Finep; CAPES; CNPq; FA; ANEEL; ENGIE; / Esta tese apresenta aplicações de redes de Bragg em fibra óptica (FBG) para medição de parâmetros em máquinas elétricas. Os resultados apresentados permitem explorar novas técnicas de instrumentação que mostram o potencial de utilização de FBGs em ambientes industriais, como a medição de temperatura em uma usina hidrelétrica, e de investigação em laboratório, como no estudo da deformação dinâmica do estator de motores de indução. As técnicas de instrumentação apresentadas podem ser utilizadas isoladamente ou integradas, de forma a obter uma instrumentação multiparamétrica em usinas hidrelétricas ou em ambientes industriais que utilizam motores de indução em seu processo produtivo. A tese é organizada em forma de coletânea de artigos científicos, os quais apresentam a medição de temperatura e determinação de um modelo térmico de uma ponte retificadora utilizada para ajustar a corrente de campo do rotor de um gerador, um sensor de campo magnético, medição da deformação dinâmica do estator de motores de indução e caracterização de um acelerômetro óptico biaxial. Os resultados para medição de temperatura nos tiristores utilizados na ponte retificadora mostram a dependência entre temperatura e corrente de excitação, onde oscilações de corrente levam a oscilações de temperatura. O ajuste a partir do modelo térmico desenvolvido para o sistema apresenta um erro de 1,5oC em comparação com as medidas pelas FBGs. O sensor de campo é baseado na magnetostricção, sendo utilizadas duas FBGs. Uma delas para medição de deformação e outra para compensação de temperatura. No sensor de campo é apresentada a variação da resposta em função da temperatura, onde a magnetoestricção apresenta comportamento não-linear e sua saturação também varia em função temperatura. A medida de deformação do estator empregando as FBGs apresenta uma boa relação sinal ruído, com 80 dB para a harmônica fundamental, e as frequências observadas na vibração são as esperadas teoricamente. Além disso, com a utilização de duas FBGs pode-se observar a natureza girante da força magnética do entreferro. A medição de deformação do estator trata-se de uma técnica de análise inovadora, sendo a principal contribuição desta tese. Os resultados obtidos com a medida de deformação do estator são utilizados para validar as medidas de vibração de um acelerômetro óptico biaxial utilizado em um motor de indução. O acelerômetro óptico biaxial é insensível à variação de temperatura, podendo ser aplicado para medição de vibração em máquinas elétricas. / This paper presents the application of fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) for parameters measurement in electrical machines. The results allow to explore new instrumentation techniques and show the potential for industrial applications, presenting the measurement in an hydroelectric power plant, and laboratory research, such as the dynamic stator strain measurement. Each instrumentation technics presented in this paper has a potential to use isolated or integrated in order to obtain a multiparameter instrumentation in hydroelectric power plants or industrial environments that using induction motors in its production process. This paper is organized in a collection of articles, and the FBG applications are the temperature measurement and simulation of a rectifier bridge used to adjust the rotor field current of a power generator, a magnetic field sensor, , a biaxial optical accelerometer and the measurement of the stator dynamic strain of an induction motor. The results for the thyristor temperature measurement show the dependence of temperature and excitation current, where current oscillations lead to temperature fluctuations. The simulation of the thermal model presents a 1.5oC error compared to measures by the FBGs. The field sensor is based on magnetostriction, property where the magnetic material undergo deformation in the presence of a magnetic field. For this sensor are used two FBGs for temperature measurement and deformation in Terfenol-D, material with magnetostrictive properties. In the magnetic field sensor the response is a function of temperature, where the magnetostriction and saturation presents non-linear behavior varies as a function of temperature. Stator strain measurement using the FBGs has a good relationship signal noise, 80 dB for the fundamental harmonic and the observed frequencies in the vibration are theoretically expected. Moreover, with the use of two sensors can be determine the rotating nature of the air gap magnetic force. Finally, the biaxial optical accelerometer does not have is insensitive to temperature variations and can be applied for measuring vibration in electrical machines.

Neste trabalho é apresentada uma abordagem de controle de demanda para consumidores residenciais de baixa tensão, visando melhoria da eficiência energética em Smart Grids. Inicialmente, um emulador de cargas elétricas residenciais é modelado com base na literatura. O emulador é composto pelo modelo de um reservatório de aquecimento de água (boiler), o modelo de um aparelho de ar condicionado e também modelos de consumo de iluminação, televisores e uma geladeira. Utilizando o software Matlab foi realizada a implementação e simulação do emulador. Os principais algoritmos de controle de demanda são investigados, a fim de verificar o seu desempenho quando aplicados ao conjunto de cargas residenciais. Esses algoritmos normalmente realizam o controle de demanda a partir de um sistema de prioridades. Ainda, a partir dessa analise demostra-se que estes algoritmos consideram níveis de conforto do usuário, porém não permitem o acionamento de duas ou mais cargas em um mesmo período caso a demanda da residência ultrapasse um limite predeterminado. Portanto, propõem-se um algoritmo de controle de demanda adaptativo que utiliza o método de busca Rosenbrock, com o objetivo de sobrepujar tais limitações. O procedimento proposto realiza a operação das cargas residenciais de forma gradual considerando níveis de prioridade e parâmetros de conforto dos usuários. Demonstra-se através de simulações e experimentos que através do método proposto é possível realizar a ativação de diversas cargas concorrentemente, desde que respeitados os níveis de conforto e de demanda. Para obtenção dos resultados experimentais o controlador de demanda foi implementado em um sistema embarcado e testado com o emulador de cargas elétricas residenciais implementado em uma arquitetura HIL (Hardware-in-the-loop). Analisando os resultados, observou-se que o consumo de energia foi o mesmo para todos os cenários simulados sendo que a demanda se manteve abaixo dos limites parametrizados. Porém com o limitador de demanda ativo, se obteve uma redução de até 52% no tempo de aquecimento da água utilizando o controlador de demanda adaptativo, dessa forma o desconforto dos usuários pode ser minimizado. / This work presents an approach to control demand for residential low voltage consumers, aiming to improve energy efficiency in Smart Grids. Initially, an emulator of residential electric loads is modeled based on the literature. The emulator consists of a reservoir for water heating model, the model of an air conditioner and also models of consumption for lighting, televisions and a refrigerator. The implementation and simulation were performed using software Matlab. The demand control algorithms are investigated in order to verify its performance when applied to the set of residential loads. These algorithms typically perform control demand from a system of priorities. Still, from this analysis it demonstrates that these algorithms consider levels of user comfort, but do not allow the drive of two or more loads in the same period of residence if the demand exceeds the limit. Therefore, we propose a control algorithm that uses Rosenbrock search of demand adaptive method, aiming to overcome these limitations. The proposed procedure performs the operation of residential loads gradually considering priority levels and parameters of comfort of users. It is shown through simulations and experiments using the proposed method can perform the activation of several concurrently loads, provided they comply with the limits of comfort and demand. To obtain the experimental results demand the controller was implemented in an embedded system and tested with the emulator residential electrical loads implemented in a HIL (Hardware-in-theloop) architecture. Analyzing the results, it was observed that the power consumption is the same for all scenarios simulated and demand remained below parametric limits. But with the demand limiter active, we obtained a reduction of up to 52% in heat water using the demand controller adaptive, so the discomfort of the users can be minimized.

中東地處歐亞非交界，是地緣戰略不可忽略的地方，亦是全球的能源生產重地，世界強權皆欲在此佔有一席之地，其中伊拉克含括兩河流域，為中東地區中心位置，石油儲量全球第二，戰略地點更顯重要，但宗教派系紛爭及強權覬覦的影響，伊拉克經常呈現紛亂狀態。 911事件後，美國將伊拉克列為邪惡軸心國家之一，認定其與恐怖組織掛勾，危害國際社會，決定再次出兵撻伐，並計劃以「美式民主」將伊拉克改造成中東的民主表率，期能在該地區推動民主風潮，但事實與結果卻是美國深陷伊拉克戰爭泥沼，為此付出極大代價，並被國際社會批判。 美國對伊拉克發動戰爭共經歷小布希總統及歐巴馬總統共3個任期，兩人政黨背景不同，執政理念存在差異，執政期間亦經歷各種國內外不同事件之影響，繼而產生不同的伊拉克政策；分析比較兩位總統在對伊拉克戰爭期間的做法，有助探討美國在不同政黨及總統外交政策的延續情況。 經過探討小布希總統與歐巴馬總統採取的伊拉克政策、對極端分子的態度及國內外重大事件等對美國伊拉克政策的影響，顯示美國不會因政黨及總統改變而轉變其外交政策，其政策是延續性的，政策的最高原則仍是將國家利益與安全放在第一位。 / The Middle East which is located at the junction of the three continents of Europe, Asia and Africa, is important for both geography and energy. That is the reason why all powerful countries wanted to occupy it. Iraq which includes Mesopotamia is in the central location of Middle East and takes the second leading in the world’s oil output. However, Iraq is usually in a unstable situation because of religious tribal disputes and keen competition of many powerful countries. After the 911attacks, the United States identified Iraq as the key of the evil countries and also a terrorist organization. The U.S. sent troops to attack Iraq and planned to transform Iraq into a democratic example of the Middle East with "American democracy". However, the U.S. paid a great price, and faced lots of criticism from the international community. The United States launched a war against Iraq across the term of office from President George W. Bush to President Barack Obama. Because the two presidents of different political parties and leading styles were influenced with various internal and external events, they also held different policies to Iraq. To analyze and compare the measures took by these two presidents in the Iraq war will help us to explore the situation of the U. S. foreign policies during the two political parties. After analyzing the foreign policies of President George W. Bush and President Obama towards Iraq and terrorist, we can know that the U.S. did not change its foreign policy through the two presidents of different political parties. The policy practiced by U.S. is continuous and consistent. The U.S. always put the nation’s interests and safety in the first place.

The diploma thesis presents comparison of security and strategic culture's approaches of the European Union and the United States of America towards the threat of Islamic state. Comparison is based on two separated analyses of complex strategy and particular steps of both subjects from different methodological points of view. Each analysis consists of security and strategic culture in the light of historical milestones, factors of engagement in fight against Islamic state, complex counter-terrorism strategy and particular steps taken against the Islamic state. Based on comparative analysis both approaches will be compared and the thesis aims to answer the questions, how did both the USA and the EU challenged the threat of Islamic state, how these approaches differ and also what exactly stands behind these concrete steps.

This thesis examines India’s exercise of its powers that it utilizes in its foreign policy on the international arena. The aim of the study is to determine what international power India can be classified as, and whether it achieves the goals of either being a great- or superpower. This is done by analysing not only the conventional concept of power, that being the hard power concept, but also the relatively newly conceived concept of soft power, originally conceived by the American political scientist Joseph Nye in the 1990s. Therefore, the research methodology is comprised of a theory consuming case study. The following question is being asked: What kind of international power is India? The conclusions being presented illustrate a foreign policy limited in its scope of influence, plagued mostly by institutional impediments due to limited budgets and thus limited resources in both concepts of power. Consequently, India cannot be classified either as a superpower nor a greatpower, but more as a regional one.

In the recent years, the PRC has demonstrated strong economic growth and intensified its diplomatic connections with the globalized world. The Deng reforms of the 1970s were the starting point for this ‘open-up’ approach. The particular relevance for the LAC region became an utmost important part in the development of the PRC in the 21st century. Therefore, natural resources are the driving force of their economic growth and a high supply of agricultural products is essential to feed their growing population. These two economic aspects are in the center of the foreign political and economic interests of the PRC. However, the intentions of nation states are always unclear, which gives room for various theoretical interpretations. The possible threat of the rising PRC is consequently contrasted by the perspective of a ‘peaceful rise of the PRC’. It is inevitable that the LAC region looms large over this debate.  This research will analyze and contribute towards a better understanding of the rise of the PRC. To be able to provide a precise contribution, this research focuses on the case of the China-Chile economic and foreign political relations after the coming into force of the FTA in 2006. Based on a conceptual analysis of the foreign and economic relations of the PRC with Chile, this research will also apply defensive neorealism and neoliberal institutionalism to provide a better understanding of the strategies and motivations of the PRC towards Chile. Even though Chile is an independent country of the LAC region, this research will also partly integrate the research finding into the bigger picture of the relations between the PRC and the LAC region in general.

In the context of Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, this paper provides a comparative analysis of China's neocolonialism and smart power strategies through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The study analyzes the economic, political, and social consequences of China's growing presence in these nations and offers a deeper comprehension of their position in the region by drawing on a wide range of theoretical frameworks and empirical evidence. The research starts out by examining the idea of neocolonialism and how it relates to China's involvement in the area. It explores into a critical analysis of China's debt-trap diplomacy, which raised concerns regarding the BRI projects' long-term economic viability and political influence. The paper also looks into how China uses smart power as a strategic tool to expand its influence in the region, emphasizing on smart power programs, economic development, and cultural diplomacy.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Reliability of the wide-area power system is becoming a greater concern as the power grid is growing. Delivering electric power from the most economical source through fewest and shortest transmission lines to customers frequently increases the stress on the system and prevents it from maintaining its stability. Events like loss of transmission equipment and phase to ground faults can force the system to cross its stability limits by causing the generators to lose their synchronism. Therefore, a helpful solution is detection of these dynamic events and prediction of instability. Decision Trees (DTs) were used as a pattern recognition tool in this thesis. Based on training data, DT generated rules for detecting event, predicting loss of synchronism, and selecting stabilizing control. To evaluate the accuracy of these rules, they were applied to testing data sets. To train DTs of this thesis, direct system measurements like generator rotor angles and bus voltage angles as well as calculated indices such as the rate of change of bus angles, the Integral Square Bus Angle (ISBA) and the gradient of ISBA were used. The initial method of this thesis included a response based DT only for instability prediction. In this method, time and location of the events were unknown and the one shot control was applied when the instability was predicted. The control applied was in the form of fast power changes on four different buses. Further, an event detection DT was combined with the instability prediction such that the data samples of each case was checked with event detection DT rules. In cases that an event was detected, control was applied upon prediction of instability. Later in the research, it was investigated that different control cases could behave differently in terms of the number of cases they stabilize. Therefore, a third DT was trained to select between two different control cases to improve the effectiveness of the methodology. It was learned through internship at Midwest Independent Transmission Operators (MISO) that post-event steady-state analysis is necessary for better understanding the effect of the faults on the power system. Hence, this study was included in this research.

Redes inteligentes de distribuição de energia fornecem serviços com o potencial de aumentar a eficiência energética e a qualidade de vida da sociedade, mas possuem requisitos severos de tempo de resposta, confiabilidade, escalabilidade e QoS. As chaves ópticas são dispositivos comutadores de caminhos em fibras ópticas popularmente utilizados para trocas físicas de rotas. Neste trabalho sugere-se utilizar estes dispositivos para ativamente reorganizar uma rede com o objetivo de diminuir a latência de comunicação, visando atender aos requisitos de comunicações dos serviços de redes inteligentes. Foram estudadas as características de protocolos de roteamento conhecidos e aplicou-se o algoritmo de Dijkstra na criação de quatro heurísticas de otimização dos caminhos máximos em redes com chaves ópticas. Simulações realizadas mostram que as heurísticas propostas reduzem o número de saltos nos caminhos máximos, levando à redução de latência. É sugerida a continuação deste estudo aperfeiçoando as heurísticas propostas com outros mecanismos de otimização e diferentes métricas, como redução de congestionamento de tráfego e de consumo de energia na rede. / Smart grid networks provide services with the potential to increase energy efficiency and the quality of life of society, but have strict requirements regarding response time, reliability, scalability and QoS. The optical switches are fiber optic switching devices commonly used for physical route changing. In this study, it is suggested to use these devices to actively rearrange a network in order to reduce the communication latency, to meet the communications requirements of smart grid services. The characteristics of known routing protocols have been studied and the Dijkstra algorithm has been applied at the creation of four heuristics that aim to optimize the maximum paths in networks with optical switches. The simulations show that the heuristics reduce the maximum number of hops in the paths, leading to reductions in latency. It is suggested the continuation of this study improving the heuristics with other optimization engines and different metrics, such as reducing traffic congestion and energy.

Redes inteligentes de distribuição de energia fornecem serviços com o potencial de aumentar a eficiência energética e a qualidade de vida da sociedade, mas possuem requisitos severos de tempo de resposta, confiabilidade, escalabilidade e QoS. As chaves ópticas são dispositivos comutadores de caminhos em fibras ópticas popularmente utilizados para trocas físicas de rotas. Neste trabalho sugere-se utilizar estes dispositivos para ativamente reorganizar uma rede com o objetivo de diminuir a latência de comunicação, visando atender aos requisitos de comunicações dos serviços de redes inteligentes. Foram estudadas as características de protocolos de roteamento conhecidos e aplicou-se o algoritmo de Dijkstra na criação de quatro heurísticas de otimização dos caminhos máximos em redes com chaves ópticas. Simulações realizadas mostram que as heurísticas propostas reduzem o número de saltos nos caminhos máximos, levando à redução de latência. É sugerida a continuação deste estudo aperfeiçoando as heurísticas propostas com outros mecanismos de otimização e diferentes métricas, como redução de congestionamento de tráfego e de consumo de energia na rede. / Smart grid networks provide services with the potential to increase energy efficiency and the quality of life of society, but have strict requirements regarding response time, reliability, scalability and QoS. The optical switches are fiber optic switching devices commonly used for physical route changing. In this study, it is suggested to use these devices to actively rearrange a network in order to reduce the communication latency, to meet the communications requirements of smart grid services. The characteristics of known routing protocols have been studied and the Dijkstra algorithm has been applied at the creation of four heuristics that aim to optimize the maximum paths in networks with optical switches. The simulations show that the heuristics reduce the maximum number of hops in the paths, leading to reductions in latency. It is suggested the continuation of this study improving the heuristics with other optimization engines and different metrics, such as reducing traffic congestion and energy.