This article deals with Cultural, Social and Economic Rights established in the Constitution and in Constitutional Case Law. So, after explaining its nature, state’s role according preservation and enforceability,relationship with other fundamental rights, among other key points, it isi ntended to answer, dealing with those rights, which of two scenarios have prevailed: internationalization of constitutional law or constitutionalization of international law. / El presente artículo versa sobre la presencia de los derechos económicos sociales y culturales (DESC) en la Constitución y en la jurisprudencia constitucional. Así, tras abordar su naturaleza, el rol estatal respecto de su preservación, su exigibilidad y su relación con otros derechos fundamentales, entre otros importantes aspectos, intenta responder si en el tratamiento de los DESC en nuestro país se ha producido una internacionalización del derecho constitucional o más bien una constitucionalización del derecho internacional.

This research aims to investigate the diverse uses of thermal springs and to develop strategies to identify those most appropriate for Sagole with due regard given to the economic, social and environmental aspects. The aim specifically determines the optimum use of the Sagole thermal spring. The following potential uses for Sagole were identified, discussed and analysed in terms of the environmental, social and economic aspects: tourism, aquaculture and geothermal education. The potential cost and benefit of each were also analysed. According to the research finding, the establishment of a Geothermal Education Centre appears to be the most sustainable project with the highest Feasibility Index. It is followed by Health Tourism and then Aquaculture. / Environmental Sciences / D. Phil. (Environmental Management)

This thesis focus on the unidimensional adscriptions of value behind industrial soybeans production in Paraguay. The thesis aims to present non-economic Nature’s Contributions to traditional farmers’ quality of life, the role of farmers’ traditional knowledge to display these contributions and the efficiency of such knowledge regarding high productive demands. From a theoretical framework based on nature’s contributions to people, ecosystem services, knowledge systems and conservation, the thesis formulates the following research questions: 1) What drives the prioritization of a single economic value on nature’s contributions to people in rural Paraguay? 2) What is the value of non-economic nature’s contributions, and what is the role of traditional farmers on displaying these values? The study mostly relies in primary data obtained through semi-structured interviews conducted during fieldwork period in the study area of San Pedro, Eastern Paraguay. The results present a plural assessment on nature’s contributions and the adaptation of small farmers to modern farming techniques. The thesis concludes that a perspective dominated by unidimensional value can be socially motivated within the rush for development in Paraguay, a concept tied to economic growth and modernization. In addition, nature’s contributions displayed by small farmers suggest that community-based conservation could represent a more sustainable approach for the farmers’ needs and the current environmental challenges of the country.

Submitted by PAULA SUEMY LANDI KOGA null (paulinhakoga@hotmail.com) on 2017-08-14T13:29:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_PAULA_KOGA.pdf: 4032090 bytes, checksum: 39b750b66f0a0958e26aaf3aa61d254e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-08-18T20:06:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 koga_psl_dr_ilha.pdf: 4032090 bytes, checksum: 39b750b66f0a0958e26aaf3aa61d254e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-18T20:06:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 koga_psl_dr_ilha.pdf: 4032090 bytes, checksum: 39b750b66f0a0958e26aaf3aa61d254e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A forte expansão do setor sucroenergético na região noroeste, em uma região caracterizada pela pecuária e fruticultura, motivou a realização deste estudo para avaliar a expansão da cana de açúcar e os impactos sociais e econômicos, em municípios pertencentes aos Escritórios de Desenvolvimento Rural de Fernandópolis, Jales e Votuporanga, localizados na região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo. Foram entrevistados representantes das prefeituras dos municípios com usinas, para analisar os impactos (socioeconômicos e ambiental) ocasionados após a instalação da agroindústria da cana. Foram levantados e analisados os seguintes indicadores socioeconômicos: População residente urbana e rural, o Índice da Federação das Indústrias do Estado do Rio de Janeiro- FIRJAN de Desenvolvimento Municipal (IFDM), Produto Interno Bruto per capita (PIB per capita), o Índice de Gini e vínculo empregatício. Para a análise da viabilidade econômica do cultivo da cana de açúcar foram determinados os custos, a lucratividade, o Valor Presente Líquido (VPL), a Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR) e o Período de Recuperação do Capital (Payback Period). Assim, observou-se que as principais mudanças positivas foram geração de empregos, aumento de renda da população, movimentação do comércio local e arrecadação de impostos. Problemas na área ambiental com maior toxidez nas outras culturas através da deriva de produtos fitossanitários, aumento da população da mosca de estábulos, diminuição de áreas de plantio de grãos e pastagens, e desgaste das rodovias devido ao excesso peso do tráfego de caminhões. Os indicadores sociais mostraram que a população urbana expandiu para todos os municípios dos EDRs de Votuporanga e de Jales (com exceção do município de Aparecida D’Oeste), e ocorreu uma redução no IFDM consolidado para os três EDRs estudados. Em relação ao PIB per capita, no geral notou-se que a média dos municípios com usinas no EDR de Votuporanga se destacaram com crescimento econômico de 74,97%, no entanto nos EDRs de Fernandópolis e Jales apresentaram índices inferiores a 2,29%. O COT na implantação do canavial foi de R$6.772,82/ha e nos custos de produção dos cinco cortes, observou-se que a operação com CCT apresentou o maior dispêndio. A análise econômica mostrou lucratividade em todos os cortes para o COT e para os três primeiros cortes para o CT, considerando o preço médio de R$84,15 a tonelada, e produtividade média variando de 106,5t/ha (1º corte), a 65,77t/ha (5º corte). O capital investido na produção de cana para indústria retorna ao fornecedor no 3º corte (CT) e no 2º corte (COT), os VPL foram positivos e as TIR para ambos os custos foram maiores que o custo do capital. A produção de cana de açúcar para indústria na região noroeste paulista apresenta resultados economicamente favoráveis, mas o produtor precisa exercer uma gestão eficiente do seu negócio, gerenciamento dos custos que lhe permita tomar decisões baseadas nos mesmos, principalmente na renovação dos canaviais em que o investimento na atividade é grande. Os resultados socioeconômicos obtidos não permitem afirmar que os avanços nos indicadores estudados se devem a presença de usinas em alguns municípios. / The purpose of this study was to evolute the expansion of the sugarcane and its social and economic impacts, in municipalities of the Rural Development Offices from Fernandópolis, Jales and Votuporanga, located in northwest of the State of São Paulo. This study was motived by the Strong expansion of the sugar energy sector in a region normally characterized by catlle raising and fruit growing. The City Halls of those Municipalities with sugarcane mills in theseRural Developmente Offices (EDRs- Escritorio de Desenvolvimento Rural) were interviewed to analyse the socioeconomic and environmental impacts caused after the installation of sugarcane industry. The following socioeconomic indicators were collected and analyzed: urban and rural residente population, the index of Federation of the Industries from the State Rio de Janeiro (FIRJAN), Municipal Development (IFDM), Gross Domestic product per capita (PIB per capita), Gini Index and employment relationship. Analysis was gathered on the economic feasibility of sugarcane cultivation, the costs, profitability, Net Present Value (VPL- Valor Presente Líquido), Internal Rate of Return (TIR- Taxa Interna de Retorno) and Payback Period The main positive changes were the generation of jobs, the increase of population’s income, the movement of local commerce and the collection of taxes. Problems in environmental area with greater toxicity through the drift of phytosanitary products, increase of the fly population of the stables, reduction of planting grain area and grazing areas and wear and precariousness roads due to the excess weight of trucks traffic. The social indicators showed that the urban population expanded to all EDR cities from Votuporanga and Jales (except Aparecida D’Oeste city), and there was a reduction in consolidated IFDM for the three EDRs studied. Regarding GDP per capita (PIB), in general it was noted the average of municipalities with sugar cane plants in EDR from Votuporanga stood out with economic growth of 74,97%, however EDR from Fernandópolis and Jales presented indexes lower than 2,29%. COT in the planting of the sugar cane fields was R$6.772,82/ha and in the production costs of five cuts, the operation with CCT presented the highest expenditure. The economic analysis showed profitability in all cuts to TOC and to the first three cuts to CT, considering the average price of R$84,15 per ton and an average productivity ranging from 106,5t/ha (1st cut) to 65,77 t/ha (5th cut). The capital invested in the production of sugar cane for industry returns to the supplier in the 3rd cut (CT) and in the 2nd cut (COT), the VPL were positive and the TIR for both costs were higher than the capital cost. The production of sugar cane for industry in northwest of São Paulo State presents economically favorable results, but the producer needs to exercise an efficient management of his business, cost management that allows him to make decisions based on them, especially in the sugar cane fields renovation, where the investment in the activity is big. The socioeconomic results obtained do not allow to affirm the advances in the indicators studied are due to the presence of sugarcane plants in some municipalities.

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Eveline Borges Vilela Ribeiro - 2015.pdf: 2989262 bytes, checksum: e7887d3b2aa4fba8291e3929d95308a3 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-25 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / This thesis is based on Pierre Bourdieu’s theories about scholar reproduction and in a dialectical conception of world. The aim of this research was to analyze how the crisis of efficiency can be understood from analysis of cultural, social and economic capitals and not as a productivity crisis often debated in the literature. To do this, we analyzed if the cultural, social and economic capitals of secondary students affect theirs school achievement in science / chemistry in different scales (global, national and local). For this, on the global scale (using PISA-2009 data) and national (using ENEM-2009 data), evaluated through Quantile Regression, how the cultural, social and economic capital are related to student achievement in science. We also analyzed the partial and combined effect of different capitals on student performance from a partial regression, followed by a path analysis. These analyzes showed us that, regardless of the context, cultural and social capital have a positive relationship with student achievement in science. Economic capital also has a positive relationship with the school achievement of students in science, however, has different slope coefficients for different quantiles. For the national context, we investigated further how the educational institution the student is in (whether state, federal, municipal or private) affects their school achievement in science, for this we proceed with an ANOVA followed by a Planned Comparison Test. These tests indicated that students in federal and private schools have better achievement than those from the municipal and state schools. To justify our results, we research in a local context (in public and private schools of Jataí-GO and Goiânia-GO) how the student's capitals affect their achievement in chemistry. We elaborated and applied a didactic strategy about “waste and physical and chemistry transformations”, a socio-economic-cultural survey and an interview with responsible for those students. In this context, we could deep the discussions that we had realized in global and national context. Our results provided subsides to affirm that the efficiency crisis of school is configured in a context of crisis of capitalist society. The school crisis is multifaceted and it is a mistake condemns only schools and teachers about the learning problems in science because the social, cultural and economic capital of the students can explain some of these achievement issues. The school is in crisis, but the school's crisis is not a crisis of efficiency, is a societal crisis permeated with ideological aspects, as well as other crises that today's society confronts. / Este trabalho está fundamentado nas teorias de Pierre Bourdieu sobre a reprodução escolar e em uma concepção dialética de mundo. O objetivo desta tese consistiu em analisar como a crise de eficiência da escola pode ser compreendida a partir da análise dos capitais cultural, econômico e social dos partícipes da escola e não tão somente como uma crise de produtividade e eficiência humana. Para isso, analisamos se os capitais social, cultural e econômico dos estudantes afetam o desempenho escolar em ciências/química de estudantes do Ensino Médio em diferentes amostras (global, nacional e local). Para isso, na escala global (utilizando dados do PISA-2009) e nacional (utilizando dados do ENEM-2009), avaliamos, através de Regressão Quantil, de que maneira os capitais cultural, social e econômico estão relacionados ao desempenho dos estudantes em ciências. Avaliamos também o efeito parcial e combinado dos diferentes capitais no desempenho dos estudantes a partir de uma regressão parcial, seguida por uma análise de caminho (path analysis). As análises nos mostraram que, independente do contexto, os capitais cultural e social possuem uma relação positiva com o desempenho dos estudantes em ciências, assim como o capital econômico, que, no entanto, possui diferentes coeficientes angulares para distintos quantis. Para o contexto nacional, investigamos ainda como o estabelecimento de ensino que o estudante frequenta (estadual, federal, municipal ou privado) afeta o seu desempenho escolar em ciências. Para isso, fizemos uma Análise de Variância seguida de um Teste de Comparação Planejada, que nos indicou que os estudantes das escolas federal e privada possuem melhor desempenho que aqueles oriundos das escolas municipal e estadual. A fim de fundamentar tais resultados, investigamos em um recorte local (em escolas públicas e privadas nas cidades de Goiânia-GO e Jataí-GO) como os capitais dos estudantes afetavam seu desempenho em química. Para isso, elaboramos e aplicamos uma estratégia didática cujo tema foi “Lixo e as Transformações Físicas e Químicas”, bem como um questionário socioeconômico-cultural, além de realizarmos entrevistas com os responsáveis de alguns estudantes. Nesse contexto, pudemos aprofundar as discussões que realizamos nos recortes global e nacional. Nossos resultados nos fornecem subsídio para afirmarmos que a crise de eficiência da escola se configura em um contexto de crise da sociedade capitalista e que tem relação não apenas com os problemas de ordem econômica da escola, mas também com os aspectos sociais, culturais e econômicos que permeiam a vida dos estudantes fora do ambiente escolar. A escola está em crise, mas não de eficiência, tal como predita pelo modelo capitalista; é uma crise societária permeada de aspectos ideológicos, assim como os demais flagelos que a sociedade atual enfrenta. A crise escolar é multifacetada, e constitui equívoco responsabilizar unicamente as escolas e professores sobre os problemas de aprendizagem em ciências, uma vez que os capitais sociais, culturais e econômicos dos estudantes conseguem explicar parte desses problemas de desempenho. Logo, é necessária atuação conexa entre o Estado e a escola para a disposição de serviços essenciais para a população.

Ao final do século XIX, a riqueza resultante do crescimento da cafeicultura e a entrada de milhares de imigrantes europeus, provocou um crescimento inédito da cidade de São Paulo. Em paralelo, a escravidão ia se extinguindo e reforçando o contingente de negros livres, que se somavam a massa de pobres de outras etnias, motivo de preocupação da classe dominante. Disputando os espaços da cidade e os postos de trabalho, estes grupos sociais protagonizaram conflitos internos, entre outros grupos sociais e com o Estado, opressivo e discriminador. A crescente população de negros livres, no entanto, inseria-se no mercado de trabalho a medida que a escravidão ia acabando. Aquela inserção foi abortada com a consolidação do trabalho assalariado e o surgimento de teorias racistas, que empurra-os para fora do mercado formal, obrigando-os a sobreviverem nas franjas da sociedade, exercendo trabalhos informais, pouco valorizados econômica e socialmente ou a marginalizar-se. / By the end of the XIX century, the wealth produced by the expansion of coffee plantations and the arrival of thousands of European immigrants, brought about an unprecedented growth to the city of São Paulo. Simultaneously, as slavery became extinct and the ever-growing contingent of free blacks added to the masses of other poor ethnic groups, the dominant class\'s concern rose. Striving for space in the cities and for a place in the labor market, these social groups staged conflicts internally, against other social groups and against an oppressive and discriminatory State. The rising population of free blacks, however, joined the labor market as slavery declined. Such process is aborted with the consolidation of labor and the emergence of racist theories that push them out of the formal market, forcing them to survive on the fringes of society, either by performing informal jobs of little economic and social value or resorting to crime to make a living.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the socio-cultural impacts that tourists and locals in Mallorca are experiencing. We want to study the locals’ and tourists' perceptions and impact they have on each other. Qualitative interviews have been conducted for this thesis, in which two different interview forms were used. One interview form was used to interview locals and another for tourists, and a total of 11 people were interviewed. The study is based on theories that includes socio-cultural impacts, cultural shock, Doxey's irridex model and codes of conduct. The result of this study is that both locals and tourists had in general positive perceptions of the socio-cultural effects. The positive effects they experienced was cultural- and knowledge exchange, create networks with tourists from around the world and to have multicultural meetings. It was only locals who felt the negative socio-cultural effects of tourism, and these effects were that tourists litter the streets, drinks a lot of alcohol, creates high noise levels and that tourism affects the traditions and local language. / Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka de sociokulturella effekter som turister ochlokalbefolkningen i Mallorca upplever. Vi författare har valt att studera lokalbefolkningensoch turisters uppfattningar som de har av varandra. För denna uppsats har det genomförtskvalitativa intervjuer, där två olika intervjuformer använts. Den ena intervjuformen användesför att intervjua lokalbor och den andra för turister, där totalt 11 personer har intervjuats.Studien utgår från teorier som behandlar bland annat sociokulturella effekter, kulturchock,Doxey's irridex-modell och codes of conduct. Resultatet av studien är att både lokalborna och turisterna i generella drag har positivauppfattningar av turismens effekter på ön. De positiva effekter som de upplevde var kulturochkunskapsutbyten, turismen underlättade att skapa ett nätverk med personer från helavärlden samt en upplevelse av mångkulturella möten. Det är endast lokalborna som anser attdet finns negativa effekter av turismen, vilket var att turister skräpar ner gator,överkonsumerar alkohol, är väldigt högljudda samt påverkar traditioner och det lokala språket.

This case study explores climate change coping and adaptation strategies in an agriculture- dependent community in the Panchkhal Valley in Nepal that suffered from five years of drought between 2004 and 2009. Based on fieldwork and interviews in Panchkhal 2011–2012, it explores how drought, combined with an ongoing process of agricultural commercialization and intensification, lead to a situation of ‘double exposure’ for Panchkhal farmers. As a consequence, current development policies based on the intensification and commercialization of agriculture may both support and undermine climate change adaptation in important ways. For instance, access to markets and a monetary income facilitated coping and adaptation, while dependence on agrochemicals led to increased vulnerability and environmental deterioration at the local level. Furthermore, none of the reported coping and adaptation strategies were able to provide the agricultural system in Panchkhal with sufficient amounts of water during the drought. While community organizations and NGOs were reported to play important roles in facilitating adaptation and mediating support at the time of the drought, government support was regarded to be insufficient. Coping and adaptation projects were often launched by local level actors, but these projects were dependent on resources from other administrative scales for their realization. 'Scale brokers', organizations or individuals that are able to mobilize support from other scales, hence appear to be a critical part for realizing adaptation projects.

Alors que de multiples compressions ont eu des effets négatifs sur le système public, illustrant la « rigueur budgétaire » des dernières années au Québec, nombreuses sont les pratiques permettant à plusieurs citoyens pourtant très bien nantis d’échapper légalement au fisc. Parmi celles-ci se trouve une stratégie fiscale relativement récente et de plus en plus utilisée: l’incorporation des professionnels. Ce mémoire, qui s’inscrit dans une perspective d’éthique sociale et économique, vise à remettre en question cette pratique fiscale d’un point de vue moral. Pour ce faire, nous soulignons d’abord les inégalités fiscales évidentes découlant d’un traitement différencié accordé aux professionnels. Comprenons, pour le dire simplement, que les avantages fiscaux liés au statut légal de l’incorporation sont pratiquement inaccessibles à plusieurs entrepreneurs prenant un réel risque financier dont la rémunération est de loin inférieure à une majorité de professionnels pouvant s’incorporer. Or, de telles inégalités posent des problèmes d’équité substantiels, lesquels sont abordés en deuxième partie de ce mémoire. En effet, en permettant l’abaissement du taux effectif d’imposition chez des professionnels bien situés dans l’échelle socio-économique, l’incorporation contrevient notamment à des principes de capacité de payer et à son interprétation possible du sacrifice égal. Enfin, dans la troisième partie de notre projet axée sur une perspective de justice distributive plus largement construite, nous remettons en question la position gouvernementale s’appuyant sur le principe de différence rawlsien et son argument des incitatifs économiques. Nous soulignons, d’une part, qu’une justification de l’incorporation basée sur ces incitatifs laisse place à de larges inégalités et est révélatrice d’une société dans laquelle s’opère une brèche dans la condition élémentaire de communauté. D’autre part, nous soutenons qu’une telle position va à l’encontre d’un ethos égalitariste que devraient promouvoir les citoyens et le gouvernement en respect au principe de différence et que, selon ce point de vue, permettre l’incorporation revient à cautionner une forte injustice. / While many budget cuts have dented public coffers, illustrating the "budgetary rigor" of recent years in Quebec, some fiscal practices allow very well-off citizens to legally reduce their tax burdens. Among them is a relatively recent and increasingly used tax strategy: the incorporation of professionals. This thesis aims to question this tax practice from a moral point of view. First, we empirically highlight socio-economic inequalities resulting from differential treatment granted to professionals. We assume that the tax advantages associated with the legal status of incorporation are practically inaccessible to many entrepreneurs who take real financial risks and whose remuneration is far less than most professionals who can incorporate. Such inequalities carry substantial equity problems, which will be discussed in the second section of this thesis. Indeed, with the lower effective tax rate of professionals well situated on the socio-economic scale, incorporation contravenes the principle of capacity to pay and its possible interpretation of equal sacrifice. Finally, in the third part of our project focusing on a broader perspective of distributive justice, we question the government's position based on the Rawlsian difference principle and its argument of economic incentives. On one hand, we emphasize that justifying incorporation by appeal to economic incentives leaves place to large inequalities and reveal a society in breach of elementary community condition. On the other, we argue that this viewpoint infringes an egalitarian ethos that should be promoted by the citizens and the government in accordance with the principle of difference and that, according to this view, allowing incorporation amounts to endorse a strong injustice.

In this study is analysed how the ERDF (European Regional Development Funding) in East-Netherlands approaches innovation and how this approach is shaped and complemented byEuropean, national and regional policy. This is done by analysing how the targeted interventionapproach and the institutional approach are used in the ERDF and adjacent policies. The twoapproaches are both based on a different argument on how innovation policy makes an impact.By doing this the study contributes to the analysis of European policy and it empirically appliesconcepts used in theory on innovation and regional economic development. This gives policy makersinput for the development of innovation policy and especially for the development of Europeanpolicy post 2020. For academia this study shows theoretical gaps in the concepts applied andprovides suggestions for further research on these concepts. The study concludes that ERDF fundingin East-Netherlands is strongly based on the targeted intervention approach. The use of thisapproach results from the governance structure under which ERDF is implemented. The EU 2020strategy has been influential in the final shape of the policy, while the national level has a lessimportant role. Innovation policy at the regional level complements the ERDF policy because it is alsobased on concepts from the targeted intervention approach. The institutional policy implemented atthe European and national level has weaker links with the ERDF programme.