This dissertation advocates for greater recognition and inclusion of the large and growing population of disabled people as an integral part of the marketplace and in marketing research. Three trends are converging that increase the imperative to focus more attention on disability in the marketplace: demographics, inclusion, and technology. The experience of disabled consumers in the marketplace is fundamentally different from that of able-bodied consumers and has implications for all stakeholders in marketing. To better understand the heart of this matter, Essay 1 develops a theoretical framework to explain how disabled individuals approach consumption decisions. They must choose between three coping strategies (self-initiative, social support, and assistive technology) to overcome the challenges of their disability and achieve their consumption goals. In doing so, they face an inherent and constant tradeoff of fulfilling a need for autonomy versus need for efficiency. No strategy fulfills both, rather each facilitates one while hindering the other, creating tension between competing goals. This tradeoff is typically not faced by able-bodied consumers, who are able to achieve both autonomy and efficiency on the same task. Essay 2 empirically and experimentally tests one aspect of the theoretical framework, namely how observers may perceive (or misperceive) the needs of people with physical disabilities, identifies inaccurate perceptions that may lead to suboptimal outcomes, and examines how these perceptions can be leveraged to improve outcomes. Although I advocate a fully inclusive design approach, in which people with disabilities are integral to decision making processes affecting them, the current reality is that many decisions are still made on their behalf by others. As a result, marketers, product designers, policy makers, and individuals need to understand the needs of people with disabilities to create, market, and support products that better fulfill those needs. In contrast to prior research on dehumanization, which finds that observers diminish the importance of high-order (psychological) needs of “othered” groups, I find that observers elevate the importance of high-order needs of people with physical disabilities to compensate for perceived physical challenges. Across eight studies, I identify this systematic bias and resulting consequential decisions in the realm of product design and response to marketing campaigns. I conclude by discussing implications of these findings for managers, public policy, and future research.

台灣司法院大法官早在1948年就開始進行違憲審查，迄今已釋憲超過65餘載，共作成730餘則大法官解釋，違憲宣告的比例大約30%至40%之間，其中與社會權相關的案件約20餘件，面對社會權應如何司法性的提問，我國學者多認為大法官對於社會權案件之釋憲立場過於難以捉摸，時而寬鬆時而嚴謹，大法官於社會權案件之審查上，並未創造出一套如同自由權般穩定且具有預測可能性的審查標準。 對於我國大法官於社會權案件中的釋憲難題，若僅著墨於方法論上的研究，忽略國家整體社會發展的歷史脈絡，將有見樹不見林之遺憾，而此種將社會發展歷史脈絡融入大法官釋憲過程中，最受國際推崇者莫過於南非憲法法院。南非在歷經長達數百年的種族隔離後，終於揮別威權擁抱民主，並擁有一部為世人所稱羨的新憲法，然而新民主南非所面臨來自於經濟、社會、政治與轉型正義等各方面之挑戰，並未因新憲法的制定而全盤迎刃而解。相反的，民主化後的新政府因財政短缺，導致無法實踐南非憲法中所保障之社會權，求助無門的民眾最終只能向憲法法院訴請權利保障。南非憲法法院面對困擾全球各地憲法法院之亙古難題「社會權如何司法性」時，並不懼怕挑戰，展現出以人為本之人權保障與弱勢保障之高度，做出許多為世人所稱羨之社會權憲法判決。 反思我國之社會權釋憲案件，多數均非由經濟弱勢者所提出，甚或有些與弱勢生存保障密切相關之釋憲案，最終這些弱勢群體之弱勢成因、社會處境現狀並未在釋憲場域中被凸顯、被衡量，導致憲法權利保障所連結之個人或群體從事現場域中消失了。對此，人民權利保障與權力分立原則同為憲法之兩大基石，二者間並無孰輕孰重之差別，故在社會權案件中，雖需考量資源有限性等權力分立之問題，然而過度尊重立法者之形成自由忽略人民權利保障之作法，仍有進一步改善之空間。

This dissertation attempts to integrate the household and children more fluidly into measures of well-being in the past. In part one, I develop a Monte Carlo simulation to test some of the assumptions of Allen’s welfare ratio methodology. These included his assumptions that family size was constant over time, that there were no female-headed households and that women and children did not participate in the labour force. After all of the adjustments, it appears that Allen’s welfare ratios underestimate the welfare ratios of a demographically representative group of families, especially if women and children’s labour force participation is included. However, the predicted distributions also highlight the struggles of agricultural labourers, who are given separate consideration. Even the average agricultural labourers’ family with women and children working would have had to rely of self- provisioning, gleaning, poor relief or the extension of the working year to make ends meet at the poorest point in their family life cycle. Part two adjusts Floud et al.’s estimates of calorie availability in the English economy from 1700 to 1909 for the costs of digestion, pregnancy and lactation. Taken together, these three additional costs reduced the amount calories available by around 15 per cent in 1700 but only by 5 per cent in 1909 because of the changing composition of the English diet. Part three presents a new adaptive framework for studying changes in children’s growth patterns over time and a new methodology, longitudinal growth studies, for measuring gender disparities in health in the past. An adaptive framework for understanding growth provides a more parsimonious explanation for the vast catch-up growth achieved by slave children in the antebellum American South. The slave children were only able to achieve this catch-up growth because they were programmed for a tall height trajectory by relatively good conditions in utero. Finally, impoverished girls experienced greater catch-up growth than boys in two schools in late-nineteenth century Boston, USA and early-twentieth century London, suggesting that girls were deprived relative to boys before entering these institutions.

The Capability Approach was initially developed by Nobel laureate Amartya Sen, with the first basic articulation presented in his 1979 ‘Equality of What?’ Tanner Lecture. Since then, the approach has gained a huge amount of attention as a conceptual framework which offers a clear and insightful way to measure well-being and development. Most recently, the approach has been refined and extended by Martha Nussbaum to issues of disability, nationality, and species membership in political philosophy. This project is about the foundations of the capability approach. More specifically, this project asks whether we can, and whether there are good reasons to, strengthen those foundations. The conclusions drawn here are that we ought to think seriously about the way that the capability approach develops as a theory that responds to real world challenges and change. More importantly, this project contends – in light of the challenges of future people and indigenous peoples – that there is good reason to think of new ways to ground the approach. This project takes up this challenge and grounds the approach in a modified version of Tim Mulgan’s approach to well-being. This project demonstrates that this alternative enriches the capability approach by providing us with a way of making sense of important problems, and with options for moving forward. Overall, this project asks important questions about how the capability approach could evolve based on challenges that remain relatively under-explored in the current literature. This project contributes to this literature by demonstrating that we can and ought to strengthen the capability approach and its ability to understand, take on board, and resolve these challenges.

Les ressortissants de pays tiers sont devenus au fur et à mesure de la construction européenne des véritables sujets du droit de l'Union européenne. Toutefois, leur protection est fragmentée en raison d'une « catégorisation » croissante de leurs statuts, en fonction de la situation de fait ou de droit qui les caractérise. L'émergence d'un socle commun de garantie de droits sociaux fondamentaux à partir des normes européennes peut être néanmoins constatée. La coordination des régimes nationaux de sécurité sociale s'applique en effet explicitement aux ressortissants de pays tiers en séjour régulier. De même, les normes sociales européennes dont les destinataires ne sont pas déterminés en fonction de la nationalité peuvent leur être adressées. Pareil constat s'applique également aux normes relatives au principe de non-discrimination.Ce socle commun pourrait alors servir de base pour l'élaboration d'un statut social, entendu comme un attribut de la citoyenneté sociale, concrétisée par la participation sociale à la vie de la cité. Ce statut social pourrait être lui-même le fondement de l'élaboration d'un véritable statut européen consacré aux ressortissants de pays tiers en séjour régulier. Il contribuerait à la réalisation de l'objectif mis en avant par le Conseil européen de Tampere des 15 et 16 octobre 1999 consistant à donner un traitement équitable à cette catégorie de ressortissants. Il concourrait aussi au renforcement de leur intégration au sein des sociétés des Etats membres d'accueil. Il s'agirait d'une intégration par le bénéfice et l'exercice des droits sociaux fondamentaux, consistant dans le financement des systèmes de sécurité sociale, l'exercice d'une activité professionnelle, ou encore la participation aux activités syndicales et de représentation collective. / Third-country nationals have become veritable subjects of the EU Law. Nevertheless, their protection is fragmented by the increasing categorization of their status, in consequence of their fact and juridical situation. The emergence of a common standard of protection of fundamental social rights based on the EU regulations and policies may be however noted. Thus the coordination of social security systems applies explicitly to the regular staying third-country nationals. EU social regulations and directives also apply to those persons when the nationality condition is not specified. The same situation is also considered on the non-discrimination principle field. Then, this common standard of protection can offers a base to the development of a social status that is an attribute of the social citizenship, materialized by the social participation in the community. This social status could come itself the foundation of the construction of a truly European status dedicated to the regular staying third-country nationals. It could contribute to the realization of the European Council Tampere's objective to give a fair treatment to those persons. It could also contribute to the reinforcement of their integration at the member States community. It consists in a social integration, by the practice of fundamental social rights like working, funding social security, or getting involved with trade unions representation.

Plusieurs indices permettent de croire que le premier ministre Harper a pour projet de faire du Parti conservateur le parti politique dominant au Canada. À cette fin, il doit transformer l’organisation sociale et politique du pays de façon à le rendre plus conservateur. L’objectif du présent mémoire est de préciser les fondements idéologiques du projet de réforme de l’État canadien du premier ministre en m’appuyant sur les écrits des membres de l’École de Calgary. Je fais l’hypothèse que les politiques publiques mises en place par Harper sont inspirées des convictions des membres de cette école de pensée, dont il est un proche. Dans le premier chapitre, je détermine la signification du concept d’idéologie et établis la pertinence de l’analyse des idéologies pour expliquer les décisions politiques. Je définis ensuite les principaux types de conservatisme, afin de déterminer lequel inspire les membres de l’École de Calgary et le Parti conservateur. Dans le second chapitre, je dresse un portrait de la pensée de l’École de Calgary relativement à quatre thèmes, soit ceux du développement économique et social, du pouvoir judiciaire, de la politique étrangère et de l’identité nationale. Enfin, dans le troisième chapitre, je recense les décisions prises par le gouvernement Harper en relation avec ces quatre mêmes thèmes et vérifie leur concordance avec les idées portées par l’École de Calgary. / Several signs suggest that Prime minister Stephen Harper is seeking to make the Conservative Party the new dominant political party in Canada. For this purpose, he has to transform the social and political organization of the country to make it more conservative and move the ideological preferences of the majority to the right. The objective of this thesis is to explain the ideological foundations of the reform strategy adopted by Harper in light of the writings of the members of the Calgary School. Because the Prime minister is close to the members of this school of thought, my hypothesis is that the public policies he implements are inspired by their convictions. Through a brief review of the literature, I clarify, in the first chapter, the meaning of the concept of ideology and establish the relevance of studying ideologies to explain political decisions. Then, I define the main types of conservatism to determine which one inspires the Calgary School and the Conservative Party. In the second chapter, I draw a portrait of the ideas promoted by the members of the Calgary School, on issues of social and economic development, on the role of the judiciary, on foreign relations and on national identity. Finally, in the third chapter, I identify the decisions taken by the Harper government in relation to these four themes since it came to power and I verify their consistency with the ideas promoted by the Calgary School.

Esta tese tem como objetivo o estudo e a análise da evolução dos partidos políticos de matriz socialista na política argentina durante um século (1880 e 1980). Ainda notamos a ausência no âmbito acadêmico de uma análise minuciosa e coerente de e do conjunto das organizações que formaram parte do Partido Socialista (PS). O mesmo ocorre com suas múltiplas divisões e incorporações ou com os vários aspectos políticos, sociais e culturais que sua praxis implicou. Neste sentido, esta tese tem dois objetivos, por um lado cobrir a mencionada lacuna e por outro colaborar com a reconstrução da memória histórica das classes subalternas. Relaciona os partidos socialistas argentinos com o socialismo internacional, o marxismo e seu impacto na América Latina, no marco da formação econômico-social argentina e dos processos políticos argentinos em sua interação com outras esquerdas, os dois grandes movimentos nacionais, o radicalismo e o peronismo, os conservadores e os militares. / The object of this thesis is the study and analysis of the evolution processes of the socialist political parties in argentinian politics during a century (1880 to 1980). We can even now notice the absence in the academic level of a minute and coherent analisys of the hole picture involving the organizations that took part in the formation of the Socialist Party (PS). The same happens in the multiple divisions and mergers or the various political, social and cultural aspects involved in its praxis. So, this thesis has two objectives, in a way, tends to cover the absence of academic literature about the subject and, in another sense, cooperate with the reconstruction of the working clases memory history. It draws the relation between the argentinian socialist parties, the marxism and its social and economic impacts in Latin America, and, finally, the mayor argentinian political processes like the radicals, the peronismo, the conservatives and the military.

L’objectif de la thèse est d’étudier l’insertion des agro-industries dans les territoires et surtoutleur contribution au développement local et régional. Nos recherches ont été effectuées dansle Delta et la basse vallée du fleuve Sénégal (région de Saint Louis du Sénégal). L’étude desentreprises (CSS, SOCAS et GDS) situées dans notre zone d’étude a mis en évidencecertains lieux stratégiques : le Delta et la basse Vallée (espace de production), la région deDakar et l’international comme espace d’approvisionnement et de commercialisation. Cesentreprises contribuent très peu au développement du Delta et de la basse Vallée. Le rôleprépondérant de Dakar au détriment de Saint Louis, les incohérences des politiquesfoncières et de développement régional ainsi que le contexte international et sous-régional(concurrence et fraude) sont autant de facteurs qui expliquent l’impact limité des agroindustriesdans notre zone étude. Notre étude révèle aussi que les prises de terrescristallisent particulièrement des tensions entre les agro-industries et les populations hôtes.D’où la nécessite pour les entreprises d’adopter la politique de RSE, mais aussi pour l’État,de réformer le foncier. La prise en compte des agro-industries dans les plans dedéveloppement local et régional est également une piste à explorer par les élus locaux. / This thesis aims to examine the integration of agricultural industries in the areas andspecifically assess then contribution to the local and regional development. Our research hascovered the Delta and the lower Valley of the Senegal River (the region of Saint Louis ofSenegal). The study of societies (CSS, SOCAS, GDS) located in this area has highlightedcertain strategic places: The Delta and the lower Valley (production area), the region ofDakar and the international market as supplying and marketing area. These societiescontribute very little to the development of the Delta and of the lower Valley. Among thefactors that account for the limited impact of these agricultural industries one can mention theparamount role played by Dakar to the detriment of Saint Louis, the inconsistencies of landand regional development policy as well as the regional an intercontinental context(competition, smuggling). This investigation has also revealed that the appropriation of landsparticularly causes time conflicting relations between agricultural societies and the localpopulations, hence the necessity for these companies to adopt the social responsibility ofcompany’s policy and to reform the land policy. The local councillors should also considertaking into account the agricultural companies in their local and regional development plan.

Submitted by SBI Biblioteca Digital (sbi.bibliotecadigital@puc-campinas.edu.br) on 2018-04-10T12:40:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ADILSON DO CARMO BASSAN.pdf: 1690732 bytes, checksum: c799be38b4bd7bcc00e633057e901afd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-10T12:40:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ADILSON DO CARMO BASSAN.pdf: 1690732 bytes, checksum: c799be38b4bd7bcc00e633057e901afd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-07 / Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas - PUC - Campinas / The concem about sustainability and social responsibility is no longer reserved to environmentalists, but also reaches the society and, above ali, companies and investors. A different attitude towards the environment and society by companies is needed so that they can have financiai returns and attract investment. Thus, indicators were created to measure the market value of companies that invest in social and environmental responsibility. In Brazil, the Corporate Sustainability Index (ISE) was built by BVM&FBOVESPA. This study aims to comparatively analyze the performance of economic and financiai resources between cornpanies listed on the ISE and of companies listed on the IBOVESPA, both of BM&FBOVESPA. For this analysis two notional portfolios were structured from 2012 to 2016: a composite with companies listed only in the ISE and another, with companies listed in the IBOVESPA, excluding those that make up the ISE. The analyzes were performed using statistical methods, such as descriptive statistics and significance test. The statistical tests compared the average value of each indicator of the companies that are in the ISE with the average value of each indicator of the companies that are in the IBOVESPA. The result of the analysis led to the observation that there is apparently no positive relationship between economic and financiai indicators and the investment in sustainability and corporate social responsibility by companies that are in ISE. Although the ISE has a differentiated notional portfolio for providing an investment environment compatible with the demands of sustainability and corporate social responsibility, the performance ofthe indicators is similar to the performance ofthe IBOVESPA indicators. / A preocupa??o em rela??o ? sustentabilidade e ? responsabilidade social n?o ? mais somente dos ambientalistas, alcan?ando atualmente a sociedade como um todo e, principalmente, as empresas e investidores. Uma postura diferenciada em rela??o ao meio ambiente e ? sociedade faz-se necess?ria para que as empresas possam ter retornos financeiros e capta??o de investimento. Diante do exposto, foram criados indicadores para medir a valoriza??o de mercado das empresas que investem em responsabilidade social e ambiental. No Brasil, foi criado o ?ndice de Sustentabilidade Empresarial (ISE) pela BM&FBOVESP A. Este estudo objetiva analisar comparativamente o desempenho de indicadores econ?mico-financeiros entre empresas que comp?e o ISE e de empresas que comp?e o IBOVESPA, ambos da BM&FBOVESP A. Para tal an?lise, se estruturaram duas carteiras te?ricas de 2012 a 2016: uma composta com empresas listadas unicamente no ISE e outra, com empresas listadas no IBOVESPA, exclu?das aquelas que comp?em o ISE. As an?lises foram realizadas por meio de m?todos estat?sticos, como estat?stica descritiva e teste de signific?ncia. Os testes estat?sticos compararam o valor m?dio de cada indicador das empresas que est?o no ISE com o valor m?dio de cada indicador das empresas que est?o no IBOVESP A. O resultado da an?lise levou a observar que aparentemente n?o h? diferen?a de m?dias entre indicadores econ?mico-financeiros e o investimento em sustentabilidade e responsabilidade social empresarial por parte de empresas que est?o no ISE. Apesar do ISE possuir uma carteira te?rica diferenciada por propiciar um ambiente de investimentos compat?veis com as demandas de sustentabilidade e de responsabilidade social empresarial, o desempenho dos indicadores ? semelhante ao desempenho dos indicadores do IBOVESP A.

A região do Vale do Ribeira, rica por suas características minerais e remanescentes expressivos de Mata Atlântica permaneceu parte de sua história às margens do desenvolvimento paulista, e hoje é tradicionalmente considerada uma das regiões mais pobres do estado de São Paulo. Razões históricas, dificuldade de acesso e condições naturais adversas às atividades econômicas são apontadas como responsáveis por seu isolamento econômico. Visando contribuir para o manejo sustentável da região do Vale do Ribeira de Iguape, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar e avaliar os aspectos sócio-econômicos e ambientais da sub-bacia do rio Jacupiranga, e os impactos decorrentes de sua ocupação na qualidade das águas do rio e na condição de vida dos moradores. Neste estudo foram estudadas variáveis limnológicas em 11 estações amostrais nos meses de janeiro, abril, julho e outubro de 2007, e a comunidade bentônica em 3 estações no mês de outubro. Para caracterização da sub-bacia foram realizadas pesquisas com relação ao histórico de ocupação da região, analisados os aspectos sociais e econômicos dos municípios e realizadas entrevistas com a população. Como resultado, observou-se que o rio Jacupiranga vem passando por processo de degradação, com margens desmatadas e presença de bancos de areia, e alteração da qualidade de suas águas. A poluição difusa é decorrente do escoamento superficial das áreas agrícolas marginais e a poluição pontual, do lançamento de efluente industrial e de esgoto doméstico bruto e tratado. Os valores encontrados para sólidos suspensos, turbidez, formas fosfatadas, condutividade elétrica e coliformes estão em desacordo com os limites estipulados pela legislação para rios de classe 2, e comprometem o uso das águas do rio Jacupiranga pela população. Os municípios pertencentes a sub-bacia do rio Jacupiranga estão inseridos na região administrativa de Registro que tem uma economia baseada principalmente na agropecuária, extrativismo vegetal e mineral. Os parâmetros sócio-econômicos e demográficos tais como mortalidade infantil, nível de escolaridade, geração de emprego e níveis de renda são indicativos de uma situação contrastante com o resto do Estado de São Paulo. Se já não bastasse a estagnação econômica e social, a região depara-se constantemente com os problemas das cheias de seus rios. As inundações são episódios naturais na área de estudo, no entanto, a ausência das matas ciliares e o assoreamento dos rios estão aumentando a dimensão dos estragos. Nestas situações, as pessoas perdem seus pertences e a produção agrícola é prejudicada. Com os resultados, percebe-se a necessidade de investimentos federais, estaduais e privados para implantação de políticas que visem à inclusão social e a promoção integral do ser humano, que proporcionem oportunidade de emprego e renda, e preservação do meio ambiente. / The Ribeira Valley region, rich in minerals and expressive Atlantic Forest remaining, remained part of its development history marginalized, and today is considered one of the poorest regions of Sao Paulo State. Historical reasons, difficult access, natural conditions and environmental policy adverse to economic activities are identified as responsible for economic isolation. To contribute to the sustainable management of the Ribeira de Iguape Valley, this research aims to analyze and evaluate the socio-economic and environmental aspects of Jacupiranga river, and the impacts due its occupation process on Jacupiranga river water quality and residents living conditions. The limnological variables were assessed through 11 sampling sites in January, April, July and October 2007, and macroinvertebrates, in 3 sampling sites in October. To characterize the sub-basin, historical occupation of the region and social and economic aspects of municipalities were investigated and interviews with population were done. As a result, it was possible to verify that Jacupiranga river is being degraded: with deforested margins, presence of sand banks and changes on river water quality. Diffuse pollution is caused by agricultural superficial runoff and point source pollution by the release of in natura and treated sewage and industrial effluent. The results found for suspended solids, turbidity, phosphate forms, electrical conductivity and coliforms are not in accordance with the limits set by brazilian rivers law, and affect the use of the waters of Jacupiranga river by population. The municipalities belonging to Jacupiranga river sub-basin are inserted in Registro administrative region that has an economy based mainly on farming, vegetable and mineral extraction. The parameters for socioeconomic and demographic factors, such as infant mortality, education, employment generation and income levels have a contrasting picture with the rest of Sao Paulo State. Besides this social and economic stagnation, the region has problems of flooding from rivers. Floods are natural events in study area, however, the absence of riparian vegetation and river aggradation are increasing the damage. In these situations, people lose their belongings and agricultural production is impaired. The results present that its necessary federal, state and private resources to implement policies aimed at social inclusion and promotion of integral human being, providing opportunities for employment and income, and environmental preservation.