This thesis covers the main problems related to loss of housing in the context of the institutional setting in the Czech Republic. The aim of this thesis is explaining the institutional setup of the system of prevention and help people / households that are at risk of losing housing and evaluate the system in terms of the possibility of prevention of social exclusion.The introductory part describes the characteristics of the key concepts in housing policy in relation to social housing and various approaches to social housing in selected countries (Sweden, Germany, Great Britain). The thesis focuses on the institutional analysis of the existing legal framework and possible solutions to the current housing shortage (welfare, social work, social services). In the research part of this thesis a case study of Louny municipality has been chosen as a model sample of resolving the current shortage of housing. Results of the analysis had been confronted and evaluated by perspective of people solving housing problems and relevant social workers working with poor people. In the end of the thesis, a SWOT analysis is delivered identifying strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the system.

Most hostels are being redeveloped through the Hostel Redevelopment Programme from single sex accommodation to rental (family) units. The study was conducted on the City Deep and Nobuhle Hostel Redevelopment Projects as implemented in the City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality (COJMM). Hostel Redevelopment Projects proved to contribute positively towards addressing the challenges and housing shortages in Johannesburg, Gauteng Province. There is a need for Government to plan other projects concurrently with the Hostel Redevelopment Projects as an attempt to deal with the displacees resulting from the Hostel Redevelopment Projects. Furthermore, there is also a need to redevelop each hostel in its totality as opposed to only a few phases of improvement. There is also a need for Government (COJMM) to design frameworks that will guide any proposed Hostel Redevelopment Project as an attempt to achieve uniformity. These frameworks need to include the management of the final product. Lastly, Government should make funding for the maintenance of public hostels available prior to hostels being redeveloped. / Public Administration / M. Tech. (Public Management)

En 2014, quel est le « sens de l’habiter »? L’évolution de la législation française engendre un processus de marchandisation du logement social, déjà amorcé. « Grands ensembliers » et professionnels du logement s’associent pour développer une nouvelle offre d’habitat social à destination des classes moyennes intermédiaires. La montée des classes moyennes mondiales et la crise économique produit des modes de consommer différenciés et une demande de logements prenant en considération de nouvelles tendances sociétales. Le regain d’intérêt depuis les années 2000 pour l’habitat alternatif (notamment le cohousing), positionne l’innovation dans l’habitat dans une démarche de co-construction (constructeur, architecte, sociologue). Ces effets de contexte s’inscrivent dans une démarche compréhensive de la diversité des pratiques habitants des classes moyennes. L’hétérogénéité de ce groupe social, à travers des modes de vie pluriels, illustre le déploiement de stratégies et de choix résidentiels qui rendent compte d’un rapport à l’autre singulier, d’un rapport au monde spécifique ; dont les « grands ensembliers » s’essaient à en saisir le sens et la complexité. / In 2014, what is the "sense of living"? The evolution of French legislation creates a social housing commodification process already begun. "Large contractors" and housing professionals join forces to develop a new offer of social housing to intermediate middle class. The rise of the global middle class and the economic crisis produces differentiated patterns of consumption and housing demand considering new societal trends. The renewed interest since the 2000s for alternative housing (including cohousing) positions innovation in housing in a co-construction approach (builder, architect, sociologist). These context effects are part of a comprehensive approach to the diversity of the inhabitants of the middle class practices. The heterogeneity of this social group, through plural lifestyles, illustrates the deployment strategies and residential choices that reflect a singular relative to each other, a report to the specific world; whose "big contractors" is trying to grasp the meaning and complexity.

The thesis aims to map the social housing system in Prague and to contribute to evaluating effectiveness of the policy. The study analyses 15 city districts of Prague, focusing on the conditions and process for selection of tenants. Currently, social housing is not regulated by law and therefore city districts are legally autonomous in decision making. The thesis is explorative, and studies policy documentation (primarily policy of city districts dealing with management stock of dwellings). I then carried out semi-structured interviews with actors of social housing (social services users, social workers of shelter services and officials of city districts). The study pursues a deeper understanding of issues connected with housing needs and the role of social housing as a solution to housing problems, as well as barriers which limit the related process of securing housing. There are two groups of condition (general and specific) which city districts use to regulate social housing. General conditions comprise citizenship, permanent residence, non-ownership of residential property, non-participation in privatization, non-existence of debts to the city (or repayment) and income limits or condition for receiving social benefits. Next, city districts regulate renting a flat by specific conditions, for...

[pt] O trabalho aborda o problema da habitação social no Brasil, repensando o papel do aluguel como modalidade de acesso à moradia digna para a população de menor renda. Para o estudo, tomamos como referência o Programa de Locação Social que a prefeitura de São Paulo vem desenvolvendo desde o Governo da Marta Suplicy, com influência da experiência francesa e europeia em geral. O resumo histórico revela que o tema habitacional está presente no contexto em que as questões sociais foram assumidas pelo Estado brasileiro, durante o Governo Vargas, fazendo parte do conjunto das estratégias que incluíam a ampliação da proteção dos trabalhadores através das políticas sociais. Por um longo período, o aluguel foi a principal maneira utilizada pela população para se alojar nas cidades, chegando a induzir sua expansão no território, e foi sempre uma atividade econômica bastante lucrativa para o mercado imobiliário. A Lei do Inquilinato, de 1942, foi a principal iniciativa criada pelo governo para regular a relação locatícia entre proprietários e inquilinos, antes, a cargo do Código Civil. Mas o reforço adotado pelo governo para estimular a casa própria, individualizada e na periferia, consolidou a ideia da moradia como mercadoria. Sendo assim, a ação fragmentada das políticas sociais é refletida nos programas habitacionais, que passaram a privilegiar a produção habitacional em grande escala como solução para o problema. A metodologia adotou as entrevistas de campo com lideranças dos movimentos por moradia e técnicos que participaram da elaboração do Programa de Locação Social. Os resultados revelam grupos sociais organizados, que buscam a satisfação das suas necessidades com a conquista da moradia na área central da cidade de São Paulo, gerando processos de participação e de fortalecimento em torno da defesa e cobrança de seus direitos à cidade e à moradia. A locação social requer aprimoramentos e maior investimento dos governos para que se torne viável, e as cidades cumpram a sua função social, sobretudo, no momento em que as áreas estão sendo revitalizadas. / [en] This work deals with the problem of social housing in Brazil rethinking the role of social rent as an access mode to decent housing for lower income population. The main reference is the Social Rental Policy the municipality of Sao Paulo has been developing since the Government Marta Suplicy, which brings in its bulge influences of French and European previous experiences. The historical summary demonstrates that the topic of social housing has been present since social issues were assumed by the Brazilian State during the Government Getúlio Vargas, becoming part of a set of strategies aimed at the extension of protection to workers through social policies. For a long period renting was the most widely used mode for living in cities, going so far as to induce the expansion of the so called beneficiary population in the territory, and was always a fairly lucrative economic activity for real state market. The Tenancy Law of 1942 was the main initiative created by the Government GV to regulate the relationship between owners and tenants about location, which was previously in charge of the Civil Code. The strategy adopted by the Government to encourage individualized home ownership in peripheral areas consolidated the idea of housing as a commodity. Thereby, the fragmentary action of social policies eventually influenced housing programs, which began to favoring large-scale housing production as a solution to the problem of social housing. The methodology adopted was field interview with leaders of urban movements for housing and technicians who took part in the drafting of Social Leasing Program. The results reveal that organized social groups are seeking the right to housing in the central area (downtown) of the city of Sao Paulo, originating participatory processes and strengthening the defense and the recovery of their rights to the city and to decent housing. Accordingly, social lease requires improvements and greater investments by Governments in order to help the cities to fulfill their social function, especially when these central areas are being revitalized.

En 2014, quel est le « sens de l’habiter »? L’évolution de la législation française engendre un processus de marchandisation du logement social, déjà amorcé. « Grands ensembliers » et professionnels du logement s’associent pour développer une nouvelle offre d’habitat social à destination des classes moyennes intermédiaires. La montée des classes moyennes mondiales et la crise économique produit des modes de consommer différenciés et une demande de logements prenant en considération de nouvelles tendances sociétales. Le regain d’intérêt depuis les années 2000 pour l’habitat alternatif (notamment le cohousing), positionne l’innovation dans l’habitat dans une démarche de co-construction (constructeur, architecte, sociologue). Ces effets de contexte s’inscrivent dans une démarche compréhensive de la diversité des pratiques habitants des classes moyennes. L’hétérogénéité de ce groupe social, à travers des modes de vie pluriels, illustre le déploiement de stratégies et de choix résidentiels qui rendent compte d’un rapport à l’autre singulier, d’un rapport au monde spécifique ; dont les « grands ensembliers » s’essaient à en saisir le sens et la complexité. / In 2014, what is the "sense of living"? The evolution of French legislation creates a social housing commodification process already begun. "Large contractors" and housing professionals join forces to develop a new offer of social housing to intermediate middle class. The rise of the global middle class and the economic crisis produces differentiated patterns of consumption and housing demand considering new societal trends. The renewed interest since the 2000s for alternative housing (including cohousing) positions innovation in housing in a co-construction approach (builder, architect, sociologist). These context effects are part of a comprehensive approach to the diversity of the inhabitants of the middle class practices. The heterogeneity of this social group, through plural lifestyles, illustrates the deployment strategies and residential choices that reflect a singular relative to each other, a report to the specific world; whose "big contractors" is trying to grasp the meaning and complexity.

Cette thèse porte sur la rencontre entre des politiques urbaines françaises et des modes d'habiter de l'Amazonie guyanaise, à Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, à la frontière avec le Surinam. Cette vie urbaine est menée par des habitants de classes populaires souvent non francophones, confrontés à des normes d'urbanité concrétisées par les démolitions de « bidonvilles » et la construction de logements sociaux. Il s'agit d'analyser les interactions entre les acteurs en jeu dans cette situation postcoloniale impliquant habitants, élus communaux et professionnels de la ville, dans un contexte d'Outre-Mer aux hiérarchies sociales propres, croisant classe, nation, et race. Alliant une perspective historique et ethnographique, ce travail met en lumière les rapports d'habitants originaires de l'amont du Maroni aux administrations et à leurs agents. Ces derniers sont racialisés par le terme 'bakaa', qui renvoie à une blancheur postcoloniale spécifique, associée à l'urbanité, par opposition à une affirmation renouvelée de leur identification en tant que « personnes des pays de la forêt » ('bushikonde sama') - appartenance héritée du passé du marronnage des plantations surinamaises. Mises en lumière par l'ethnographie réalisée à leurs côtés, les démarches quotidiennes des habitants témoignent de leur progressive socialisation institutionnelle, tandis que certains agents des administrations adaptent les politiques publiques et les procédures administratives aux pratiques d'une population racialisée comme « Bushinenguée ». L'analyse passe des logements, catégorie de l'action publique, aux maisons, espaces vécus inscrits dans des configurations de parenté, des mobilités et des modes d'habiter de part et d'autre du Maroni. Les maisons sont appropriées par les habitants de manière dialectique : tout en se conformant aux normes d'urbanité 'bakaa' matérialisées par les logements sociaux, et sanctionnées par les bailleurs, les habitants transforment la ville par leurs modes d'habiter incorporés qui reflètent l'usage stratégique de ressources issues de la maîtrise d'un territoire transfrontalier. Les interactions asymétriques entre habitants et professionnels ont donc des effets sur les modes d'habiter et sur les politiques urbaines. Impliquant plusieurs normes d'urbanité, elles concrétisent leurs différences, constamment réitérées, dans les formes urbaines d'une ville ségréguée. Elles redéfinissent en permanence les frontières des personnes, des maisons, et des lieux. / This thesis deals with the encounter between French urban policies and Amazonian ways of dwelling in Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni, by the Marowijne river, the border with Suriname. The inhabitants from working classes, mostly not francophone, are confronted with urbanity norms materialized through the removals of "shantytowns" and the building of social housing. My research analyses the interactions between the different actors involved in this postcolonial situation: inhabitants, local politicians and urban professionals, in the context of a French oversea department divided by specific social boundaries of class, nation, and race. Using archival and ethnographic methods, I highlight the relations of inhabitants coming from upriver Marowijne to the administrations and their agents. The latter are racialized as 'bakaa', term qualifying a local form of postcolonial whiteness, associated with urbanity, as opposed to the renewed affirmation of their belonging to the upriver territories as 'bushikonde sama' ("people from the lands of the forest"). This identification, in constant renewal, refers to the legacies of their Maroon ancestors from the Surinamese plantations. As a an ethnographer, I went with some of those inhabitants through the offices. The observation of their daily administrative quests reveals their progressive institutional socialization, whereas some agents adapt their practices and policies to a population racialized as 'Bushinenge'. The analysis moves from housing, as administrative category, to houses, as lived spaces included in kinship configurations, mobility and transborder ways of dwellings. Houses are appropriated by their inhabitants in a dialectical manner: while they conform to 'bakaa' norms of urbanity materialized by social houses and sanctioned by the social landlords, they also transform their houses through embodied ways of living, reflecting their strategic uses of ressources coming from their mastery of a transborder territory. Asymmetrical interactions between inhabitants and agents thus impact on ways of dwelling and urban policies. Involving different norms of urbanity, they concretize their differences, constantly reiterated, through the segregation of the town. They thus redefine the boundaries of people, houses and places.

En partant de monographies parallèles qui analysent deux territoires emblématiques de logements sociaux à la périphérie de São Paulo et Paris, nous proposons dans cette thèse une compréhension simultanée de la situation de la Cité Balzac, un grand ensemble caractéristique des années 1960 qui a récemment passé par une intense et spectaculaire « rénovation urbaine » confronté à l’histoire d’un fragment du plus grand ensemble de grands ensembles de logements sociaux en Amérique latine, la Cidade Tiradentes, comme une stratégie visant à comprendre les cinquante dernières années de l’histoire du logement social dans les deux pays. Récents projets de rénovation urbaine, de nouveaux logements et d’équipement publics d’excellence dans les deux territoires confirment le caractère exceptionnel des études de cas, à partir de laquelle nous cherchons à établir des similitudes et contrastes, quelques questions communes et « regards croisés ». / In this thesis, we propose a simultaneous understanding of the history of two emblematic territories in the outskirts of São Paulo and Paris as a strategy to comprehend the last fifty years of the social housing history in both countries, through the analysis of the transformations of a typical grand ensemble build in the 1960 that has been recently through a deep renewal process, the Cité Balzac, confronted with the particular case of one fragment of the biggest housing projects complex in Latin America, the Cidade Tiradentes. Recent projects of urban renewal, new collective housing constructions and some special public equipments in both territories reinforce the exceptionality of the chosen cases, starting point for parallels, contrasts, common questions and crossed sights. / A partir de duas monografias paralelas que analisam territórios emblemáticos de habitação social na periferia de São Paulo e Paris, propomos nesta tese um entendimento simultâneo da situação da Cité Balzac, um grand ensemble característico dos anos 1960 que atravessou recentemente um profundo processo de ‘renovação urbana’, confrontada com a história de um fragmento do maior complexo de conjuntos habitacionais da América Latina, a Cidade Tiradentes, como estratégia para compreender os últimos cinquenta anos da história da habitação social em ambos os países. Projetos recentes de renovação urbana, de novos conjuntos habitacionais e equipamentos públicos de excelência em ambos os territórios confirmam a excepcionalidade dos casos estudados, a partir dos quais buscamos estabelecer similitudes, contrastes, questões comuns e ‘olhares cruzados’.

A partir do trabalho para implantação do Sistema de Informações para Habitação Social - Habisp, este estudo se propõe a apresentar as fontes teóricas que sustentam o problema: é preciso ter método para planejar a ação pública e estabelecer prioridades de atendimento. E reflexiona sobre a importância e eficiência dos indicadores sociais e dos sistemas de informações no apoio à tarefa. Tem por objetivo geral avaliar os rebatimentos do Habisp e do seu sistema de priorização - um painel de indicadores físicos e sociais para a investigação e análise da situação física e social dos assentamentos precários da cidade de São Paulo - na política habitacional no município. Parte-se da hipótese que o Habisp e seu sistema de priorização contribuíram para que a municipalidade da cidade de São Paulo formulasse uma política de intervenções urbanísticas e socioambientais calcada na \"territorialização\" da precariedade, com ganhos em relação à capacidade de decisão, otimização de recursos e governança. / Based on the study for the implementation of the Social Housing Information System - Habisp, this study aims to present the theoretical sources which sustain the problem: a method is required to plan a public action and establish the service priorities, reflecting upon the relevance and the efficiency of the social indicators and the information systems which support the task. It aims to evaluate the folding tool of Habisp and its prioritization system - a panel of physical and social indicators for investigation and analysis of the physical and social situation of the precarious settlements in the city of São Paulo - in the housing policy of the municipality. It is assumed that Habisp and its prioritization system contributed to the municipality of the city of São Paulo to formulate a policy of urban and socio environmental interventions in accordance with the \"territorialisation\" of precariousness, with gains against decision making capacity, optimization of resources and governance.

A partir do trabalho para implantação do Sistema de Informações para Habitação Social - Habisp, este estudo se propõe a apresentar as fontes teóricas que sustentam o problema: é preciso ter método para planejar a ação pública e estabelecer prioridades de atendimento. E reflexiona sobre a importância e eficiência dos indicadores sociais e dos sistemas de informações no apoio à tarefa. Tem por objetivo geral avaliar os rebatimentos do Habisp e do seu sistema de priorização - um painel de indicadores físicos e sociais para a investigação e análise da situação física e social dos assentamentos precários da cidade de São Paulo - na política habitacional no município. Parte-se da hipótese que o Habisp e seu sistema de priorização contribuíram para que a municipalidade da cidade de São Paulo formulasse uma política de intervenções urbanísticas e socioambientais calcada na \"territorialização\" da precariedade, com ganhos em relação à capacidade de decisão, otimização de recursos e governança. / Based on the study for the implementation of the Social Housing Information System - Habisp, this study aims to present the theoretical sources which sustain the problem: a method is required to plan a public action and establish the service priorities, reflecting upon the relevance and the efficiency of the social indicators and the information systems which support the task. It aims to evaluate the folding tool of Habisp and its prioritization system - a panel of physical and social indicators for investigation and analysis of the physical and social situation of the precarious settlements in the city of São Paulo - in the housing policy of the municipality. It is assumed that Habisp and its prioritization system contributed to the municipality of the city of São Paulo to formulate a policy of urban and socio environmental interventions in accordance with the \"territorialisation\" of precariousness, with gains against decision making capacity, optimization of resources and governance.