The ability to exercise for more than a short period requires energy to be supplied by using oxygen (aerobic energy supply). How quickly we can supply energy depends on how much oxygen we can deliver to muscles. Similarly, delivery of oxygen (O2 del) to the brain is important as brief, transient disruptions can cause nausea or fainting. Therefore, regulation of O2 del so that the O2 supply matches the metabolic requirement (O2 del matching metabolic demand) is essential to exercise tolerance and brain function. O2 del to the brain is often researched in response to orthostatic stress, however little is known about vascular responses protecting O2 del. In muscle, use of a forearm exercise model is common as measuring O2 del is difficult in other exercise modalities. Unfortunately, it is also difficult to measure/test metabolism in the forearm. Hence, measuring O2 del response to exercise at a known metabolic intensity is difficult. Purpose: To investigate O2 del matching metabolic demand in the following manner: 1) develop a repeatable and reliable critical power (CP, highest sustainable rate of aerobic metabolism) test for the forearm exercise model 2) discover if individual differences in O2 del account for differences in forearm CP (fCP) 3) determine if fCP is sensitive to changes in O2 del 4) characterize cerebral vascular response to an orthostatic challenge Methods: Echo and Doppler ultrasound measured blood flow through the brachial artery. Venous blood samples were used to measure hemoglobin and O2 content for calculations of O2 del and consumption. Middle cerebral blood velocity measured via transcranial Doppler ultrasound. Blood pressure was measured using finger photoplethysmography. Results: 1) fCP can be accurately estimated from a maximal effort handgripping test 2) Inter-individual differences in O2 del account for most of the variance in fCP 3) fCP is sensitive to changes in O2 del 4) cerebral vascular responses blunt cerebral hypoperfusion in response to initial orthostatic hypotension. Conclusions: CP is an exercise characteristic of aerobic metabolism which is dependent on and sensitive to O2 del. Therefore, fCP can be used in the forearm exercise model to research O2 del-metabolism matching. / Thesis (Ph.D, Kinesiology & Health Studies) -- Queen's University, 2013-01-04 15:04:44.391

Ten subjects were randomly assigned to train one arm with ballistic movements (BT), whereas the other arm trained with ballistic and heavy resistance movements (BT+HRT). The training program consisted of three training sessions per week, over a ten week period. The BT arm executed ten sets of six maximal ballistic elbow extension actions (10% MVC), whereas the BT+HRT arm executed five sets of six repetitions of maximal ballistic actions followed by five sets of five to eight repetitions of heavy resistance elbow extension actions. After training, evoked twitch contractile properties, ballistic, 1 RM, and isometric MVC measures were analyzed. Incorporated with all performance measures were EMG recordings of the agonist (AG) triceps and antagonist (ANT) biceps. Muscle biopsies of triceps were also taken to determine muscle fibre type composition, and fibre area. The BT+HRT arm demonstrated a significant decrease in the percent population of type IIb fibres (22% to 18. 8%). Furthermore, the BT+HRT arm produced hypertrophy, type IIa (6184 to 7086 μm²) and IIb (5714 to 6734 μm²) fibre areas increased, whereas type I fibre areas (3503 to 3828 μm²) did not significantly increase, after training. In contrast, the BT arm and control arm did not display fibre transformation or hypertrophy after training. Triceps evoked twitch peak torque increased for only the BT+HRT arm (12.5 to 13.8 N·m). Furthermore, the 1 RM increased significantly in the BT+HRT arm (~24%) but did not change significantly in the BT arm. However, ballistic and isometric MVC PT values increased similarly in both the BT (19.6 to 23.5 N·m; 45.4 to 52.6 N·m) and the BT+HRT (19.6 to 23.6 N·m; 49.6 to 56.0 N·m) arms. The EMG results corresponded to the performance results in that triceps AEMG in the 1 RM test tended to increased more after HRT (0.71 to 1.01 mV) than only BT (0.72 to 0.81 mV), but in the ballistic (HRT= 0.63 to 0.79 mV; BT= 0. 62 to 0. 73 mV) and isometric MVC performance measures (HRT= 0.80 to 0.84 mV; BT= 0.80 to 0.87 mV), the AEMG results were similar. Supplementary HRT caused muscle hypertrophy, particularly of the type II fibres, but did not promote improvement in ballistic performance with loads equal to or less than 10% of maximal isometric force. / Thesis / Master of Science (MS)

<p>In todays society the legal rights of the individual are a highly debated subject. Among other things there have been a debate going on in Dagens industri where the participants have discussed the National Tax Board, courts of law and law and order. The legal rights of the individual have been described as threatened and uncertain due to deficiencies in the tax assessment.</p><p>There are difficulties defining the concept of law and order due to the fact that there is no generally acknowledged explanation. The concept of law and order originates from the citizens ability to predict the consequences of their actions provided that the authorities actions are regulated according to current legislation and will therefore protect the citizens from possible abuse of power that can exist within a state governed by the law.</p><p>The purpose of this paper is to analyse law and order within the tax assessment through a method that experiments with real and imagined situations with the main purpose of interpreting current legislation. The paper collects essential legislation, preparatory work together with established practice and supplements the method with information from articles, dissertations and the National Tax Authority’s documented directions within the tax assessment.</p><p>Through juridical argumentation concerning areas, such as legal rights essential to the citizens and the tax assessment, the paper results in aspects essential to the individual involved in tax dispute. It concerns power division, auditing activities, turnaround time and procedures together with the possibilities to demand compensation and legal aid in ongoing proceedings.</p> / <p>Rättssäkerhet är i dagens samhälle ett hett debatterat ämne. Det har bland annat pågått en debatt i Dagens industri där deltagarna har kommenterat Skatteverket, domstolar och rättssäkerheten. Medborgarens rättssäkerhet har beskrivits som hotad och osäker på grund av brister i processen. Det är svårt att definiera begreppet rättssäkerhet eftersom det inte finns någon given förklaring. Rättssäkerheten utgår från medborgarens förmåga att förutse konsekvenserna av sitt handlande då myndighetens agerande regleras enligt gällande lag och ska skydda medborgaren mot eventuellt maktmissbruk som kan finnas i en rättsstat.</p><p>Syftet med uppsatsen är att studera och analysera rättssäkerheten inom skatteprocessen genom rättsdogmatisk metod. Metoden ger utrymme att experimentera med verkliga och tänkta situationer och har som huvudsyfte att tyda gällande rätt. Uppsatsen sammanställer väsentlig lagtext, förarbeten samt praxis och kompletterar den rättsdogmatiska metoden med information från artiklar, avhandlingar och Skatteverkets handledningsböcker.</p><p>Genom att behandla områden som rättssäkerheten i en rättsstat, taxeringsförfarandet samt rättssäkerhetsaspekter på taxeringsförfarandet resulterar uppsatsen i en mängd olika rättssäkerhetsaspekter som är väsentliga för en medborgare i en skatteprocess. Dessa gäller bland annat maktfördelningen, revisionsverksamheten, handläggningstiden och förfarandet samt vilken ersättning och rättshjälp som finns att få i en pågående skatteprocess.</p>

In todays society the legal rights of the individual are a highly debated subject. Among other things there have been a debate going on in Dagens industri where the participants have discussed the National Tax Board, courts of law and law and order. The legal rights of the individual have been described as threatened and uncertain due to deficiencies in the tax assessment. There are difficulties defining the concept of law and order due to the fact that there is no generally acknowledged explanation. The concept of law and order originates from the citizens ability to predict the consequences of their actions provided that the authorities actions are regulated according to current legislation and will therefore protect the citizens from possible abuse of power that can exist within a state governed by the law. The purpose of this paper is to analyse law and order within the tax assessment through a method that experiments with real and imagined situations with the main purpose of interpreting current legislation. The paper collects essential legislation, preparatory work together with established practice and supplements the method with information from articles, dissertations and the National Tax Authority’s documented directions within the tax assessment. Through juridical argumentation concerning areas, such as legal rights essential to the citizens and the tax assessment, the paper results in aspects essential to the individual involved in tax dispute. It concerns power division, auditing activities, turnaround time and procedures together with the possibilities to demand compensation and legal aid in ongoing proceedings. / Rättssäkerhet är i dagens samhälle ett hett debatterat ämne. Det har bland annat pågått en debatt i Dagens industri där deltagarna har kommenterat Skatteverket, domstolar och rättssäkerheten. Medborgarens rättssäkerhet har beskrivits som hotad och osäker på grund av brister i processen. Det är svårt att definiera begreppet rättssäkerhet eftersom det inte finns någon given förklaring. Rättssäkerheten utgår från medborgarens förmåga att förutse konsekvenserna av sitt handlande då myndighetens agerande regleras enligt gällande lag och ska skydda medborgaren mot eventuellt maktmissbruk som kan finnas i en rättsstat. Syftet med uppsatsen är att studera och analysera rättssäkerheten inom skatteprocessen genom rättsdogmatisk metod. Metoden ger utrymme att experimentera med verkliga och tänkta situationer och har som huvudsyfte att tyda gällande rätt. Uppsatsen sammanställer väsentlig lagtext, förarbeten samt praxis och kompletterar den rättsdogmatiska metoden med information från artiklar, avhandlingar och Skatteverkets handledningsböcker. Genom att behandla områden som rättssäkerheten i en rättsstat, taxeringsförfarandet samt rättssäkerhetsaspekter på taxeringsförfarandet resulterar uppsatsen i en mängd olika rättssäkerhetsaspekter som är väsentliga för en medborgare i en skatteprocess. Dessa gäller bland annat maktfördelningen, revisionsverksamheten, handläggningstiden och förfarandet samt vilken ersättning och rättshjälp som finns att få i en pågående skatteprocess.

The title, “You simply must own your classroom”, is taken from a quote from one of my informants. After review of earlier research on how teachers handle their leadership in the meeting with disturbing pupils and which strategies they use to solve problems in the classroom, interesting questions developed. What experiences do teachers have of disturbing situations in the classroom? Which strategies do they use to solve the problems? What kind of support do the teachers consider necessary in teaching? Are there any differences in teachers’ experiences and strategies between the two selected schools? The study is supported by earlier research that deals with pupils’ and teachers’ perspective and strategies in different classroom cultures in terms of norm-breaking behaviour of pupils. The study is also supported by three different theoretical perspectives such as power structure, social order/disorder and support strategies. I conducted the study through interviews with sex teachers who work in the same municipality but in two separate schools. All teachers work in Secondary School. The study is meant to be deepening in order to gain a broader understanding of which strategies teachers use to solve problems. In my study I came to the conclusion that all teachers are most disturbed by the pupils who speak straight out and discard comments that do not even affect the substance, pupils who talk too much, do not listen and throw erasers at each other. Furthermore, I have concluded that all teachers in this study place great emphasis on social communication and individual conversation with the pupil to solve a problem. To solve the problem, the teacher should possess certain communication skills. The results have shown that all six teachers create a relationship with their pupils to counter the social disorder in the classroom. Furthermore, I concluded that teachers want to solve problems on their own, but that sometimes “extreme cases” require special support from parents, the counselor and principal at the school. Finally I concluded that the teachers call for training in leading science and conflict management, since it is missing in their teacher education.

The thesis aimed to analyse the acute neuromuscular (NM) response during and following maximum strength and power training methods. The primary aim of study one was to establish the reliability of biomechanical and surface electromyographic (sEMG) measurements during barbell squat exercise. This would enable the subsequent studies to precisely assess muscle activity and mechanical power during barbell resistance exercise sessions. Nine male well-trained subjects performed squat exercise on three separate trial days. Each trial comprised one set of squat at 50, 75 and 100% of 3RM load. Synchronous recordings of knee joint kinematics from a flexible electrogoniometer, barbell displacement from a single linear position transducer and quadriceps sEMG amplitude were made. The mean maximum knee angle during squat was recorded at each load, and the overall inter-trial coefficient of variation (CV) was 5.5%. Mean concentric repetition power was processed from displacement data and derived into force and velocity values. The overall inter-trial CV for mean power was found to be 8.4%. The raw sEMG signal was processed into root mean square (RMS) amplitude and normalised to values taken from pre-trial knee extension maximum voluntary contractions (MVC). RMS amplitude was processed for the whole concentric phase and a 200 ms time interval at a knee angle of 70°, which matched the knee angle used during MVC. Inter-trial CV for RMS amplitude from the concentric phase and 70° knee angle were 7.2% and 16.4% respectively. There were no differences in RMS amplitude, maximum knee angle or mean power across trial days. It was concluded there was acceptable reliability for all three measurements (CV < 10%), if RMS amplitude was processed from the concentric phase. Based upon the measurement reliability, the analysis system was considered suitable for monitoring power and sEMG during barbell exercise. The second study aimed to establish the reliability of muscle fibre conduction velocity (MFCV) measurements during barbell squat. This was of interest, as MFCV may provide useful information of NM recruitment and fatigue processes during resistance exercise. The study was also used as a preliminary investigation of MFCV response, in comparison to RMS amplitude, to increasing fatigue and load during squat exercise. Nine well-trained male subjects performed a series of exercises on two separate trial days. Each trial comprised isometric knee extensions at 50, 75 and 100% of MVC force, followed by barbell squats at 50, 75 and 100% of 3RM, and then a maximal bout of squat jumps at 50% 3RM load, performed until failure. sEMG measurements were recorded from a four-electrode array, secured upon the vastus lateralis. Normalised RMS amplitude was processed as above, and MFCV was processed from the inter-electrode distance and time delay between two double differentiated and correlated signals, using bespoke software. The overall value of MFCV during squat was 5.8 m.s-1. The inter-trial CV for MFCV was 9.6% during squat and 12.1% during squat jump. Based upon acceptable reliability of 10%, MFCV measurements from barbell squats were considered reliable. As expected, MFCV significantly increased with each knee extension force level (4.7 ± 1.4, 5.6 ± 1.5 and 6.2 ± 1.8 m.s-1) (p<0.01), along with RMS amplitude (p<0.0001). No differences in MFCV were found between squat loads, whilst RMS amplitude significantly increased with load (p<0.0001). Power (1920 ± 143 versus 1407 ± 254 W) and MFCV (5.7 ± 1.4 versus 4.6 ± 1.0 m.s-1) significant decreased (p<0.001) from the start to the end of the squat jump trial, with RMS amplitude unchanged. Therefore, MFCV altered with increasing fatigue, but not load, during dynamic squat exercise. It was concluded that MFCV provides useful and reliable data for acute fatigue investigations of barbell resistance exercise, in addition to sEMG amplitude measures. The following three investigations compared NM responses during and following maximum strength and power type resistance exercise sessions with different exercises, loads and movement speeds. The sessions were designed to represent elite athlete training practices, to help inform the optimisation of resistance exercise programmes. The first of these studies aimed to compare NM response to a typical maximum strength session performed with barbell squat or deadlift exercise. The purpose was to assess if technical differences between the exercises, influenced the acute NM response. Nine elite trained weightlifters performed the trial sessions of five sets of five repetitions on separate days. Normalised RMS amplitude, MFCV and power was continually measured during exercise repetitions, using the methods established above. NM function was assessed pre- and post- sessions using MVC force, central activation ratio (CAR) from superimposed stimulation during MVC, and jump performance (CMJ). The exercises were performed with subjectively matched load levels, corresponding to active muscle RPE = 17 (Borg scale), and also with controlled lifting speed. However, the squat load was lowered and raised upon the lifter’s back, whilst deadlift load was grasped in the hands, raised from the floor and then dropped. Repetition mean power was unchanged within and across sets of both sessions. Repetition RMS amplitude significantly increased (p<0.001) within sets of squat and deadlift, whilst a significant interaction between sessions and set (p<0.001) demonstrated RMS increased more during squat. Furthermore, a significant reduction in repetition MFCV was found within sets of squat (p = 0.034), but not deadlift. This suggests that motor unit activation increased during both exercises, as a response to the task of maintaining power during repetitions of whole body lifting. However, acute fatigue within squat sets led to additional increased activation as a NM compensation strategy. No pre- versus post- session differences were found for MVC, CAR or CMJ; suggesting minimal change in NM function occurred following five sets of maximum strength type resistance exercise, in well-trained subjects. The primary aim of the second study was to compare NM response and 24-hour recovery following barbell exercise maximum strength and power type sessions. The purpose was to specifically establish the degree and nature of NM response, as previous findings were unclear and barbell exercise sessions of this type have not been compared. 10 elite sprint athletes performed sessions comprising squat, split squat and push press, with four sets x repetitions per exercise. The maximum strength session exercises involved loads corresponding to active muscle RPE = 17 (Borg scale) and metronome controlled movements. The power session exercises used 30% of the maximum strength barbell load, performed as fast as possible. Repetition sEMG and power was monitored throughout each session, as above. NM function was assessed, pre-, post- and 24-hour post- each session, using the same tests as above. However, evoked peak twitch force (Pt) was also included to the pre- and post- assessments. Overall, the maximum strength session involved greater total work (p = 0.008), but lower mean power during exercise repetitions (p<0.001) in comparison to the power session. MVC and Pt force values both significantly decreased (p<0.05) pre- versus post- both sessions. However, MVC reduced more following maximum strength session (p<0.01). CAR and CMJ were unchanged post-both sessions and no differences were found between pre and 24-hour post session NM tests. The decreased Pt but not CAR findings, suggest peripheral fatigue explains the reduced force generation capacity following maximum strength and power sessions, contrary to previous resistance exercise session findings. Up to 24-hours may be required to recover force generation capacity following this volume of resistance exercise.

Despite a vast research of Russia’s means of power, including its military interventions in Georgia and Ukraine, no comprehensive comparison of Russia’s exercise of power in Georgia and Ukraine has been accomplished, even though they are the most prominent cases of post-Soviet states that have been subjects for Russian military aggression. This study compares the forms of power Russia has been using to implement its foreign policy objectives in Ukraine and Georgia, in order to identify Russia’s power-related behavior and strategies, through an abductive qualitative approach with a comparative method. Russia’s means of power are analyzed through the glasses of the analytical framework of Joseph Nye’s concepts of command power, soft power and smart power. The findings suggest that Russia’s main foreign policy objectives, related to the post-Soviet space, are to prevent the establishment of a pro-Western orientation in the region, make its neighboring countries dependent on Russia, establish closer ties with its neighbors and incorporate them in the Eurasian Customs Union (ECU), but also to achieve military supremacy in the region. It is further apparent that Russia uses similar strategies and means of power in Georgia and Ukraine, both through military actions and economic pressures, that can be categorized under command power, but also through diplomatic means, other economic means, informational tools and co-optation. However, in order to achieve its foreign policy objectives most efficiently, Russia combines command power and soft power. This study can contribute to the research of other dominant countries and unequal relationships; and from the learnings of this study, early warning signs or scenarios with certain foreign policy moves can be detected in other dominant countries’ exercise of power towards less powerful states.

This study is about conflicts – or rather the hassle and fuss – that occur between students in a leisure center and assumes how the teachers who works at the center and that I interviewed experience this, and what approaches they choose when dealing with these types of conflicts. The study has a phenomenological approach and is based on a qualitative method with semistructure interviews. The theory used to analyze the interviews is inspired by Foucault theory of disciplinary power. Since there is not much research that studies conflicts in leisure center, the earlier research I have chosen to describe is based on conflict management within the whole school. Researchers in this field agree that there is not one solution that fits all, but that is largely left to the creativity of the teacher. Furthermore, earlier research point out that the exercise of power can in some contexts be positive for the students, that is if it is used correctly. Conflicts in schools are concentrated to common areas and not to the classrooms there teachers have control over the situation. The results in my study are divided into five themes. The results were in much similar to what prior researchers have found; conflicts tend to occur in common areas where there is no supervision from teachers. However, according to the teachers interviewed, students allow teachers to interrupt the ongoing conflict and solve the situation. This support that there is a hierarchical power situation in which submit to the power of the teachers. It could also be regarded as an example of positive exercise of power as it leads to conflicts being stopped. A result in my study was how the teachers interviewed talked about the use of their voice to solve conflicts. All interviewed agreed that to raise the voice has negative effects in solving conflicts. This is nothing I have seen mentioned in earlier research, and may be looked upon as a finding. / Denna uppsats handlar om konflikter som sker mellan elever inom fritidshemmet och utgår ifrån hur fritidshemslärarna jag intervjuat upplever konflikterna på skolan, samt vilka tillvägagångssätt de arbetar med vid konfliktfyllda situationer. Studien har en fenomenologisk ansats och jag har använt en kvalitativ metod med semistrukturerade intervjuer. I uppsatsen framhålls även pedagogens maktutövning i konflikter mellan elever, och tar där avstamp ur Focaults teori om disciplinär makt. Då det inte finns så mycket forskning om konflikter i fritidshemmet så handlar den forskning som jag redovisat om konflikthantering inom skolan i stort. Tidigare forskare inom detta område är av den meningen att det inte finns någon metod som passar att använda i all konfliktlösning, utan mycket ligger i att pedagogen ska vara kreativ i konflikthanteringen. Vidare framhåller forskare att maktutövning kan vara positiv, så kallad vänlig maktutövning. Vänlig maktutövning kan, om den används på rätt sätt, vara både positiv och produktiv. När det kommer till var konflikter oftast sker, belyser tidigare forskare att konflikter oftast sker i skolans allmänna utrymmen, och inte inne i klassrummen där pedagogen har kontroll över situationen. Resultaten som jag har kommit fram till i min studie, delades in i fem teman. Det visade sig att det de intervjuade pedagogerna sade i stort sammanföll med tidigare forskning. Konflikter i fritidshemmet sker oftast i allmänna utrymmen där pedagoger har dålig uppsyn eller ingen uppsyn alls över situationen. Eleverna tillåter pedagogen att komma in och avbryta en konflikt mellan elever. Detta talar för att eleven accepterar ett hierarkiskt maktförhållande där eleverna underställer sig pedagogernas makt, och används i detta som en positiv maktutövning för att få slut på konflikten. Ett resultat i min studie och som jag inte sett diskuteras tidigare men som samtliga intervjuade var tog upp handlar om pedagogens användning av rösten som ytterligare ett maktmedel, och att det inte är någonting positivt att som pedagog höja rösten när man ska lösa en konflikt mellan eleverSlutligen diskuterar jag i studien att det inte finns någon enhetlig strategi att ta till för att lösa konflikter mellan elever i fritidshemmet, mycket handlar om pedagogens erfarenhet och tidigare kunskap inom området samt att arbeta förebyggande genom att redan börja i tidig ålder för eleverna.

The purpose of this essay is to examine the differences between two schools in Sweden, and how they have chosen to take advantage of / work with their extended school.In this story, I describe what a period can look like at a school in Stockholm and then how it works at a school in Gothenburg. I try to investigate what makes it work, both by reviewing schedule-sacrifices and the actual meaning of the extended school teachers mission , and what it results in in each school.I will also talk to the students in each school and ask them what they think we’re doing when they’re in class, and see if there will be any differences depending on which school. The thesis method is an essay where I will start from my story and support my questions through research in the leisure-centers role in school, leadership, the role of the extended school in workplace and my own reflections. / Denna uppsats undersöker skillnaderna mellan två skolor, en i Göteborg och en i Stockholm, och om hur de har valt att ta till vara på/arbeta med sitt fritidshem. I berättelsen skildrar jag hur en period kan se ut på en skola i Stockholm och sedan hur det fungerar på en skola i Göteborg. Jag försöker att undersöka vad det är som gör att det fungerar, både genom att se över schema-uppoffringar, meningen med fritidshemslärarens uppdrag och vad det resulterar i på respektive skolor. Jag kommer även att prata med eleverna om vad dom anser att vi fritidshemslärare gör för någonting under skoldagen, för att se om dom ser på oss olika, beroende på skola och arbetssätt. Uppsatsens metod är en essä där jag kommer att utgå ifrån min berättelse och stödja mina frågeställningar genom forskning inom fritidshemmets roll i skolan, ledarskap, tolkning av uppdraget, och mina egna reflektioner.

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