Submitted by Carmen Torres (carmensct@globo.com) on 2018-02-05T16:59:06Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_SmartcomArquiteturaInteligente.pdf: 6115605 bytes, checksum: e7635deb3e7a4d4e713eb377b019ecb4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2018-02-16T12:43:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_SmartcomArquiteturaInteligente.pdf: 6115605 bytes, checksum: e7635deb3e7a4d4e713eb377b019ecb4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-16T12:43:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_SmartcomArquiteturaInteligente.pdf: 6115605 bytes, checksum: e7635deb3e7a4d4e713eb377b019ecb4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-25 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Com os avanços na tecnologia da informação para diversas áreas, como saúe bem-estar, as soluções baseadas em Smart Home que usam as tecnologidaes Internet of Things (IoT) vem ganhando maior repercussão, inclusive como alternativas de economia de energia com base em Sistemas de Gerenciamento de Energia Domiciliar (SGED). Esta tese define uma arquitetura inovadora, denominada de SmartCoM, que é implementada para monitorar e gerenciar habitações residenciais usando tecnologias IoT. Tal estratégia envolve a definição dos parâmetros que podem efetivar a interoperabilidade entre medição, gerenciamento e as camadas de comunicação de dados, que são os recursos necessários para que os dispositivos de hardware possam realizar o monitoramento e medição pretendidos. Além disso, uma interface é definida por uma camada de middleware para integrar o gerenciamento de instalações externas e a visualização de dados por meio de um serviço em nuvem. A arquitetura SmartCoM é definida de maneira fim-a-fim, em detalhes do ponto de vista do consumidor e as estratégias de otimização s.o empregadas tanto para o cliente final quanto para a concessionária de energia. A fim de avaliar a arquitetura proposta, foi elaborado um estudo de caso, a partir do qual, observa-se a viabilidade do desenvolvimento de soluções para Smart Home de acordo com os requisitos descritos na SmartCoM. / With advances in information technology for a variety of areas, such as health and wellness, Smart Home based solutions using Internet of Things (IoT) technologies are gaining in popularity, including energy-saving alternatives based on Home Energy Management Systems (HEMS). This thesis defines an innovative architecture, called SmartCoM, which is implemented to monitor and manage residences using IoT technologies. Such a strategy involves defining the parameters that can affect the interoperability between measurement, management and the layers of data communication, which are the resources necessary for the hardware devices to perform the intended monitoring and measurement. In addition, an interface is defined by a middleware layer to integrate the management of external installations and the visualization of data through cloud services. The SmartCoM architecture is defined end-to-end in detail from the consumer's point of view and optimization strategies are employed for both the end customer and the utility. In order to evaluate the proposed architecture, a case study was elaborated, from which the viability of developing solutions for Smart Home according to the requirements described in SmartCoM is observed.

Submitted by Carmen Torres (carmensct@globo.com) on 2018-02-06T17:40:24Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_EstrategiasPlanejamentoOtimizacao.pdf: 6363892 bytes, checksum: 54af44d2043efdd661b641b9c67e1d29 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2018-02-16T13:09:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_EstrategiasPlanejamentoOtimizacao.pdf: 6363892 bytes, checksum: 54af44d2043efdd661b641b9c67e1d29 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-16T13:09:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_EstrategiasPlanejamentoOtimizacao.pdf: 6363892 bytes, checksum: 54af44d2043efdd661b641b9c67e1d29 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-04 / O consumo energético residencial vem crescendo de forma contínua ao longo das últimas décadas, em contrapartida, o fornecimento de energia elétrica não acompanha a mesma taxa de crescimento, tornando-se uma dificuldade a ser tratada pelas empresas do setor elétrico, aos consumidores e ao próprio meio ambiente. Os sistemas de distribuição existentes não são suficientes e possuem limitações no fornecimento de informação adequada, em tempo real, sobre o consumo e outras variáveis elétricas. Também não estão preparados para lidar com custos da energia variáveis, num contexto de um mercado que tende a estabelecer preços dinâmicos, que dependem de um conjunto de fatores endógenos e exógenos ao setor elétrico. Nesse contexto, este trabalho tem como objetivo a proposição, implementação e teste de um sistema de monitoramento inteligente, via smartphone, para controle de energia, utilizando-se formas inteligentes de tomada de decisão, com o intuito de fornecer ao usuário formas de manter seu consumo energético, a partir de perfis de consumo, dentro dos padrões de consumo pré-definidos e desejados pelo usuário. Como consequências positivas, ter-se-á a redução da demanda energética, por meio dos perfis de consumo que levam em consideração o grau de dependência do indivíduo em relação aos equipamentos elétricos presente na residência, apresentando um menor impacto no bem-estar e no dia a dia do usuário final do sistema. / Residential energy consumption has grown steadily over the last decades, becoming a problem for companies in the electricity sector, for consumers and for the environment. The traditional measurement systems are not sufficient and have limitations in providing adequate real-time information about consumption. As also, they are not prepared to deal with variable energy costs in the context of a market with dynamic prices that depend on the energy mix. The future of electric grid, called Smart Grid, will not only be designed with measurements based on the residences, but also on the individualized equipment consumption level. From the residential side, consumers generally suffer from a lack of information on the specific equipment energy consumption impact and, consequently, on the required behavior to reduce its consumption. In this context, this work aims on a smartphone monitoring system concept, to control energy using fuzzy logic, in order to provide to the user ways to maintain his energy consumption, through consumption profiles, within the user-defined consumption patterns. The energy reduction demand through the consumption profiles working with habitant dependence degree on the electrical equipment present in the residence, promote a smaller impact on inhabitant well-being and the daily life.

由於環保意識抬頭及商界和社會之間日益惡化的情況下，企業正在努力尋找新的商業模式來重塑資本主義。麥可·波特主張創造共享價值，試圖找尋新一波創新的商業模式來重塑資本主義。共享價值模式能夠為企業和社會創造財富，因此為越來越多的企業紛紛加入創造共享價值的行列。 本論文主要使用個案分析法和次級資料分析法進行研究。研究係透過了解利害相關人對於智慧電網的態度，以及解析智慧電網產業價值鏈來分辨共享價值之所在。透過對於智慧電網相關的研究，以及共享價值的學術文獻來建立研究架構。同時也蒐集了IBM公司以及智慧電網相關產業的動態訊息支持研究分析。其目的是要找出IBM公司的商業模式是否符共享價值模型之定義。研究彙整了智慧電網的利害相關人的意見，並且進行IBM所提供智慧電網方案與共享價值的關聯性分析。然後建議IBM對於創造共享價值可能的發展方向與模式。 研究結果發現IBM提供的智慧電網方案與創造共享價值其實是有關聯性的。然而，大部分的價值是透過與產業鏈結合而間接被創造出來的。在智慧電網方面，IBM並無法獨立創造出共享價值。因而提出了在面對利害關係人時，需要清楚辨認誰是最主要的影響者。透過連鎖效應的方式使得智慧電網能夠更符合創造共享價值。 另外，由於智慧電網應用技術的複雜性使得本研究的力度受到限制。 / Due to the rise of environmental awareness and the worsening situations between the business community and society, corporations are trying to find a way to reinvent capitalism. Michael E. Porter advocates that Creating Shared Value might be the answer for how business will able to reinvent capitalism and unleash the next wave of business and innovation. More and more corporations have jumped on the CSV bandwagon to create wealth for both the business and the society. Case analysis and secondary data analysis techniques are employed in this paper as the research method, through analyzing the stakeholders that are in the smart grid landscape. Academic literature, research papers, publications and information from relevant websites are used to support the analysis. The purpose is to find out whether IBM Company’s business model is in accordance with the shared value model by analyzing the opinions of stakeholders of smart grid and the proposes values of IBM’s smart grid solutions. The results are that most of the solutions that IBM has for smart grid are somehow relevant to the concept of CSV. However, most of the values proposed are rather indirect　as they are often created through collaborating with other players in the value chain. IBM alone would not be able to create a shared value model of its own. Therefore, suggestion has been made to emphasize on the importance of clearly identifying who has the biggest influence among stakeholders. Through chain effect between the stakeholders to enhance Smart Grid to become a more distinct shared value model. Also, due to the complexity of technologies involved in smart grid, the research has many limitations.

I dagsläget har världen en stadigt växande befolkning och där igenom en stadigt växande energiförbrukning. Med en växande energiförbrukning har det under de senaste åren uppenbarats diskussioner rörande samhällets hållbarhet och miljöpåverkan.  Samtidigt sker det en kontinuerlig teknikutveckling och människan är mer beroende av konstant elförsörjning än någonsin tidigare. Teknologiska framsteg, tillsammans med önskan att sträva mot ett mer hållbart samhälle med hög elleveranssäkerhet, har mynnat ett begrepp kallat smarta elnät. Till följd av att elnätet involverar en stor bransch råder det delad mening över vad som utgör ett smart elnät. Detta har lett till uppkomsten av olika definitioner och modeller av konceptet. I syfte att skapa en övergripande uppfattning har en litteraturstudie utförts för att sammanställa de huvudsakliga områden som utgör det smarta elnätet. För att skapa denna överblick har ett förslag på en övergripande definition framtagits enligt följande: Ett smart elnät är nästa steg i elnätets fortgående utveckling som sker till följd av samhällets ökande förlitlighet på konstant elförsörjning och önskan att begränsa människans miljöpåverkan. Målet är att med hjälp av kostnadseffektiva tekniska lösningar, effektiv teknik och ekonomiska drivkrafter främja införandet av ytterligare förnyelsebar elproduktion, en ökad elanvändning och ett effektivare utnyttjande av elnätet – ett elnät med låga förluster, hög elkvalitet och leveranssäkerhet med elkunder som är mer medvetna och delaktiga i sin elförbrukning än förr. Utifrån denna definition kan man summera smarta elnät till att omfatta två huvudsakliga intressen för samhället – hållbarhet och en ökad leveranssäkerhet. I framtiden förväntas därför elnätet hantera vidare utbredning av förnyelsebar elproduktion och en ökad elanvändning. För att möta denna förväntan har det dels konstaterats att nätkapaciteten behöver öka. Det har visats att en ökad nätkapacitet kan nås genom både tekniska lösningar som energilagring och effektivare komponenter men också icke-tekniska lösningar som politiska drivkrafter och incitament för elkunder att sänka sin maxförbrukning och elförbrukning i överlag i form av efterfrågeflexibilitet. I dagsläget finns inga uppenbara incitament för detta och det anses att reformer på vissa delar av elmarknaden kommer att krävas för att främja utvecklingen mot ett hållbart smart elnät. Samtidigt förväntas elnätet förse kunder med högre elkvalitet och leveranssäkerhet. Dagens elnät utgörs av många långlivade och, i många fall, gamla komponenter och investeringar kommer att behöva göras i moderna skyddssystem och kommunikationsnätverk i sinom tid ifall man vill uppnå nya förväntningar. Därtill förväntas det smarta elnätet omfatta olika typer av kommunikationsnätverk inom skyddssystem, övervakning och mätning. Därför har också information rörande relevanta kommunikationsprotokoll, -medier och -nätverk summerats där olika egenskaper lämpar sig för olika tillämpningar. / Currently the world has a steadily growing population and therefore steadily growing need of energy. With a growing need of energy, discussions regarding society’s sustainability and environmental impact have risen. At the same time modern technology has resulted in society being more dependent on a constant power supply than ever before. Technological advances, together with the desire to become a more sustainable society with high availability of power, have yielded a concept known as the smart grid. Due to the power grid being a huge industry there’s a divided perception regarding what a smart grid constitutes. This has resulted in the appearance of different definitions and models of the concept. Therefore a literary study was done with the purpose of creating an overall perception of the main aspects of the smart grid. To create this overview a proposed definition has been developed that describes the smart grid as mainly sustainable and available. The smart grid is the next step of the power grid’s ongoing development in response to society’s increasing reliability of a constant power supply and the wish for decreasing man’s environmental impact. With cost efficient technical solutions, efficient technology and economic forces the goal is to promote introduction of additional renewable electricity production, increased electricity utilization and a more efficient use of the power grid – a power grid with low losses, high power quality and availability with end-users that are more aware and involved in their power consumption than before. Based on this definition the smart grid can be summarized as two main interests for society – sustainability and a higher reliability. In the future the power grid is expected to cope with an increased introduction of renewable electricity production and an increased use of electrical applications. It has been concluded that the grid capacity has to increase in order to meet these expectations. It’s been shown that an increase in grid capacity can be achieved through technical solutions as energy storage and more efficient electrical components but also through non-technical solutions as political forces and incentives for end-users to lower their peak consumption and overall electricity consumption through demand response. At present there are no clear incentives for this and it’s considered that there is a need for reform of certain parts of the electricity market to promote the development towards a sustainable smart grid. The power grid is also expected to supply end-users with a higher power quality and reliability. The power grid of today consists of long lived and, in many cases, old components and investments in modern protection systems and communication networks are required in due time to meet new expectations. In addition, the smart grid is expected to include different types of communication network within protection systems, monitoring and metering. Information was therefore summarized regarding relevant communication protocols, media and networks where different properties are suitable for different applications.

Esta dissertação apresenta uma contribuição aos estudos de planejamento do sistema elétrico do Estado de São Paulo, ressaltando os benefícios que se obteria, com uma maior integração das fontes renováveis à matriz elétrica desse estado (notadamente as fontes de energia solar fotovoltaica, eólica, aproveitamento dos resíduos sólidos urbano RSU e vinhaça), visando o aumento da segurança e independência energética, redução de perdas, e benefícios ambientais. Para tanto, apresenta-se o conceito das usinas virtuais, cujo propósito é obter um melhor e maior aproveitamento dos recursos energéticos normalmente dispersos espacialmente - incluindo nesse rol a microgeração distribuída, a autoprodução e cogeração, e mesmo as fontes não renováveis que se encontram perto dos centros de consumo - com o objetivo de coordenar o seu funcionamento conjunto para satisfazer os requisitos da demanda de energia, por meio do uso da Tecnologia da Informação e Telecomunicações ou das Redes Inteligentes (Smart Grid), e, além disso, configurando a usina virtual de maneira que ela atue , no que diz respeito ao sistema interconectado de energia elétrica, rede de transmissão ou distribuição, como se fosse uma planta de geração de grande porte. Apresenta-se uma análise e projeções da operação e do suprimento do subsistema Sudeste/Centro Oeste (SE/CO), com foco especial no Sistema Elétrico do Estado de São Paulo, com suas interações com o SIN. / This Thesis presents contributions for the planning of the electrical system of São Paulo State Brazil, emphasizing benefits obtained with a better integration of renewables (mainly solar photovoltaics, wind energy, from municipal solid waste and sugarcane vinasse) aiming energy security and independence, loss reduction and environmental benefits. For this, the concept of VPP Virtual Power Plant is introduced, in which a better and broader use of energetic resources, geographically dispersed, including distributed microgeneration, autoproduction, cogeneration, and even nonrenewable sources, is facilitated. Those disperse energy resources, in general located near the consumer, are grouped and jointly managed, in order of to satisfy the demand requirements, using Smart Grid and Information and Telecommunication Technologies, and making the VPP to act, for the transmission or distribution system point of view, as a conventional large electrical power plant. An analysis and forecasts of the operation of the Brazilian Southeast/Center West (SE/CO) subsystem, with special focus on São Paulo State electrical system, and its interactions with the Brazilian Interconnected Electrical System (SIN), is presented.

This thesis develops methods to increase the amount of renewable energy sources that can be integrated into a power grid. The assessed methods include i) dynamic real-time assessment to enable the grid to be operated closer to its design limits; ii) energy storage and iii) coordinated control of distributed production units. Power grids using such novel techniques are referred to as “Smart Grids”. Under favourable conditions the use of these techniques is an alternative to traditional grid planning like replacement of transformers or construction of a new power line. Distributed Energy Resources like wind and solar power will impact the performance of the grid and this sets a limit to the amount of such renewables that can be integrated. The work develops the hosting capacity concept as an objective metric to quantify the ability of a power grid to integrate new production. Several case studies are presented using actual hourly production and consumption data. It is shown how the different variability of renewables and consumption affect the hosting capacity. The hosting capacity method is extended to the application of storage and curtailment. The goal is to create greater comparability and transparency, thereby improving the factual base of discussions between grid operators, electricity producers and other stakeholders on the amount and type of production that can be connected to a grid.Energy storage allows the consumption and production of electricity to be decoupled. This in turn allows electricity to be produced as the wind blows and the sun shines while consumed when required. Yet storage is expensive and the research defines when storage offers unique benefits not possible to achieve by other means. Focus is on comparison of storage to conventional and novel methods.As the number of distributed energy resources increase, their electronic converters need to provide services that help to keep the grid operating within its design criteria. The use of functionality from IEC Smart Grid standards, mainly IEC 61850, to coordinate the control and operation of these resources is demonstrated in a Research, Development and Demonstration site. The site contains wind, solar power, and battery storage together with the communication and control equipment expected in the future grids.Together storage, new communication schemes and grid control strategies allow for increased amounts of renewables into existing power grids, without unacceptable effects on users and grid performance. / Avhandlingen studerar hur existerande elnät kan ta emot mer produktion från förnyelsebara energikällor som vindkraft och solenergi. En metodik utvecklas för att objektivt kvantifiera mängden ny produktion som kan tas emot av ett nät. I flera fallstudier på verkliga nät utvärderas potentiella vinster med energilager, realtids gränser för nätets överföringsförmåga, och koordinerad kontroll av småskaliga energiresurser. De föreslagna lösningarna för lagring och kommunikation har verifierats experimentellt i en forskning, utveckling och demonstrationsanläggning i Ludvika. / Godkänd; 2014; Bibliografisk uppgift: Nicholas Etherden är industridoktorand på STRI AB i Göteborg. Vid sidan av doktoreringen har Nicholas varit aktiv som konsult inom kraftsystemsautomation och Smarta Elnät. Hans specialitet är IEC 61850 standarden för kommunikation inom elnät, vindkraftparker och distribuerad generering. Författaren har en civilingenjörsexamen i Teknisk fysik från Uppsala Universitet år 2000. Under studietiden läste han även kurser i kemi, miljökunskap och teoretisk filosofi. Han var under studietiden ordförande för Student Pugwash Sweden och ledamot International Network of Engineers and of Scientists for Global Responsibility (INES). Efter studietiden var han ordförande i Svenska Forskare och Ingenjörer mot Kärnvapen (FIMK). Han började sin professionella bana som trainee på ABB i Västerås där han spenderade sex år som utvecklare och grupp ledare för applikationsutvecklingen i ABB reläskydd. I parallell till arbete har han läst elkraft vid Mälardalenshögskola. År 2008 började han på STRI AB som ansvarig för dess IEC 61850 interoperabilitetslab. Han är på uppdrag av Svenska Kraftnät aktiv i ENTSO-E IEC 61850 specificeringsarbete och svensk representant i IEC tekniska kommitté 57, arbetsgrupp 10 som förvaltar IEC 61850 standarden. Han har hållit över 30 kurser i IEC 61850 standarden i fler än 10 länder.; 20140218 (niceth); Nedanstående person kommer att disputera för avläggande av teknologie doktorsexamen. Namn: Nicholas Etherden Ämne: Elkraftteknik/Electric Power Engineering Avhandling: Increasing the Hosting Capacity of Distributed Energy Resources Using Storage and Communication Opponent: Professor Joao A Peças Lopes, Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Portugal Ordförande: Professor Math Bollen, Avd för energivetenskap, Institutionen för teknikvetenskap och matematik, Luleå tekniska universitet Tid: Måndag den 24 mars 2014, kl 09.00 Plats: Hörsal A, Campus Skellefteå, Luleå tekniska universitet / SmartGrid Energilager

L’apparition massive des véhicules électriques (VEs) sur les marchés peut avoir un impact important sur le fonctionnement des réseaux d’électricité actuels qui devront ajuster leur fonctionnement à la nouvelle demande massive d'électricité provenant des VEs. Par contre, les VEs peuvent aussi être vus comme une nouvelle opportunité dans le futur marché d’électricité. En effet, une décharge/recharge intelligente peut permettre aux VEs d’être un support de stockage d’électricité important, valable et permanent dont la capacité croit en fonction du nombre des VEs. Ce projet a comme objectifs de : (1) proposer un schéma d’interaction V2G intégrant des techniques permettant de : (a) adapter le fonctionnement de la grille aux contraintes temporelles et spatiales relatives au processus de recharge des VEs dans un milieu résidentiel. (b) optimiser les opérations de chargement/déchargement entre les VEs et la grille dans les deux sens. (2) Proposer de nouveaux schémas de communication sans fil, entre les VEs et la grille intelligente loin des bornes de recharge, qui soient basés sur les standards de communications véhiculaires (VANET) ainsi que sur d’autres standards de communication à grande échelle. On introduira des techniques d’accès à la grille intelligente pour négocier le coût de recharge/décharge des batteries et aussi pour planifier la motivation du consommateur afin de favoriser la stabilité de la grille / In the next years, electric vehicles (EVs) will make their appearance on the market. This even will have significant impact on the operation of the existing electricity networks which have to be updated to reach the new massive electricity demand. Moreover, EVs can also be seen as a new opportunity in the future electricity market. Indeed, a smart EV discharge / charge process can be enable a large power, valuable, and permanent storage media. The project's objectives are to: (1) propose a scheme integrating V2G interaction techniques: (a) adapt the grid functionality to the temporal and spatial constraints to the EV charging process in a residential setting. We seek to satisfy different power demands of EVs connected to the mains without stressing too smart grid, (b) optimizing the loading / unloading between EVs and the grid in both directions. (2) To propose new patterns of wireless communication between EVs and smart grid away from the charging stations, which are based on the standards of vehicle communications (VANET), as well as other communication standards on a large scale. Access to smart grid technologies will be introduced to negotiate the cost of charge / discharge, the waiting time of service, locations and also to plan consumer motivation to promote the grid stability

Over the last decade, power systems have evolved dramatically around the world, owing to higher demand, stringent requirements on quality and environmental concerns that are becoming increasingly critical. With the introduction of new technologies like large-scale renewable energy, wide-area measurement based on phasor measurement units (PMUs) and consumer interaction in the distribution system, the power grid today has become more potent than ever before. Most of the defining features of the smart grid today rest on the integration of advanced communication capabilities into the grid. While communication infrastructure has become a key enabler for the smart grid, it also introduces new and complex control challenges that must be addressed. As we increasingly rely on information transmitted to distant areas over communication networks, it becomes imperative to model the effects of the communication system on the stability of the power grid. Several approaches exist in control theory to study such systems, widely referred to as Networked Control Systems (NCS). Networked control theory provides mathematical tools for system stability analysis and control in the presence of communication delays, packet dropouts and disordering due to transmission of sensor and actuator signals via a limited communication network. In this thesis, a networked control framework for smart grids with integrated commu-nication infrastructure (ICT) is developed. In particular, a networked control systems perspective is developed for two scenarios - wide-area monitoring control, and coordinated control of distributed generation sources. The effects of communication delays and packet dropouts on power system stability are modeled in detail. In the wide-area monitoring control problem, system state measurements are trans-mitted from remote locations through a communication network. The system is modeled as an NCS and a control design approach is presented to damp inter-area oscillations arising from various power system disturbances in the presence of communication constraints. In the coordinated control scenario, a power system with geographically dispersed sources is modeled as an NCS. A networked controller is designed to stabilize the system in the presence of small signal disturbances when system measurements are subject to communication delays and packet dropouts. A realistic output feedback networked control scheme that only uses voltage measurements from PMUs is also developed for practical implementation. The networked controllers designed in this thesis are validated against controllers designed by standard methods, by simulation on standard test systems. The networked controllers are found to enhance power system stability and load transfer capability even in the presence of severe packet dropouts and delays. Several extensions and theoretical problems motivated by this thesis are also proposed.

Le déploiement d'une infrastructure de supervision permet une gestion plus intelligente des réseaux de distribution d'électricité comparé à un renforcement traditionnel pour répondre aux nouveaux enjeux de la maitrise de l'énergie (Consommations, EnR, VE, ...). Pour acheminer les données, les Courants Porteurs en Ligne (CPL) possèdent un atout majeur. En effet, cette technologie permet de superposer un signal de plus haute fréquence au signal électrique 50/60 Hz. Toutefois, le support de transmission est difficile et non maîtrisable. Ces travaux de recherche ont pour objectif d'apporter une contribution à cette problématique par l'élaboration d'une plateforme de simulation des réseaux pour des fréquences allant jusqu'à 1 MHz dans un but de transmission de données. Des éléments clés des réseaux sont traités de façon séparés puis assemblés pour estimer les performances des CPL « Outdoor » actuels. La variation du comportement des réseaux en fonction du temps et de la fréquence, en particulier des perturbations en tête d'installation clients sur 24h est étudiée. Les transformateurs entre les réseaux HTA et BT sont modélisés sous la forme d'un « modèle à constantes localisées » et d'un « modèle boite noire ». Les deux modèles sont appliqués sur un transformateur H61 100 kVA. Par la suite, une modélisation des câbles de distribution est proposée sous forme d'un « modèle cascadé ». Celle-ci est appliquée sur un câble souterrain BT. Chaque modèle est obtenu à l'aide de mesures d'impédances, et validé par des mesures de transmissions. Pour compléter, une étude préliminaire sur les communications radio mobile est réalisée pour la supervision des réseaux de distribution. / Establishing a supervisory infrastructure allows a better smart management than an expensive strengthening of distribution network to respond to new constraints at the energies control (Consumption, REN, EV ...). To transmit data, Power Line Communication (PLC) technologies present an advantage in this context. In fact, it enables a superposition of High Frequency (HF) signals on electrical signal 50/60 Hz. However, electric networks have not been developed to this application because of difficult propagation conditions. This research work makes a contribution to develop a simulation platform in objective to transmit data to 1 MHz. In first time, each network element is studied singly and in second time, together, to estimate "Outdoor PLC" transmission performance. The first element studied is the networks variation in function of frequency and time. Several 24h disturbance measurements on LV customers are presented. The second element is the transformers which established connection between Medium Voltage (MV) and Low Voltage (LV). The proposed modeling method is based on a "lumped model" and a "black box model". These models are applied to a 100 kVA H61 transformer most commonly used by French distribution system operator in rural and suburban networks. The third element is the power line used in MV and LV networks. The proposed modeling method is based on a "cascaded model" from the theory of transmission line. This model is applied to one power line used in LV underground network. Each model is obtained from various impedance measurements. To complete, an introductory study on mobile radio communication is performed to remote network distribution.

In the modern generation, Electric Power has become one of the fundamental needs for humans to survive. This is due to the dependence of continuous availability of power. However, for electric power to be available to the society, it has to pass through a number of complex stages. Through each stage power quality problems are experienced on the grid. Under-voltages and over-voltages are the most common electric problems experienced on the grid, causing industries and business firms losses of Billions of dollars each year. Researchers from different regions are attracted by an idea that will overcome all the electrical issues experienced in the traditional grid using Artificial Intelligence (AI). The idea is said to provide electric power that is sustainable, economical, reliable and efficient to the society based on Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs). The idea is Smart Grid. The research focused on Power Quality Optimization in Smart Grid based on improved Differential Evolution (DE), with the objective functions to minimize voltage swells, counterbalance voltage sags and eliminate voltage surges or spikes, while maximizing the power quality. During Differential Evolution improvement research, elimination of stagnation, better and fast convergence speed were achieved based on modification of DE’s mutation schemes and parameter control selection. DE/Modi/2 and DE/Modi/3 modified mutation schemes proved to be the excellent improvement for DE algorithm by achieving excellent optimization results with regards to convergence speed and elimination of stagnation during simulations. The improved DE was used to optimize Power Quality in smart grid in combination with the reconfigured and modified Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR). Excellent convergence results of voltage swells and voltage sags minimization were achieved based on application of multi-objective parallel operation strategy during simulations. MATLAB was used to model the proposed solution and experimental simulations. / Electrical and Mining Engineering / M. Tech. (Electrical Engineering)