirtschaft und Zivilgesellschaft suchen, mehr Transparenz und Teilhabe in seinen Entscheidungen bieten und mit einer unkomplizierten, schnellen und digitalen Verwaltung das Leben der Menschen einfacher machen. ... [Aus: Einleitung]

This article analyses the impact of the IOTA distributed ledger technology (DLT) on smart cities. The world population is rapidly increasing while at the same time trends such as urbanization shape future demographics. Thus, fast-growing cities face the challenge of increasing demands in resources such as energy, water, transportation, while at the same time aiming to increase life quality by reducing burdens such as pollution and waste. The concept of a “Smart City” emerged with the ambition to solve a city’s issues by creating social and economic advantages while providing efficient resource allocation processes. Nevertheless, current information communication technologies tend to underperform a smartcities systems requirement since the quantity of connected devices increases which slows down the transition of a city becoming smart. The distributed ledger technology IOTA promises to enable automated, feeless transactions and processes with a high level of integrity, which may impact the development of smart cities. In this research the IOTA technology is introduced and investigated. The advantages of IOTA compared to conventional information communication technologies and the blockchain technology are highlighted. Thereafter, the current state of IOTA in smart cities is reviewed by analysing current research and use cases. To investigate the concept of a smart city the smart city initiative framework, including its subcategories is introduced. Additionally, different experts working on IOTA integrations related to smart city initiatives were interviewed giving insights into their field ofexpertise. Finally, an analysis and discussion of the IOTA technology use cases are put into relation with the multi-level perspective framework (Geels, 2006) highlighting the positive impact of IOTA on the development of smart cities. / I den här artikeln analyseras effekterna av IOTA:s teknik för distribuerade huvudböcker (DLT) på smarta städer. Världens befolkning ökar snabbt samtidigt som trender som urbanisering formar framtidens demografi. Snabbt växande städer står därför inför utmaningen att öka kraven på resurser som energi, vatten och transporter, samtidigt som de strävar efter att öka livskvaliteten genom att minska belastningar som föroreningar och avfall. Begreppet smart stad uppstod med ambitionen att lösa stadensproblem genom att skapa sociala och ekonomiska fördelar och samtidigt tillhandahålla effektiva processer för resursfördelning. Den nuvarande informations- och kommunikationstekniken tenderar dock att inte uppfylla kraven på system för smarta städer, eftersom mängden anslutna enheter ökar, vilket gör att övergången till en smart stad blir långsammare. Den distribuerade huvudbokstekniken IOTA lovar att möjliggöra automatiserade, felfria transaktioner och processer med en hög grad av integritet, vilket kan påverka utvecklingen av smarta städer. I den här forskningen introduceras och undersöks IOTA-tekniken. Fördelarna med IOTA jämfört med konventionell informationskommunikationsteknik och blockkedjetekniken lyfts fram. Därefter granskas det nuvarande läget för IOTA i smarta städer genom att analysera aktuell forskning och användningsfall. För att undersöka begreppet smart stad introduceras ramverket för initiativet för smarta städer, inklusive dess underkategorier. Dessutom intervjuades olika experter som arbetar med IOTA-integrationer isamband med initiativ för smarta städer för att ge en inblick i deras expertisområde. Slutligen analyseras och diskuteras IOTA-teknikens användningsområden i förhållande till ramverket för flernivåperspektivet (Geels, 2006), där IOTA:s positiva inverkan på utvecklingen av smarta städer lyfts fram.

Published Article / South African cities are in the process of transition in the changing scenario and need a change in the planning perspective for their sustainable development. The concept of smart city offers opportunities for such development to many middle sized cities of South Africa. Therefore, in this paper conceptual modelling for development of smart cities in South Africa is attempted based on systems concept. The conceptual models are built by using the principles of system dynamics methodology and based on causal feedback relationships among the various factors under different smart characteristics of a city such as, smart economy, smart people, smart governance, smart mobility, smart environment and smart living. The causal feedback loops and interrelationship among various parameters illustrate the dynamicity and influence of parameters on one another, which would able to assist in evolving plausible policy interventions for developing smart cities in South Africa. It is concluded that the modelling approaches presented here could guide the policy makers and city planners to evolve robust and responsive policy interventions for developing smart cities in the changing scenario.