Durante muito tempo a manutenÃÃo do sistema de distribuiÃÃo do campus do Pici da Universidade Federal do Cearà - UFC foi de responsabilidade da Companhia EnergÃtica do Cearà â Coelce, pela parceria entre os governos federal e estadual. No entanto, com a privatizaÃÃo da Coelce no ano de 1998, a UFC assumiu essa demanda e por muitos anos, por falta de recursos e planejamento, fez-se apenas intervenÃÃes corretivas emergenciais na infraestrutura existente, resultando em vÃrios problemas na continuidade de suprimento. Felizmente, os Ãltimos gestores atentaram para o problema e muitos investimentos na rede de distribuiÃÃo em mÃdia tensÃo estÃo sendo realizados, visando à modernizaÃÃo e melhoria da seguranÃa, disponibilidade e continuidade do suprimento de energia elÃtrica do campus do Pici. Estas aÃÃes tÃm embasamento tÃcnico nos estudos realizados pelo Departamento de Engenharia ElÃtrica em parceria com o setor de engenharia da UFC (UFC-Infra). Nesse contexto, foi idealizada e està em fase de implantaÃÃo uma subestaÃÃo de 69-13,8 kV, composta de dois transformadores de 5/6,25 MVA, sendo um de reserva, trÃs saÃdas de alimentadores e nove religadores distribuÃdos ao longo da rede de mÃdia tensÃo em 13,8 kV do campus. Este sistema serà operado, supervisionado e controlado por um sistema SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Aquisition), desenvolvido na plataforma comercial Elipse Power, utilizando o banco de dados Microsoft SQL Server 2012 â versÃo Express. No Ãmbito da automaÃÃo, foi desenvolvida e integrada ao SCADA, via comunicaÃÃo OPC (Open Platform Communications), uma funÃÃo avanÃada denominada, Sistema de RecomposiÃÃo AutomÃtica (SRA-PICI). O SRA-PICI foi desenvolvido em linguagem C#, utilizando o programa Microsoft Visual Studio 2010, modelado em Redes de Petri Coloridas, e testado usando a ferramenta de anÃlise CPN Tools. Para integraÃÃo dos aplicativos SCADA e SRA foi utilizado o protocolo aberto OPC que especifica a comunicaÃÃo de dados em tempo real entre um elemento fonte e um elemento receptor de diferentes fabricantes. Testes de validaÃÃo do SRA e da comunicaÃÃo entre os aplicativos foram realizados em laboratÃrio, que atestam o sucesso da implementaÃÃo e abrem perspectivas importantes para avanÃar na direÃÃo de uma rede elÃtrica inteligente para o campus do Pici. / For a long time the maintenance of the power distribution system of the Pici Campus of the Federal University of Cearà - UFC was the responsibility of the Energy Company of Cearà - Coelce, by the partnership between the federal and state governments. However, with the privatization of Coelce in 1998, the UFC assumed that demand and for many years, due to lack of resources and planning, only the emergency and corrective interventions have taken place, thereby have emerged several problems in continuous supply. Fortunately, the last managers have paid attention to the problem and many investments in the medium voltage distribution network are being carried out, aimed at modernizing and improving security, availability and continuity of energy supply of Pici campus. These actions were based on technical studies conducted by the Department of Electrical Engineering in partnership with the engineering sector of the UFC (UFC-Infra). In this context, was designed and is being implemented a power substation of 69 to 13.8 kV, with two transformers of 5 / 6.25 MVA, , three outputs feeders and nine reclosers distributed throughout the medium voltage distribution network of the campus. This system will be operated, supervised and controlled by a SCADA system (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition), developed in the commercial platform Elipse Power using the Microsoft SQL Server 2012 database - Express version. In the field of automation, it was developed and integrated into the SCADA via OPC (Open Communications Platform), an advanced function called Automatic Restoration System (ARS-PICI). The ARS-PICI was developed in C # using Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 program, modelled on Colored Petri Nets, and tested using the CPN Tools analysis program. For integration of the SCADA and the ARS application software was used the OPC open protocol that specifies the real time data communication between a source element and a receiving element from different manufacturers. Validation tests of the ARS and communication between the software SCADA-ARS were performed in the laboratory, attesting to the successful implementation and opening important perspectives to advance toward a smart grid to the campus of the Pici.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / This paper proposes an adaptive protection system (SPA) developed in Matlab, in order to make the smart grid for greater flexibility reliability and security of the electric power system the protection system proposed is able to assist in the study of protection by the choice of settings to be entered in the relay once the mains relays are parameterized adaptive protection is responsible for discerning between a change of setting group or send new settings this decision is taken by the SPA in the control center and sent to the grid relays in real time the SPA was tested in a medium voltage distribution grid and the sending of change protection setting was validated using SEL-751 relay using communication via Telnet based on testing the proposed SPA acted properly ensuring selectivity and coordination of the protection system / Este trabalho propÃe um sistema de proteÃÃo adaptativa (SPA) desenvolvido em Matlab com o intuito de tornar a rede elÃtrica inteligente para maior flexibilidade confiabilidade e seguranÃa do sistema elÃtrico de potÃncia o sistema de proteÃÃo proposto à capaz de auxiliar no estudo de proteÃÃo para a escolha dos ajustes a serem inseridos no relà uma vez que os relÃs da rede elÃtrica estejam parametrizados a proteÃÃo adaptativa à responsÃvel por discernir entre uma mudanÃa de grupo de ajuste ou envio de novos ajustes essa decisÃo à tomada pelo SPA no centro de controle e enviada aos relÃs da rede em tempo real o SPA foi testado em uma rede de distribuiÃÃo de mÃdia tensÃo e o envio de mudanÃa de ajuste da proteÃÃo foi validado em relà SEL-751 usando comunicaÃÃo via Telnet com base nos testes realizados o SPA proposto atuou corretamente garantindo seletividade e coordenaÃÃo do sistema de proteÃÃo

Syftet med denna studie har varit att närmare studera användarnas roll vid planering, utveckling och användande av smarta elnät, vad man kan dra för lärdomar av pågående projekt inom utvecklingen av smarta elnät när det kommer till användarnas roll i projekten, samt ge rekommendationer för ett framtida arbete. Detta gjordes genom en fallstudie av två sammanhängande projekt inom en kommun i Sverige som för närvarande arbetar med smart stadsutveckling och smarta elnät. Empiriinsamling skedde med hjälp intervjuer av boende och ansvariga i projektet samt projektdokumentation.   Resultatet visar att de boendes roll i planeringen av projektet inte var stor, och att de inte räknades in bland de viktiga intressenter som enligt rekommendationer skulle vara delaktiga i projektet. Vidare skedde användarmedverkan i en begränsad form vid utvecklingen av den teknik som skulle användas hemma hos de boende, och då främst i form av användartester efter det att systemen hade tagits fram.  Vidare visade intervjuerna på ett bristande engagemang hos användarna när det kommer till att använda tekniken som finns tillgängliga i det smarta nät som utvecklats inom kommunen. Dessa resultat utgör viktiga lärdomar för framtida projekt.    Rekommendationerna som togs fram för ett framtida arbete inom smarta elnät är främst att det bör ske en ökad involvering av användare under samtliga delar i projekt rörande smarta elnät för att säkerställa en relevant och demokratisk samhällsutveckling och att detta bör ingå i projektens målsättningar. Vidare bör framtida projekt undersöka möjligheterna med att studera och arbeta med sociala praktiker inom energianvändning, för att undersöka hur man kan skapa en övertygelse hos de boende som leder till en ökad vilja att spara energi, och utnyttja de tekniska verktyg som gör detta möjligt. Det krävs även arbete för att hitta ytterligare incitament till aktiv energibesparing för att optimal användning av de smarta näten ska kunna uppnås. / Smarta elnät och tjänsteutveckling för hemmet – vem är i behov av en smartare vardag?

Dans un contexte de multiplication d’expérimentations de « réseaux électriques intelligents » (REI) et de « villes intelligentes » à travers le monde, cette thèse questionne les reconfigurations qui affectent l’action publique liée à l’énergie depuis l’émergence de ces innovations technologiques. À partir d’une analyse de l’instrumentation des politiques énergétiques et de la gouvernance de quatre démonstrateurs de « smart communities » au Japon, nous souhaitons saisir la reformulation du rôle de l’État et de ses modes d’interaction avec les collectivités territoriales et avec les acteurs privés. Nous défendons la thèse que la pratique de l’expérimentation tend à devenir un instrument privilégié de la conduite des politiques locales, en réponse à d’importantes transformations qui affectent les politiques énergétiques. En nous appuyant sur une analyse néo-institutionnaliste, nous montrons que l’introduction des REI est marquée par des permanences dans le processus d’élaboration des politiques publiques et dans les cadres cognitifs mobilisés, mais aussi par un « changement graduel transformateur » dans les instruments déployés. À travers l’étude des quatre premiers démonstrateurs de smart community mis en place entre 2010 et 2015 par le Ministère de l’Économie, du Commerce et de l’Industrie (METI) à Yokohama, Toyota, Kyōto Keihanna et Kitakyūshū, nous procédons à une analyse de l’influence de la pratique expérimentale sur la production de politiques énergétiques locales et sur les modes d’interaction entre l’État et les acteurs locaux. Il apparaît alors que la pratique expérimentale est appropriée par les acteurs locaux volontaristes comme un moyen de valoriser leurs « bonnes pratiques » et d’ériger leur territoire en vitrine de l’exemplarité. Cette démarche s’inscrit dans une perspective stratégique visant à capter les financements privés et publics, mais elle résulte aussi d’un repositionnement de l’appareil étatique visant à renforcer son contrôle au sein de politiques énergétiques territorialisées par la promotion d’expérimentations en phase avec ses stratégies. Nous mobilisons en particulier les notions de « méta-gouvernance » et de « gouvernement à distance » pour qualifier les dispositifs déployés par l’État pour conférer des marges de manœuvre aux acteurs locaux et accorder des concessions ponctuelles qui s’inscrivent dans ses perspectives stratégiques, tout en effectuant un contrôle sur ce processus afin de maintenir la structure du réseau. / As smart grids’ experiments and smart cities are spreading through the world, this doctoral thesis questions the reconfigurations that have been affecting public action about energy issues since the appearance of these technological innovations. Through an analysis of energy policy tools and case studies of the governance of four ‘smart communities’ demonstration projects in Japan, my goal is to understand how the State redefines its role and its process of interaction with local governments and private actors. My main contribution is to analyze the practice of experimentation as an emerging tool of local policies, in response to major transformation that affect energy policies. Based on a neo-institutionalist approach, I highlight that the introduction of smart grids is based on continuities in terms of policymaking process and cognitive frames, while the policy tools used to implement smart grids are characterized by a ‘gradual institutional change’. Through an analysis of the first ‘smart communities’ demonstration projects that have been implemented by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) between 2010 and 2015 in Yokohama, Toyota, Kyōto Keihanna et Kitakyūshū, I study the influence of experimentations in the implementation of local energy policies and in the interactions between the State and local actors. My case studies show that proactive local actors took over experiment as a way of enhancing the exemplariness of their territory and “best practices”. From a strategic point of view, this approach aims at attracting public and private funding, but in an institutional perspective, it also reveals how the State positions itself in order to increase its control over territorialized energy policies by promoting experimentation projects according to its strategies. I use the notion of ‘meta-governor’ and ‘governing by distance’ as a way of describing the measures implemented by the METI and other ministries to give room for manoeuvre to local actors and to grant concessions that fits with their strategies, while controlling over this process in order to maintain the general structure of the grid.

Smart Grid research is growing around the world due to the need to replace the ageing old electricity grid with an intelligent, reliable electricity network. The smart grid aims at creating a reliable power distribution and efficient power usage in homes. One of the key issues focused in this project is providing real time energy feedback to users, which is minimal or non-existent in the current grid system. This thesis investigates about using smart TVs to provide real time energy feedback in homes. Since its introduction in 2009 smart TVs are growing in popularity in European market. To provide real time energy feedback on smart TVs three features are identified Smart TV application, ambilighting and push notification. The Human-centered design process is used for designing the Smart TV interface system using the identified features. A literature study is conducted to gather the user requirements for the smart TV interface. The information gathered during the study is used for the design and implementation of the interface prototype. As an example platform the Philips smart TV 2013 is chosen to demonstrate the various features that can be used to provide energy feedback. The usability of the Smart TV interface is evaluated with users and the results are recorded. The smart TV application, ambient lighting and push notification system in Smart TVs is demonstrated for providing real-time energy feedback. The interface is evaluated with users and results are discussed. The result suggests that Smart TVs can serve as an informational display in homes. The Smart TV interface should be interlinked with Smart Phone and Tablet applications to be effective, further the users prefer the Smart Phone over the Smart TV application to control the household devices. / The thesis work evaluates the potential of using smart TVs to provide real time energy feedback in homes. The results of the thesis showed that smart phone are the primary interaction medium suitable for home environment while smart TVs can serve as an informative medium to provide ambient feedback in homes. / praveenjelish@ymail.com +46727700788

In normal operation, the reconfiguration of distribution network can reduce losses, balance loads and improve quality indicators. The increasing use of remote controlled equipment in power systems leads the development of more efficient techniques for automatic reconfiguration of network, being particularly important in Smart Grid applications. This thesis presents a methodology and system for automatic reconfiguration of distribution network in real time. The optimization of the network performance is based on a heuristic method and multicriterial analysis. The work relies on the AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) method to define weights for the optimization criteria and to determine the best switching sequence for the network. In addition, the analysis of the technical feasibility of connecting feeders in parallel during the reconfiguration is also considered, focusing on determining transient constraints. The method assumes that only the remote controlled switches are analyzed. The developed algorithms are integrated into a supervisory system, which allows real time measurements and commands to the equipment. The proposed methodology was validated with data from a real network of a power utility. / Em regime normal de operação, a reconfiguração de redes de distribuição permite reduzir perdas, balancear cargas e melhorar indicadores de qualidade. Com o aumento do uso de equipamentos telecomandados nos Sistemas de Potência, torna-se viável o desenvolvimento de sistemas que permitam que a reconfiguração da rede seja feita de forma automática. Essa abordagem vem ao encontro de técnicas atualmente aplicadas nas Redes Elétricas Inteligentes, ou Smart Grids. Este trabalho apresenta um sistema de reconfiguração automática de redes de distribuição, em tempo real, baseado em um método heurístico para determinação da melhor configuração. O método parte da premissa de que apenas as chaves telecomandadas são consideradas na análise. O método de análise multicriterial AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) é empregado para definir pesos para os critérios de otimização e determinar a melhor sequência de chaveamentos na rede. A análise da viabilidade técnica de ligação de alimentadores em paralelo durante a reconfiguração é abordada, com enfoque nas respostas em regime transitório e permanente do sistema. Os algoritmos desenvolvidos são integrados a um Sistema Supervisório, que permite monitorar dados em tempo real e aplicar os comandos de abertura e fechamento de chaves automaticamente. A metodologia proposta foi validada com dados de uma rede real de uma concessionária de energia elétrica.

Energy systems across the globe are going through a radical transformation as a result of technological and institutional changes, depletion of fossil fuel resources, and climate change. Accordingly, local energy initiatives are emerging and increasing number of the business models are focusing on the end-users. This requires the present centralized energy systems to be re-organized. In this context, Integrated community energy systems (ICESs) are emerging as a modern development to re-organize local energy systems allowing simultaneous integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) and engagement of local communities. With the emergence of ICESs new roles and responsibilities as well as interactions and dynamics are expected in the energy system. Although local energy initiatives such as ICESs are rapidly emerging due to community objectives, such as cost and emission reductions as well as resiliency, assessment and evaluation of the value that these systems can provide to both local communities and the whole energy system are still lacking. The value of ICESs is also impacted by the institutional settings internal and external to the system. With this background, this thesis aims to understand the ways in which ICESs can contribute to enhancing the energy transition. This thesis utilizes a conceptual framework consisting of institutional and societal levels in order to understand the interaction and dynamics of ICESs implementation.  Current energy trends and the associated technological, socio-economic, environmental and institutional issues are reviewed. The developed ICES model performs optimal planning and operation of ICESs and assesses their performance based on economic and environmental metrics. For the considered community size and local conditions, grid-connected ICESs are already beneficial to the alternative of solely being supplied from the grid, both in terms of total energy costs and CO2 emissions, whereas grid-defected systems, although performing very well in terms of CO2 emissions reduction, are still rather expensive. ICESs ensure self-provision of energy and can provide essential system services to the larger energy system. This thesis has demonstrated the added value of ICESs to the individual households, local communities and the society. A comprehensive institutional design considering techno-economic and institutional perspectives is necessary to ensure effective contribution of ICESs in the energy transition. / Energisystem över hela världen går igenom en radikal omvandling till följd av tekniska och institutionella förändringar, utarmning av fossila bränsleresurser och klimatförändringar. Följaktligen växer lokala energiinitiativ fram och ett ökande antal affärsmodeller fokuserar på slutanvändarna. Detta förutsätter att de nuvarande centraliserade energisystemen omorganiseras. I det här sammanhanget utvecklas integrerade samhällsenergisystem (ICES) som en modern utveckling för att omorganisera lokala energisystem som möjliggör samtidig integration av distribuerade energiresurser och engagemang från lokala samhällen. Med framväxten av ICES nya roller och ansvarsområden samt interaktioner och dynamik förväntas i energisystemet. Även om lokala energiinitiativ som ICES snabbt framträder på grund av samhällsmål, såsom kostnad och utsläppsminskningar samt resiliens, bedömning och utvärdering av det värde som dessa system kan ge till både lokala samhällen och hela energisystemet saknas fortfarande. Värdet av ICES-värden påverkas också av de institutionella inställningarna internt och externt för systemet. Med denna bakgrund syftar denna avhandling till att förstå hur ICES kan bidra till att förbättra energiövergången. Denna avhandling använder en konceptuell ram som består av institutionella och samhälleliga nivåer för att förstå samspelet och dynamiken i ICES-genomförandet. Nuvarande energitrender och de därtill hörande tekniska, socioekonomiska, miljömässiga och institutionella frågorna ses över. Den utvecklade ICES-modellen utför optimal planering och drift av ICES och bedömer deras prestanda baserat på ekonomiska och miljömässiga mätvärden. För den ansedda samhällsstorleken och lokala förhållandena är nätanslutna ICES redan fördelaktiga jämfört med alternativet att endast försörjas från nätet, både när det gäller totala energikostnader och koldioxidutsläpp, medan nät-defekterade system, även om de fungerar väldigt bra i termer av minskningen av koldioxidutsläppen fortfarande är ganska dyra. ICES garanterar självförsörjning av energi och kan tillhandahålla viktiga systemtjänster till det större energisystemet. Denna avhandling har visat mervärdet av ICES till de enskilda hushållen, lokalsamhällena och samhället. En omfattande institutionell utformning med hänsyn till de tekno-ekonomiska och institutionella perspektiven är nödvändigt för att säkerställa ett effektivt bidrag från ICES i energiövergången. / Los sistemas energéticos en todo el mundo atraviesan una transformación radical como resultado de cambios tecnológicos e institucionales, el agotamiento de combustibles fósiles y el cambio climático. Por consiguiente, las iniciativas locales de energía están surgiendo y los modelos de negocio se centran cada vez más en los usuarios finales. Esto requiere la reorganización de los actuales sistemas energéticos centralizados. En este contexto, los sistemas integrados de energía comunitaria (ICES, por sus siglas en inglés) están emergiendo como un desarrollo moderno para reorganizar los sistemas energéticos locales, permitiendo la integración simultánea de los recursos energéticos distribuidos y la participación de las comunidades locales. Con la aparición de ICESs se esperan nuevos roles y responsabilidades, así como interacciones y dinámicas, en el sistema energético. Aunque las iniciativas locales en materia de energía, como las ICESs, están surgiendo rápidamente debido a los objetivos de la comunidad, tales como la reducción de costos y emisiones, así como la resiliencia, y la evaluación, siguen careciendo del valor que estos sistemas pueden brindar tanto a las comunidades locales como a todo el sistema energético. El valor de los ICESs también se ve afectado por los entornos institucionales tanto internos como externos al sistema. Con este trasfondo, esta tesis pretende comprender las formas en que los ICESs pueden contribuir a mejorar la transición energética. Esta tesis utiliza un marco conceptual que consiste en niveles institucionales y sociales para comprender la interacción y dinámica de la implementación de los ICESs.  Además, esta tesis revisa las tendencias actuales de energía y los problemas tecnológicos, socioeconómicos, ambientales e institucionales asociados. La tesis desarrolla un modelo que optimiza la planificación y el funcionamiento óptimos de ICESs y evalúa su funcionamiento basado en métricas económicas y ambientales. Para el tamaño de la comunidad y las condiciones locales consideradas, los ICESs conectados a la red ya son beneficiosos tanto en términos de costos totales de energía como de emisiones de CO2 comparado con la alternativa de ser suministrados únicamente desde la red, mientras que los sistemas aislados y desconectados de la red, aunque desempeñándose muy bien en términos de reducción emisiones de CO2, siguen siendo bastante más costosos. Los ICESs garantizan el autoabastecimiento de energía y pueden proporcionar servicios esenciales al resto del sistema energético. Esta tesis demuestra el valor añadido de los ICESs a los hogares individuales, las comunidades locales y la sociedad. Un diseño integral que considere las perspectivas tecno-económicas e institucionales es necesario para asegurar la contribución efectiva de los ICESs en la transición energética. / Energiesystemen over de hele wereld gaan door een radicale transformatie als gevolg van technologische en institutionele veranderingen, uitputting van fossiele brandstoffen en klimaatverandering. Bijgevolg komen lokale energie-initiatieven op en richten steeds meer verdienmodellen zich op de eindgebruikers. Dit vereist dat de huidige gecentraliseerde energiesystemen opnieuw worden georganiseerd. In deze context komen geïntegreerde energiegemeenschapssystemen (ICESs) op als een moderne ontwikkeling om lokale energiesystemen te reorganiseren, welke gelijktijdige integratie van lokale energiebronnen en betrokkenheid van lokale gemeenschappen mogelijk maakt. Het wordt verwacht dat de opkomst van ICESs zowel nieuwe rollen en verantwoordelijkheden met zich meebrengt. Hoewel lokale energie-initiatieven zoals ICESs snel opkomen door de  doelstellingen van de gemeenschap, zoals kosten- en emissiereducties en veerkracht, schort het nog steeds aan beoordeling en evaluatie van de waarde die deze systemen kunnen hebben voor zowel de lokale gemeenschappen als het hele energiesysteem. De waarde van ICESs wordt ook beïnvloed door de institutionele kenmerken binnen en buiten het systeem. Met deze achtergrond beoogt dit proefschrift te begrijpen op welke manieren de ICESs kunnen bijdragen aan de verbetering van de energietransitie. Dit proefschrift maakt gebruik van een conceptueel raamwerk bestaande uit institutionele en maatschappelijke niveaus om de interactie en dynamiek van de implementatie van de ICES te begrijpen. De huidige energietrends en de bijbehorende technologische, sociaal-economische, milieu- en institutionele problemen worden beoordeeld. Het ontwikkelde ICES-model voert optimale planning en gebruik van ICESs uit en beoordeelt hun prestaties op basis van economische en milieu-indicatoren. Voor de beschouwde gemeenschapsgrootte en lokale omstandigheden zijn  op het net aangesloten ICESs al voordelig ten opzichte van het alternatief waarbij uitsluitend vanuit het net wordt geleverd, zowel wat betreft de totale energiekosten als de CO2-uitstoot, terwijl de grid-defected systemen, hoewel heel goed presterend in termen van CO2-emissiereductie, nog steeds vrij duur zijn. ICESs zorgen voor zelfvoorziening van energie en kunnen essentiële systeemdiensten leveren aan het grotere energiesysteem. Dit proefschrift heeft de toegevoegde waarde van ICESs voor de individuele huishoudens, lokale gemeenschappen en de samenleving aangetoond. Een uitgebreid institutioneel ontwerp met inachtneming van techno-economische en institutionele perspectieven is nodig om de effectieve bijdrage van de ICESs in de energietransitie te waarborgen. / <p>QC 20170911</p> / Sustainable Energy Technologies and Strategies

This thesis deals with issues around the implementation of an AMM (Automated Meter Management) system within the Czech electricity distribution system. The theoretical section of the thesis provides a historical context and looks at the development of the electricity sector. The thesis then goes on to discuss issues regarding the competitiveness of distribution companies in terms of IT/ICT use. This section defines the elements of the Smart Grid concept, in particular the AMM system. The chapters dealing with the conditions for implementing the system in the Czech Republic and pilot projects abroad make up the major sources for the practical section. The goal of the practical section is to come up with a project aim for the AMM system implementation trial project in Prague. The proposed project aim is divided into a number of separate tasks whose results are obtained using a detailed analysis of available sources and the conclusions of the theoretical part of the thesis. The thesis's main benefit is in forming a basis for the AMM implementation trial project in PREdistribuce, Inc. distribution networks and providing a comprehensive overview of the development and current state of the electricity sector.

Atualmente, nos países em desenvolvimento, observa-se certo grau de obsolescência dos sistemas elétricos. Os sistemas não são plenamente confiáveis e possuem índice de desligamentos não desejáveis. Neste contexto, a implantação de Redes Elétricas Inteligentes - REIs constitui-se como ferramenta poderosa para transformar o atual cenário e tem como principal desafio garantir o atendimento à crescente demanda por energia elétrica. Em países como Itália, Estados Unidos, China, Colômbia e Índia estão sendo realizados investimentos significativos em REIs, considerando-se aportes do governo e de empresas detentoras de serviços públicos. No entanto, os orçamentos não incluem recursos futuros para realizar manutenção da infraestrutura a ser implantada, incluindo redes de transmissão e distribuição elétrica. Dentre os benefícios esperados com a utilização da tecnologia das REIs podem ser citados a redução da emissão de gases que causam efeito estufa, valores de contas de energia mais atrativas para o consumidor, melhoria da qualidade do fornecimento de energia elétrica e maior durabilidade dos sistemas elétricos, postergando novos investimentos financeiros. Em alguns países estão sendo implantadas medidas de conservação de energia e empreendimentos que utilizam fontes renováveis, principalmente solar, eólica e biomassa, já são uma realidade. A implantação da nova tecnologia no sistema elétrico brasileiro é pertinente e pode elevar o sistema a um novo patamar tecnológico. Portanto, é necessária a definição de políticas públicas para estabelecer um programa coordenado e permitir a implantação de projetos em grande escala. A pesquisa revela os aspectos a serem considerados para a implantação dos projetos de REIs, entretanto, cada projeto deve ter uma característica própria, considerando particularidades dos sistemas. Com ações coordenadas e correto investimento, o Brasil poderá usufruir dos benefícios das Redes Elétricas Inteligentes - REIs. / Currently in developing countries we can observe some degree of obsolescence of electrical systems. The systems are not fully reliable and present a rate of unwanted shutdowns. In this context, the deployment of Smart Grids constitutes itself as a powerful tool for transforming the current scenario. Its main challenge is to ensure service the growing demand for electricity. Countries like Italy, USA, China, India and Colombia are being made significant investments in Smart Grids, considering contributions from the government and the public service companies. However, the budget does not include funds for the future maintenance of the infrastructure, including transmission and distribution grids. Benefits expected of the use of the technology from the Smart Grids are reduction of the emission of greenhouse gases, energy bills more attractive for the consumers, improvement in the quality of electricity supply and durability of electrical systems, postponing new investments. In some countries are being implemented energy conservation projects and developments from renewable sources mainly solar, wind and biomass are a reality. The implementation of new technology in the Brazilian electrical system is relevant and can elevate the system to a new technological level. Therefore it is necessary to define policies to establish a coordinated program and to allow the deployment of large-scale projects. This research indicates aspects to be considered for implementation of projects of Smart Grids. However, each project must consider some peculiarities of the systems. With coordinated actions and correct investments, Brazil can enjoy the benefits of Smart Grids.

[pt] O PLC, Power Line Communication, é uma tecnologia inovadora que está sendo utilizada para a transmissão de dados e voz via rede elétrica. Esta tecnologia se encontra na fase de testes na maioria dos países e o seu amadurecimento no mercado está previsto a partir do ano de 2016, segundo especialistas e pesquisas na área. Como é um produto novo, em fase de lançamento, não é possível mensurar a dimensão que terá no mercado, ou seja, a sua participação no mercado da internet banda larga. A proposta da tecnologia é tornar-se mais uma opção de banda larga para o consumidor, concorrendo com os atuais serviços via cabo e rede sem fio. As empresas de energia elétrica levam vantagem por já terem a infraestrutura pronta para implementar o PLC, no entanto serão necessárias algumas adaptações na rede elétrica. A difusão do PLC no mercado depende não só do avanço da tecnologia como de uma reestruturação do setor elétrico brasileiro. Outra barreira encontrada pela tecnologia são os diversos padrões existentes pois não existe uma regulamentação universal, o que dificulta a importação de equipamentos, por exemplo. Hoje no Brasil, as empresas de energia e de telecomunicações estudam meios para se implementar a tecnologia PLC de forma a se construir um modelo de negócios que seja viável e rentável para elas. / [en] The PLC, Power Line Communication, is an innovative technology that is being used to transmit voice and data over power line. This technology is in testing phase in most countries and its maturity in the market is predicted from the year 2016 according to experts and researchers in the area. As a new product being launched, it is not possible to measure the extent it will have on the market, i.e. the future market share of broadband internet. The proposed technology is becoming an alternative choice of broadband to consumers in competition with existing services via cable and wireless network. The energy companies have the advantage of having already the infrastructure ready to implement the PLC, but some adjustments will be required in the grid. The spread of the PLC market depends not only on the advancement of technology but also in the restructuring of the Brazilian electric sector. Another technology barrier are the various existing standards because there are no universal regulations, which can make the importation of equipment a difficult task, for example. Today in Brazil, energy and telecommunications companies are studying ways to implement the PLC technology in order to build a business model that is viable and profitable for them.