Notre recherche propose d’appréhender la « mise en dispositif », au sens de Foucault (1977), de projets de polarisation territoriale dans le champ de l’économie sociale et solidaire (ESS). Nous nous appuyons sur une analyse multi-niveaux qui se décline sous la forme d’une enquête qualitative nationale sur l’élaboration du dispositif Pôle Territorial de Coopération Economique (PTCE) et de deux études de cas. Nous mobilisons la grille d’analyse du travail institutionnel pour cerner les pratiques mises en œuvre par les pôles pour s’approprier le dispositif dans un contexte de pluralisme institutionnel. Deux niveaux de résultats sont proposés. Le premier revient à éclairer le phénomène de banalisation du dispositif PTCE, qui est d’abord caractérisé par une logique civique de développement territorial alternatif, qui se voit ensuite remplacée par une logique gestionnaire de normalisation de l’ESS. Le second consiste à caractériser les modalités d’appropriation de ce dispositif à l’échelle méso. Il en ressort que le PTCE qui parvient à survivre et à se développer est celui qui hybride les logiques civique et gestionnaire. Le second PTCE, très façonné par la logique civique, ne parvient pas à pérenniser son activité et suscite un rejet du dispositif, dont il ne partage aucunement l’intention stratégique. Conjuguer une posture critique à une analyse néo-institutionnaliste nous permet de dégager plusieurs apports théoriques. (1) La montée en généralité nous amène à dessiner les contours conceptuels d’un nouveau type de dispositif que nous qualifions de normalisateur. (2) Nous mettons en évidence un nouveau type de pratiques : celles qui ont trait à la résistance institutionnelle. / Our research focuses on the adoption of a dispositive (Foucault, 1977) destinated to territorial polarization projects in the field of social and solidarity economy. We build on a multi-scalar approach which consists in a qualitative national survey of the construction of the Territorial Cluster for Economic Cooperation policy and two case studies of two of these clusters. We build on the institutional work theory to characterize the practices deployed by the two TCECs in order to appropriate the dispositive in a context of institutional pluralism. Two levels of results are proposed. The first one sheds light on the banalisation process of the TCEC dispositive at the national level, which is first dominated by a civic logic of alternative territorial development that is then effaced by a a managerial logic of normalization of SSE. The second level of results consists in characterizing the modalities of appropriation of this dispositive at the meso scale of the two clusters analysed. It appears that the TCEC which manages to survive and develop is the one that hybridizes the civic and managerial logics. The other one, particularly shaped by the civic logic, doesn’t manage to perpetuate its activities and implies a reject of the dispositive, since it doesn’t share its strategic intention. Combining a critical approach and a neo-institutionalist analysis leads to several theoretical contributions. (1) We draw the outlines of a new type of dispositive that we conceptualize as a normalizing dispostive. (2) The analysis of institutional work in a context of institutional pluralism highlights a new type of practices : the ones which deal with institutional resistance.

The goal of this thesis is to analyze the philosophy and pedagogy of an almost forgotten figure in Saskatchewan history, whose work has had a lasting impact on the theory and practice of adult education. Watson Thomson, who was appointed as director of the Adult Education Division (AED) by the newly elected CCF government of Tommy Douglas in 1944, initiated an ambitious program designed to animate the citizenry of Saskatchewan, bring a variety of educational services to the common person, and develop co-operative and community enterprises throughout the province. Thomsons work is significant for a number of reasons. First, I compare and contrast it with the pedagogy of Brazilian educator, Paulo Freire. Second, I show that it was influenced by the humanistic philosophy of Personalism, especially that of Emmanuel Mounier. Third, and perhaps most importantly, Watsons philosophy embodies insights from the depth psychology of Alfred Adler enabling him to advocate a distinctive, dialogical pedagogy. Fourth, his influence as director of the AED was considerable as can be gauged from the fact that within one year of its formation, the division had organized over 500 study-action groups and more than 100 cooperative enterprises. Fifth, Watsons educational achievements are important not only for historical reasons but as a model for the development of social economy enterprises today, as evidence from a recent UNESCO report shows. The thesis uses an interdisciplinary approach of intellectual biography, historical documentation, and philosophical and psychological analysis in order to establish a comprehensive account of the theory and practice of this important figure.

The goal of this thesis is to analyze the philosophy and pedagogy of an almost forgotten figure in Saskatchewan history, whose work has had a lasting impact on the theory and practice of adult education. Watson Thomson, who was appointed as director of the Adult Education Division (AED) by the newly elected CCF government of Tommy Douglas in 1944, initiated an ambitious program designed to animate the citizenry of Saskatchewan, bring a variety of educational services to the common person, and develop co-operative and community enterprises throughout the province. Thomsons work is significant for a number of reasons. First, I compare and contrast it with the pedagogy of Brazilian educator, Paulo Freire. Second, I show that it was influenced by the humanistic philosophy of Personalism, especially that of Emmanuel Mounier. Third, and perhaps most importantly, Watsons philosophy embodies insights from the depth psychology of Alfred Adler enabling him to advocate a distinctive, dialogical pedagogy. Fourth, his influence as director of the AED was considerable as can be gauged from the fact that within one year of its formation, the division had organized over 500 study-action groups and more than 100 cooperative enterprises. Fifth, Watsons educational achievements are important not only for historical reasons but as a model for the development of social economy enterprises today, as evidence from a recent UNESCO report shows. The thesis uses an interdisciplinary approach of intellectual biography, historical documentation, and philosophical and psychological analysis in order to establish a comprehensive account of the theory and practice of this important figure.

Greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced through recovery and recycling of resources from the municipal solid waste stream. In São Paulo, Brazil, recycling cooperatives play a crucial role in providing recycling services including collection, separation, cleaning, stocking and collective sale of recyclable resources. The present research attempts to measure the greenhouse gas emission reductions achieved by the Cooperpires recycling cooperative, as well as highlight its socio-economic benefits. Methods include participant observation, structured interview, a questionnaire, and greenhouse gas accounting of recycling using a Clean Development Mechanism methodology. The results afford an exploration of the opportunity for Cooperpires and other similar recycling cooperatives to participate in the carbon credit market. / Graduate

Throughout the history, different types of businesses have reflected the zeitgeist of the specific era. Today, the globalization has led to the rise of the third wave of internationalization, which has increased the importance of emerging markets in the global business environment. An additional global trend that reflects today’s businesses is to fulfill social purposes along with making profit. The latter global trend entails the rise of the social sector in industrialized countries, including social enterprises. There is currently no universal definition of social enterprises as well as a lack of theoretical contribution on those; however, there is a lot of passion for the topic. In Sweden, social enterprises are associated with work integration social enterprises (WISEs), although other types of social enterprises exist, for example those finding opportunities in social issues in emerging markets. The purpose of this thesis is therefore to increase the holistic awareness for a wider concept of social enterprises in Sweden. To be able to increase this awareness, the aim is to examine how Swedish social enterprises turn social issues in emerging markets into business opportunities. It is further interesting to emphasize the challenges social enterprises are facing, as well as how they use their business models and strategies inorder to cope with the challenges. This study is carried out through a qualitative case-study of three Swedish social enterprises that are or were operating in emerging markets to some extent. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with one representative from each enterprise. The findings show that social enterprises have the ability to turn social issues into business opportunities. In addition, being able to balance making social impact with profit-making is one main challenge for Swedish social enterprises, especially in emerging markets as the enterprises’ core mission might be questioned regarding who their operations will benefit. The findings of this thesis have also shown that social enterprises commonly are taking the whole value-chain into account. Furthermore, as emerging markets are fast-changing and uncertain, it is difficult to plan ahead for what to come. Finally, as this thesis’ purpose states, it is thus crucial to increase the awareness and knowledge of these kinds of social enterprises since this will help them improving and increase their social impact.

This article addresses the issue of cooperatives in the context of global economic crisis and presented as a suitable alternative to deal with high unemployment, and as the fulfillment of a social economy, protected and provided for by law and the Spanish constitution. Will be discussed the characteristics of cooperatives, its constitution and its organization. In addition, there will be mention of types of cooperatives, especially the cooperative mode of worker cooperatives. / El presente artículo aborda el tema de las cooperativas en un contexto de crisis económica mundial y las presenta como una alternativa adecuada para lidiar con las altas tasas de desempleo, y como el cumplimiento de una economía social, protegida y establecida por la ley y la constitución española. Se expondrá las características de las cooperativas, su constitución, su organización. Además, se hará mención a las modalidades de cooperativas, en especial a la modalidad cooperativa de trabajo asociado.

Este estudo pretende investigar os impactos da implantação, em Pernambuco, de um projeto nascido no Campo Religioso que, extrapolando-o, alcança as esferas sociais e econômicas da sociedade, pretendendo contribuir ativamente nelas. A pesquisa será pautada na rica bibliografia referente à Economia de Comunhão EdC, e propostas afins, na análise da documentação produzida pelas empresas que funcionam a partir do Polo Ginetta, localizado no Município de Igarassú e nas avaliações do Movimento dos Focolares. A Economia de Comunhão é pérola do movimento focolarino, de acordo com sua idealizadora Chiara Lubich. Sua implantação, no Brasil, apresenta significativa importância para o projeto da fundadora dos Focolarinos, visto que foi a situação socioeconômica da periferia de São Paulo, SP, o motivo e o berço, tanto da sua inspiração original quanto da primeira implantação. Formado por empresas produtoras de bens e serviços, os polos da Economia de Comunhão usam formas semelhantes aos distritos industriais, no que se refere à estrutura de polos, mas seus princípios de partilha de lucro são muito distintos, estando baseados na gratuidade, reciprocidade e partilha, de nítida inspiração cristã. Pretende-se, com a ajuda de teóricos, tanto do Campo Religioso quanto da Economia, fazer um balanço da eficácia desta transposição de campos. / This study aims to investigate the impacts of the implementation, in Pernambuco, of a project born in the Religious field that, extrapolating it achieves the social and economic spheres of society, intending to contribute actively in them. The research will be guided by the rich literature on the Economy of Communion - EdC, and related proposals, the analysis of the documentation produced by the companies that operate from the Ginetta Industrial Park, located in the municipality of Igarassu and the Focolare Movement ratings. The Economy of Communion is pearl focolarino movement, according to its creator Chiara Lubich. Its implementation in Brazil has significant importance for the founder of the Focolare project, as was the socioeconomic situation in the outskirts of São Paulo, the reason and the birthplace of both his original inspiration and the first deployment. Formed by companies producing goods and services, the poles of the Economy of Communion use similar ways to industrial districts, with regard to the pole structure, but its principles of profit sharing are very different, being based on gratuity, reciprocity and sharing of clear Christian inspiration. It is intended, with the help of theoreticians, both the Religious field as the economy, take stock of the effectiveness of implementation fields.

The economic crisis has created a major concern in developedcountries for control of social risks with negative effects on growth and this problem can be approached from the perspective of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Thus, CSR is seen as an entrepreneurial attitude aimed at promoting social, economic and environmental purposes while guarantying competitiveness in the international market. Thus, social economy can contribute to sustainable development, economic and social cohesion, to promote productive and income distribution, to ensure employment and equality of opportunities. The purpose of this study is to have an influence onthe role that taxation plays in the area of incentive policies related to social economy and very prominently manifested in the legal status of cooperatives. The approach aims to provide proposals on tax regulation of cooperatives taking the perspective of the international context and the size of the sector in countries like Spain and Peru in order to encourage cooperative social responsibility. Indeed, the importance of providing a legal and fiscal framework to promote their internationalization connects providentially with the principles that govern the cooperative action. We consider that it is essential, from the perspective of sustainable development and cooperatives’social responsibility, to take into account in the tax regime applicable criteria that can be justified on constitutional principles, the general interest of society or internationalization economic activity. Also, there could be other positive effects in the area of Latin America, such as decreasing tax evasion and the formalization of at least a portion of the informal sector of the economy, including the real impulse to CSR. / La crisis económica ha generado una mayor preocupación en los países desarrollados por el control de los riesgos sociales con efectos negativos sobre el crecimiento y este problema puede abordarse desde la perspectiva de la Responsabilidad Social de las Empresas (RSE). De este modo, la RSE se observa como la actitud empresarial dirigida a promover fines sociales, económicos y ambientales a la vez que garantizar la competitividad en el mercado internacional. Así, la economía social puede contribuir al desarrollo sostenible, a la cohesión económica y social, a fomentar el tejido productivo y la distribución de la renta, a favorecer el empleo y a procurar la igualdadde oportunidades. El presente estudio pretende incidir en el papel que la fiscalidad desempeña en el área de la incentivación de políticas relacionadas con la economía social y que muy destacadamente se manifiesta en el régimen jurídico de las cooperativas. El enfoque adoptado persigue aportar propuestas para la regulación fiscal de las cooperativas considerando el contexto internacional y la dimensión del sector en países como España y Perú en aras de incentivar la llamada «responsabilidad social cooperativa». En efecto, la importancia de ofrecer un marco legal y fiscal de promoción de su internacionalización se cohonesta de forma providencial con los principios que gobiernan la acción cooperativista. Consideramos que es indispensable, desde la perspectiva del desarrollo sostenible y la responsabilidad social de las cooperativas, que se tome en consideración en el régimen fiscal aplicable criterios que puedan justificarse en los principios constitucionales, el interés general de la sociedad o de internacionalización de la actividad económica. Asimismo, podrían conseguirse otros efectos positivos en el área de América Latina como la disminución de la evasión fiscal y la formalización de al menos una parte del sector informal de la economía, e incluso el impulso a la auténtica RSE.

A tese parte da análise jurídica do concurso das sociedades cooperativas para abordar as disciplinas concursais de insolvência civil, recuperação de empresas e falência, bem como as normas de liquidação aplicáveis às cooperativas no direito brasileiro e comparado. O direito concursal hodierno dispõe de mecanismos recuperativos em caso de crise financeira, e liquidatórios, com normas que primam pela eficiência dos institutos do direito concursal e pela continuação da atividade produtiva, com o fim de beneficiar o credor, devedor e a coletividade. Tende-se a adotar o princípio de unidade legal, de sistema e de disciplina, com pressuposto subjetivo unificado, abrangendo todos os devedores, inclusive as sociedades cooperativas, que quando organizadas como empresas são empresárias de economia social, com natureza jurídica e estrutura que beneficiam a coletividade. O Brasil não adota o princípio da unidade, nem reconhece as sociedades cooperativas como empresas, com a exclusão das cooperativas da lei de recuperação e falências, o que fere as orientações internacionais de incentivo e de tratamento não discriminatório às sociedades cooperativas e surge como mais um obstáculo ao seu desenvolvimento no Brasil. Este estudo teórico-descritivo subdivide-se em três capítulos: o primeiro aborda a doutrina e a normativa do direito concursal com enfoque na sociedade cooperativa, analisando a evolução do direito concursal, os pressupostos subjetivos e os institutos do direito concursal brasileiro, inclusive os aplicáveis às sociedades cooperativas; o segundo aprofunda o estudo da sociedade cooperativa como empresa de economia social para demonstrar a sua realidade econômica empresarial e as suas características estruturais, além de as orientações internacionais sobre a promoção da cooperativa; e o terceiro avalia a adequação do direito concursal das cooperativas no Brasil e formula proposições sobre a matéria. A relação teoria e prática tem como base as decisões judiciais existentes sobre a matéria. / The thesis begins with the legal analysis of the bankruptcy of cooperative societies to address the legal types of bankruptcy non-commercial entities insolvency system (insolvência civil), companies recovery system and bankruptcy and the liquidation rules applicable to cooperatives under Brazilian law and comparative law. The bankruptcy law nowadays has recovery mechanisms in cases of financial crisis and liquidation. It presents rules that aim at efficiency and at the continuity of the production, in order to benefit creditors, debtors and the community. There is a tendency to adopt the legal unit principle, the system principle and the discipline principle, with a unified subjective premise that covers all debtors, including cooperative societies. When organized as companies, these societies are social economy entrepreneurs, whose juridical nature and structure benefit the community. Brazil does not adopt the legal unit principle and does not recognize cooperative societies as companies, with the exception of the cooperatives covered by the recovery and bankruptcy law. This fact constitutes a disagreement in relation to international orientations of promotion and non-discriminatory treatment to cooperative societies and arises as an obstacle to the development of these societies in the country. The theoretical-descriptive study is divided into three chapters: the first one presents the doctrine and the rules related to bankruptcy law focusing the aspects of cooperative societies and analyzing the evolution, the subjective premises and the institutes of bankruptcy law, including those applicable to cooperative societies; the second chapter analyses the cooperative society as a social economy company and demonstrates its entrepreneurs economic reality, its structural characteristics and adds international orientations on the promotion of cooperatives; the third chapter evaluates the appropriateness of bankruptcy law related to cooperatives in Brazil and formulates propositions on the issue. The relation between theory and practice is demonstrated with judicial decisions on the matter.

Uma das abordagens mais utilizadas atualmente para se estudar o metabolismo e a transdução de sinais hormonais é o uso de mutantes com alterações nos genes que codificam os principais componentes desses processos. A cultivar miniatura de tomateiro (Lycopersicon esculentum) denominada Micro-Tom (MT) possui porte reduzido (8 cm) e ciclo de apenas 75 dias, constituindo-se em um excelente modelo para uma abordagem genética de estudos fisiológicos. Mutantes com alterações no balanço auxina/citocinina, ou na capacidade de resposta a esse balanço, podem ser utilizados para desvendar o papel da interação entre esses hormônios no controle do desenvolvimento, inclusive no que se refere à capacidade de regeneração in vitro. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo criar um modelo para se estudar o papel do balanço auxina/citocinina endógeno na competência para regeneração in vitro, através da incorporação das mutações dgt, brt, gf, lutescent, ls e bu, as quais sugerem alterações no metabolismo e/ou sensibilidade hormonal, na cultivar MT. Essas mutações foram caracterizadas quanto à sensibilidade à auxina e citocinina através da obtenção de curvas de dose-resposta, utilizando-se diferentes concentrações de AIA (0; 0.1; 1; 10 e 100 µM) e TDZ (0; 0.01; 0.1; 1; 10 e 100 µM), em segmentos de pecíolo e plântulas germinadas em gerbox, respectivamente. As mutações caracterizadas para auxina e citocinina, bem como o controle MT, foram testadas in vitro, quanto à sua capacidade de regeneração, em meio de cultura MS, suplementado com 5µM de BAP (explantes cotiledonares e segmentos de hipocótilo) e 4,5 µM de Zeatina (segmentos de raiz). Os mutantes lutescent, gf e bu, apesar de possuírem fenótipo bastante interessante, não parecem ser relacionados à sensibilidade à auxina e citocinina, bem como ao etileno. Já os mutantes dgt e brt apresentaram respostas típicas de mutantes com pouca sensibilidade à auxina e citocinina, respectivamente. Dessa forma, a resposta ao balanço AIA/Cks é alterado nesses mutantes, afetando o processo de regeneração. Nos segmentos de hipocótilo, houve formação de calos em todos os explantes, entretanto, poucos explantes formaram gemas adventícias, sendo que o mutante dgt foi o que apresentou menor taxa de regeneração. Nos explantes cotiledonares, a taxa de regeneração foi menor ainda no MT e no mutante dgt, e ausente no mutante brt. Não houve regeneração em nenhum dos genótipos em segmentos de raiz. Esses resultados sugerem que, embora a competência para regeneração in vitro possa ser dependente do balanço AIA/Cks, ou da resposta a esse balanço, existem interações mais complexas entre esses hormônios e seus efeitos na regeneração. A exemplo disso, era de se esperar uma maior formação de gemas caulinares em dgt, já que sua capacidade de resposta ao balanço está voltada para Cks. Um estudo mais aprofundado para a correta interpretação dessa interação deve levar em conta que a sensibilidade à auxina é necessária também no processo de desdiferenciação. Além disso, auxinas e citocininas não só atuam na diferenciação, mas também podem interferir na regeneração, independente do balanço AIA/Cks, já que são necessárias para a expansão e divisão celular. / To date, one of approaches more used to study the metabolism and transduction of hormone signals are the mutants with alterations in genes which encode the principal components of this process. The miniature cultivar of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) named Micro-Tom (MT) possesses reduced size (8 cm) and a life cycle of just 75 days, constituting an excellent model for a genetic approach of physiology studies. Mutants with altered auxin/cytokinin ratio, or in the response capacity to this ratio, can be used to clear up the role of interactions between these hormones in the control of development, including those concerning the in vitro regeneration capacity. The current work aimed to produce a model to study the role of endogenous auxin/cytokinins ratio in the competence for in vitro regeneration, through incorporation of the dgt, brt, gf, lutescent, ls and bu mutations, which concern altered hormone metabolism and/or sensibility, in the MT cultivar. These mutations were tested for the hypothesis of being related to auxin and cytokinin sensibility by means of dose-response curves, using different concentrations of IAA (0; 0.1; 1; 10 e 100 µM) and TDZ (0; 0.01; 0.1; 1; 10 e 100 µM), in petiole segments and gerbox-germinated seedlings, respectively. The mutations confirmed to be auxin and cytokinin related, as well the MT control, were tested in vitro for regeneration capacity, in MS culture media, with either 5µM de BAP (cotyledon explants and hypocotyl segments) or 4,5 µM Zeatin (root segments). The luescent, gf and bu mutants, despite showing an interesting phenotype, do not seem to be related to auxin and cytokinin sensibility, as well as to ethylene. However, the dgt and brt mutants showed typical responses of reduced auxin and cytokinin sensibility, respectively. Thus, the response to auxin/cytokinin is altered in these mutants, affecting the regeneration process. Calli were observed in all hypocotyl segments, however few explants formed adventitious buds, with the dgt mutant presenting the least regeneration ratio. In the cotyledon explants, the regeneration ratio was even less than in MT and in dgt, and absent in the brt mutant. There was no regeneration whatsoever from root segments in any genotype. These results suggest that, although the competence for in vitro regeneration might be dependent on the IAA/Cks ratio, or the response to this ratio, interactions far more complex exist between these hormones and their effects on regeneration. For instance, a greater adventitious buds formation was expected in dgt, because its response ability is biased toward Cks. A deeper study for the correct interpretation of these data should consider that the sensibility to auxin is also necessary in the process of undifferentiation. Besides, both auxins and cytokinins have roles not only in differentiation, but also can interfere with regeneration independent of the IAA/Cks ratio, as they are required for cell division and expansion.