This thesis explores the building energy performance of the domestic sector in the city of Stockholm based on the building energy declaration database. The aims of this master thesis are to analyze the big data sets of around 20,000 buildings in Stockholm region, explore the correlation between building energy performance and different internal and external affecting factors on building energy consumption, such as building energy systems, building vintages and etc. By using clustering method, buildings with different energy consumptions can be easily identified. Thereafter, energy saving potential is estimated by setting step-by-step target, while feasible energy saving solutions can also be proposed in order to drive building energy performance at city level. A brief introduction of several key concepts, energy consumption in buildings, building energy declaration and big data, serves as the background information, which helps to clarify the necessity of conducting this master thesis. The methods used in this thesis include data processing, descriptive analysis, regression analysis, clustering analysis and energy saving potential analysis. The provided building energy declaration data is firstly processed in MS Excel then reorganized in MS Access. As for the data analysis process, IBM SPSS is further introduced for the descriptive analysis and graphical representation. By defining different energy performance indicators, the descriptive analysis presents the energy consumption and composition for different building classifications. The results also give the application details of different ventilation systems in different building types. Thereafter, the correlation between building energy performance and five different independent variables is analyzed by using a linear regression model. Clustering analysis is further performed on studied buildings for the purpose of targeting low energy efficiency groups, and the buildings with various energy consumptions are well identified and grouped based on their energy performance. It proves that clustering method is quite useful in the big data analysis, however some parameters in the process of clustering needs to be further adjusted in order to achieve more satisfied results. Energy saving potential for the studied buildings is calculated as well. The conclusion shows that the maximal potential for energy savings in the studied buildings is estimated at 43% (2.35 TWh) for residential buildings and 54% (1.68 TWh) for non-residential premises, and the saving potential is calculated for different building categories and different clusters as well.

Although water is incredibly abundant on Earth, only 2.5 % of the water reserve is freshwater, and one third of the world’s population lacks safe drinking water. Water quality monitoring (WQM) is thus a crucial asset to safeguard this invaluable resource. Gaining popularity in the 1960s, WQM has since evolved from a lab-based, labour-intensive program to an increasingly automated operation. Today, autonomous sensors automatically assess water quality, albeit with surpassed technology, complex procedures, and expensive equipment. This thesis presents a next-generation, IoT-based WQM system, capable of unparalleled high-frequency data collection at a fraction of the cost of present-day solutions, that operates via The Thing Network’s public LoRaWAN connectivity. The system is validated through a lightweight prototype buoy, which is deployed on a 14-days-long campaign in the lakes of Stockholm. The study concludes that (i) The Things Network is a promising backbone for monitoring applications in the smart city, with an estimated current 57 % coverage of Stockholm; (ii) IoT devices can harvest sufficient solar energy to deliver 30–60 messages/h all year round even at high latitudes; (iii) IoT-based WQM has the potential for unprecedented resolution, energy-efficiency, and cost-effectiveness compared to traditional industrial-grade, cellular-based systems. / Även om vatten är otroligt rikligt på jorden, är bara 2,5 % av vattenreserven sötvatten, och en tredjedel av världens befolkning saknar säkert dricksvatten. Water quality monitoring (WQM) är således en avgörande tillgång för att skydda denna ovärderliga resurs. WQM blev allt populärare på 1960-talet och har sedan dess utvecklats från ett labbaserat, arbetskrävande program till en alltmer automatiserad verksamhet. Idag bedömer autonoma sensorer automatiskt vattenkvaliteten, om än med överträffad teknik, komplexa förfaranden och dyr utrustning. Denna avhandling presenterar ett nästa generations, IoT-baserade WQM-system, som kan möta högfrekvent datainsamling utan motstycke till en bråkdel av kostnaden för dagens lösningar, som fungerar via The Things Network offentliga LoRaWAN-anslutning. Systemet valideras genom en lätt prototypboj, som används på en 14 dagar lång kampanj i Stockholms sjöar. Studien drar slutsatsen att (i) The Things Network är en lovande ryggrad för övervakning av applikationer i den smart city, med en uppskattningsvis 57 % täckning av Stockholm; (ii) IoT-enheter kan skörda tillräckligt med solenergi för att leverera 30-60 meddelanden/timme året runt även på höga breddgrader; (iii) IoT-baserat WQM har potential för oöverträffad upplösning, energieffektivitet och kostnadseffektivitet jämfört med traditionella, industriella, cellbaserade system.

Water quality monitoring is vital in smart city planning for managing water resources. In the smart city, more data is being collected. In terms of data related to water quality, many data sources such as smart sensors attached to water quality monitoring systems have been continuously collecting a significant amount of data. The potential of collected data from these sources holds no value for smart cities, unless it is being used to provide digital services such as information about clean and safe drinking water, swimming, fishing, domestic uses, and water reuse. However, the knowledge on how to utilize water quality data for the benefits of smart cities is limited. So, in this paper, I propose digital water quality monitoring services for smart city residents. I explore this proposition through a design study engaging smart city residents, service designers, and developers of water quality monitoring systems. As a result, a service blueprint is presented to illustrate how such services can be designed to provide water quality information for different activities. The study aims to illustrate how opportunities of water quality monitoring system can be explored for smart cities. The study intends that the results are helpful to designers and researchers in designing and developing digital water quality monitoring services in smart cities.

Im Zuge einer Mobilitätswende hin zu umweltfreundlicheren Transportmitteln werden Konzepte der multimodalen Mobilität immer wichtiger. Multimodale Mobilität bedeutet, dass dem Nutzer in Abhängigkeit von persönlichen und externen Faktoren eine Kombination aus Reisemitteln angeboten, gebucht und abgerechnet wird, die sein Mobilitätsbedürfnis erfüllen. Zu den persönlichen Faktoren zählen dabei Präferenzen wie Preis, Komfort oder Reisezeit, zu den externen die Verfügbarkeit von Verkehrsmitteln, Staus oder Umweltparameter. Dies erfordert eine komplexe Vernetzung von Verkehrsmitteln, Umweltsensoren, Mobilitäts- und Abrechnungsdienstleistern, intelligenten Verfahren zur Stau- und Klimavorhersage, sowie eine Echtzeitüberwachung der Nutzerposition. Der IT-Sicherheit kommt deswegen eine entscheidende Bedeutung zu. In diesem Papier untersuchen wir auf einer generischen Ebene, inwieweit sich die multimodale Mobilität in einem typischen Smart-City-Szenario technisch absichern lässt. Zu diesem Zweck fokussieren wir uns auf Nahverkehrsmittel und die für deren Buchung und Abrechnung erforderlichen Wertschöpfungsketten. In Anlehnung an den IT-Grundschutz modellieren wir die Datenflüsse und Übertragungswege, die für die Umsetzung der multimodalen Mobilität erforderlich sind. Wir untersuchen, inwiefern die derzeit verfügbaren Konzepte der IT-Sicherheit für diesen Anwendungsfall geeignet sind, und führen eine Risikoanalyse durch. Unsere Arbeit zeigt, dass bei einer konsequenten Realisierung eines Sicherheitskonzepts das größte Risiko durch Fehlbedienung oder Fehlkonfiguration des Smartphones des Nutzers entsteht, und wir zeigen detailliert auf, um welche Risiken es sich dabei handelt.

This research investigates how the new technology implementation in the transportation system in Hangzhou, China affected the work routines and the challenges reported by the managers of the system as well as their suggestions on improvements. Through the analysis of the interviews with the managers in the intelligent transportation system, the main effects of RFID on the development of intelligent transportation in Hangzhou were proposed. It also reveals the current status of RFID development in the intelligent transportation system, further proposes factors that affect the development of RFID, and reveals the core factors that affect the development of Hangzhou's intelligent transportation. This research can enrich the information management theory of the development of an intelligent transportation system, and have certain guidance and reference significance for the development of urban information system at the same time. In this study, through direct communication with the managers of the main intelligent transportation departments in Hangzhou, this research analyzes the influencing factors of the development of RFID in Hangzhou. Based on the analysis results, this research put forward the strategy of urban informatization development in Hangzhou. The researchhas certain practical significance for improving the overall development level of smart transportation in Hangzhou. The impact of RFID on the daily work of managers of intelligent transportation management departments has first improved the innovation of intelligent transportation. Second, improve management efficiency. Third, provide the management with more intelligence plans to solve the impact of eight aspects including transportation problems However, it can be seen from the results of encoding and passing that the senior managers' lack of awareness, including learning information technology, information management capabilities, and other factors, has led to insufficient application of RFID technology in the field of smart transportation in Hangzhou. In response to this phenomenon, three main suggestions were put forward, attach importance to infrastructure construction, improve the information literacy of grassroots employees, and increase the intensity of traffic information management in Hangzhou.

This dissertation investigates how the concept of 'smart city' is made operational and governable through place-based interventions in the Danish Capital, Copenhagen. In this way, I seek to demonstrate the complexity of the smart city concept and the ways these policies are implemented in an existing city, instead of grounding the critique in universally idealized but often unrealized grand visions. Recent research into smart urbanism largely highlights the smart city agenda for being overly driven by corporate interests, who are using it to capture urban management functions as new market opportunities. This view however, seems to neglect that smart city interventions are integrated into existing urban settings, and is therefore always the outcome of social and spatial constellations of urban politics and the built environment. Therefore, rather than depicting the smart city as utopian or dystopian, I point towards a more situated understanding that moves beyond the corporate-driven smart city version, and directs attention to the urban scale where these policies are taking root. The theoretical apparatus is based on research in technological transitions, and is further supported by a relational view on urbanism to situate the analysis at the urban scale. The thesis is composed through a qualitative case study design, where document analysis and interview figures as key methods for data collection. The empirical materials have been collected from the municipality and their smart city unit, Copenhagen Solutions Lab, and the primary data source is political documents.The thesis concludes that the smart transition in Copenhagen is governed through an experimental approach where the technological possibilities are being adapted to the local context. In this way, Copenhagen Solutions Lab endeavor to ensure that only the solutions that fit the urban context are implemented, and it is therefore only specific, and more convenient solutions that are being integrated into the city. The thesis concludes further that the experimental smart-city-approach applied by CSL, contains the potential to contest corporate interests, in the sense that this approach gives rise to new explicit learning processes and efforts that holds the potential to compete with the corporate-driven smart city model.

En översvämning kan inträffa när som helst och var som helst i världen. En översvämning börjar när vattennivån ökar, särskilt i dagvattenbrunnar i stadsområden. Genom att utnyttja de olika moderna teknologier som Internet of Things (IoT), förluster som orsakas av en översvämning kan minskas. Därför behövs en IoT-lösning för att övervaka vattennivån i brunnarna.Syftet med denna avhandling är att undersöka hur man konstruerar och implementerar ett IoT-baserat system som övervakar vattennivån för att bygga en prototyp med LoRaWAN teknologi. Konstruktionen av prototypen utförs genom att följa stegen i en iterativ systemutvecklingsmetod. Prototypen använder ett offentligt Lora-nätverk, särskilt The Things Network (TTN). Prototypens funktioner är att mäta vattennivån med en ultraljudssensor, sända mätdata via LoRa till TTN och visualisera data på en visualiserings plattform "Cayenne" i realtid. Systemet är testad i en laboratoriemiljö. Resultaten av den konstruerade prototypen visar att den mäter vattennivån och skickar mätdata när vattennivåns tillstånd ändras. Dessutom visualiseras datan på visualiserings plattformen Cayenne. / A flood may occur anytime and anywhere in the world. A flood starts when the water level increases, especially, in the wells in the urban areas. By taking advantage of the modern technology, such as Internet of Things (IoT), the losses caused by the flood can be reduced. Therefore, an IoT-solution is needed for monitoring the water level in the wells.The aim of this thesis is to investigate how to design and implement an IoT-based system that monitors the water level to build a prototype using LoRaWAN technology. Building the prototype is done by following the steps of an iterative system development method. The prototype uses a Lora public network, specifically The Things Network (TTN). The functions of the prototype are measuring the water level by an ultrasound sensor, sending the measurement data through LoRa to TTN, and visualizing the data on the "Cayenne" dashboard in real-time. The system is tested in a lab environment. The results of the constructed prototype show that the prototype measures the water level and sends the measurement data whenever the state of the water level is changed. Additionally, the data is visualized on the Cayenne dashboard.

No description available.

Participatory urban planning is seen as an important aspect of developing local democracy, as some of the interviewees in my research mentioned (T. Kesarovski, personal communication, January 27, 2022). With city-users being co-owners of the city and providing valuable knowledge from a non-experts perspective for the munici-palities about how the city is experienced, it is widely accepted that residents themselves should be more involved in the processes of shaping their urban environment (B. Herlo, personal communication, February 04, 2022).In order to involve city-users in local planning processes, there has been a recent shift away from traditional, analog practices toward the use of technological means. However, the current implementation of digital tools, which is primarily limited on the desktop, is still either unsuitable or cumbersome for many people (S. Rott, personal com-munication, January 31, 2022). During my research I observed that these traditional practices got mainly replicated as digital platforms  instead of rethinking participatory methods in general. This is one of the main causes which lead to the fact that the same homogenous group of people remain involved and committed to these projects. The efforts of the municipalities to integrate especially young people in such processes, who so far represent an absolute minority, still remains an unresolved challenge.In this project I explore technological possibilities in order to create a participation culture on the go and therefore offer a more flexible opportunity to participate in planning processes. Consequently, I explore technological ways to engage a broader range of people, focusing primarily on digital natives among the cities residents. In doing so, I develop a framework based on the concept of contextual experiences to see whether mobile devices can serve as a gateway to more meaningful participatory methods and raise awareness of urban change.The mobile application leverages situated and lightweight inter-actions to enable citizens to reflect and comment on their given surroundings. By taking advantages of emerging technologies, the city-users are enabled to participate in engaging ways and experi-ence urban projects through its visualisations in context. This project is grounded in the notion of the surrounding environment and the experience in context, rather than solely on the technology itself.Rather than replacing traditional methods, the project is intended to serve as a complement to traditional participation methods by providing an engaging, flexible, and easy entry point to participatory planning opportunities.

[ES] En este trabajo se presenta un estudio detallado de los procesos de transferencia de calor en luminarias LED de alta potencia (HP-LED) con disipadores de calor pasivos y el análisis de variables energéticas: consumo eléctrico y concentración de CO2, para obtener correlaciones que predigan el rendimiento energético de edificios. Como primer objetivo, se diseñan disipadores de calor adecuados a luminarias de distintas potencias. Para ello, se parte de un modelo matemático completo que describe la transferencia de calor en este tipo de sistemas, se realiza la simulación numérica usando métodos de elementos finitos y, además, se comprueban los resultados obtenidos en el laboratorio. Hemos centrado nuestro análisis en el caso de una fuente LED en contacto térmico con un disipador de calor pasivo de aluminio, obteniendo un excelente ajuste entre las mediciones experimentales y las simulaciones numéricas realizadas. Con estos disipadores se garantiza tanto el comportamiento óptimo como la durabilidad de las luminarias. Posteriormente como segundo objetivo, se estudia la relación de dos variables clave del rendimiento energético de un edificio: el consumo de energía y la concentración de CO2, cuyas correlaciones no han sido consideradas en la literatura. Para alcanzar este objetivo, se seleccionaron dos instalaciones ubicadas en diferentes continentes y se adquirieron los datos necesarios para su análisis con un sistema simple y económico para medir, transmitir y gestionar la información. La determinación matemática de la relación entre dos variables facilitará en gran medida la programación de algoritmos eficientes de control energético de instalaciones en plataformas de gestión energéticas. El manejo de toda la información obtenida mediante sensores y gestionada a través de plataformas inteligentes requiere el desarrollo de líneas de investigación relacionadas con el Internet de las Cosas (IoT) y que pertenecen a la era de la Industria 4.0. Los estudios incluidos en esta tesis doctoral pertenecen a dos áreas de trabajo que contribuyen a comprender y mejorar el rendimiento de las Smart cities: el uso de la información para convertir nuestros edificios en instalaciones sostenibles y el desarrollo de la iluminación inteligente (Smart lighting), consiste en incorporar sensores a las luminarias para convertir el sistema de iluminación pública de una ciudad en un laboratorio distribuido de variables de interés gestionado a través de plataformas inteligentes. / [CA] En aquest treball es presenta un estudi detallat dels processos de transferència de calor en lluminàries LED d'alta potència (HP-LED) amb dissipadors de calor passius i l'anàlisi de variables energètiques: consum elèctric i concentració de CO2, per a obtindre correlacions que prediguen el rendiment energètic d'edificis. Com a primer objectiu, es dissenyen dissipadors de calor adequats a lluminàries de diferent potències. Per a això, es parteix d'un model matemàtic complet que descriu la transferència de calor en aquest tipus de sistemes, es realitza la simulació numèrica usant mètodes d'elements finits i, a més, es comproven els resultats obtinguts en el laboratori. Hem centrat la nostra anàlisi en el cas d'una font LED en contacte tèrmic amb un dissipador de calor passiva d'alumini, obtenint un excellent ajust entre els mesuraments experimentals i les simulacions numèriques realitzades. Amb aquests dissipadors es garanteix tant el comportament òptim com la durabilitat de les lluminàries. Posteriorment com a segon objectiu, s'estudia la relació de dues variables clau del rendiment energètic d'un edifici: el consum d'energia i la concentració de CO2, les correlacions de la qual no han sigut considerades en la literatura. Per a aconseguir aquest objectiu, es van seleccionar dues installacions situades en diferents continents i es van adquirir les dades necessàries per a la seua anàlisi amb un sistema simple i econòmic per a mesurar, transmetre i gestionar la informació. La determinació matemàtica de la relació entre dues variables facilitarà en gran manera la programació d'algorismes eficients de control energètic d'installacions en plataformes de gestió energètiques. El maneig de tota la informació obtinguda mitjançant sensors i gestionada a través de plataformes intelligents requereix el desenvolupament de línies d'investigació relacionades amb l'Internet de les Coses (IoT) i que pertanyen a l'era de la Indústria 4.0. Els estudis inclosos en esta tesi doctoral pertanyen a dues àrees de treball que contribueïxen a comprendre i millorar el rendiment de les Smart cities: l'ús de la informació per a convertir els nostres edificis en installacions sostenibles i el desenvolupament de la illuminació intelligent (Smart lighting), consistix a incorporar sensors a les lluminàries per a convertir el sistema d'illuminació pública d'una ciutat en un laboratori distribuït de variables d'interés gestionat a través de plataformes intelligents. / [EN] This work presents a detailed study of the heat transfer processes in high power LED luminaires (HP-LED) with passive heatsinks and the analysis of energy variables: power consumption and concentration of CO2, to obtain correlations that predict the energy performance of buildings. As a first objective, heat sinks appropiate for luminaires of different powers are developed. For this, we start from a complete mathematical model that describes the heat transfer in this type of systems, the numerical simulation is performed using finite element methods and, in addition, the results obtained in the laboratory are compared. With these heatsinks, the optimum performance and durability of the luminaires is guaranteed. Later, we propose to study the relation between two key variables of building performance: the power consumption and the CO2 concentration, whose correlations have not been considered in the literature. To achieve this objective, two buildings located in different continents were selected and the necessary data were acquired for their analysis with a simple and economical system to measure, transmit and manage the information. Therefore, the mathematical determination of the relationship between the two variables will greatly facilitate the programming of algorithms in the energy management platforms. The management of all information obtained through sensors and managed through intelligent platforms requires the development of research lines related to the Internet of Things (IoT) and that belong to the era of Industry 4.0. The studies included in this doctoral thesis belong to two areas of work that contribute to understanding and improving the performance of Smart Cities: the use of information to turn our buildings into sustainable installations and the development of smart lighting, consists of incorporating sensors to the luminaires to convert the public lighting system of a city into a distributed laboratory of variables of interest managed through intelligent platforms. / Al Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONACYT, y de manera muy especial al Instituto de Innovación y Transferencia de Tecnología del Estado de Nuevo León, i2t2, quienes en conjunto me brindaron el apoyo económico para realizar mis estudios de Doctorado en el Extranjero con el número de Beca 296471 y CVU: 558076. / Hernández Luna, MC. (2019). Modelado matemático para eficiencia energética: aplicaciones a iluminación LED y al monitoreo de edificios [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/131696 / TESIS