This thesis, which is qualitative research and literature, has for its object the enunciation of the structure and performance of the critical ideas of social protection in the classical and positivist criminology. The landmark is in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, regarded as the era of penal codification, institutionalized in the context of major social, cultural, economic and political. The discourses and practices of intervention, as well as the mechanisms of repression and justification of the punitive power of institutionalized criminological these two schools were analyzed from a dual perspective, whether the reconstruction of its genesis and the critical deconstruction of its postulated supported by classical and contemporary sociological theories. Adopting such an approach allowed capturing the history, the contradictions, the social inequalities and power relations underlying the discourse of social defense and focus it as a specific form of regulation and control ideology of modern society. As it turned out, this ideology, beyond being restricted to a mere system of ideas and values, is physically implemented on devices that organize institutional consensus, regulate antagonistic interests, predispose to specific social practices and help to stabilize the ruling order. / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Esta dissertação, cuja investigação é de natureza qualitativa e bibliográfica, tem por objeto a enunciação da estrutura e realização de crítica ao ideário da defesa social nas criminologias clássica e positivista. O marco histórico está nos séculos XVIII e XIX, considerados como a época das codificações penais, institucionalizadas no contexto de grandes transformações sociais, culturais, econômicas e políticas. Os discursos e práticas de intervenção, bem como os mecanismos de repressão e justificativa do poder punitivo institucionalizado por essas duas escolas criminológicas foram analisados a partir de uma dupla perspectiva, quer seja, a da reconstrução de sua gênese e a da desconstrução crítica de seus postulados, com o suporte de teorias sociológicas clássicas e contemporâneas. A adoção de tal perspectiva permitiu captar a historicidade, as contradições, as assimetrias sociais e as relações de poder subjacentes aos discursos que sustentam a defesa social e focá-la como uma forma específica de ideologia de regulação e controle da sociedade moderna. Como se evidenciou, esta ideologia, muito além de se restringir a ser um mero sistema de idéias e valores, está materialmente concretizada em aparelhos institucionais que organizam consensos, regulam interesses antagônicos, predispõem a específicas práticas sociais e concorrem para estabilizar a ordem dominante.

La présente recherche porte sur les rapports entre droit pénal des mineurs et justice restaurative dans le cadre d’une approche comparative entre la France et la Belgique. Au-delà de la révélation de similitudes et de différences entre les deux pays dans ces domaines, la recherche aborde également les difficultés présentées par la France et la Belgique dans l’acceptation de la justice restaurative en droit pénal des mineurs et de son développement au sein des institutions judiciaires. Par l’étude des raisons qui ont conduit la France à manquer le tournant restauratif et de celles ayant permis, en Belgique, l’implantation de la justice restaurative dans le droit pénal des mineurs, des points d’ancrage sont relevés de nature à permettre son épanouissement dans l’ordonnance du 2 février 1945. Une expérimentation dans un service éducatif de réparation pénale a été menée avec le souci de prendre en compte des problématiques intéressant le service lui-même (logiques actuarielles, prudentielles, financières, idéologies professionnelles, craintes diverses). L’analyse des pratiques souligne que les services de réparation pénale, inscrits dans une rationalité managériale du traitement du phénomène criminel juvénile, sont limités dans la mise en œuvre des démarches de justice restaurative. Il s’avère également que quelques prises en compte du mineur et des modalités de l’exécution de la mesure envisagée par les éducateurs facilitent (approche psycho-criminologique du passage à l’acte inscrit dans une dimension psycho-socio-éducative de la réparation) ou bien inhibent (approche criminologique de l’acte inscrit dans une dimension rétributive de la réparation) des programmes de justice restaurative. Pour autant, quand bien même la pratique facilite une telle expérimentation, lorsque les éducateurs disposent de mission de « réparation-directe » notamment, des obstacles d’ordre idéologique s’observent au niveau de l’accueil, du démarchage et de la participation de la victime. Il demeure cependant essentiel de souligner que, par la présentation des principes et des promesses de la Justice restaurative aux éducateurs rencontrés, les écueils identifiés tombent, principalement quant à la présence de la victime lors de la mise en œuvre de la réparation pénale directe. Une telle évolution des postures professionnelles augure d’une intégration harmonieuse prochaine des démarches de justice restaurative en droit pénal des mineurs. / This research focuses on the juvenile criminal law and restorative justice in a comparative approach between France and Belgium. Beyond revealing the similarities and differences of these countries in these fields, the research also carters to the difficulties encountered by France and Belgium in the acceptance of restorative justice in juvenile criminal law and its development in the judicial institutions. By studying the reasons that led France to miss the “turning” of restorative justice and those enabled, in Belgium enabled, the implementation of restorative justice in the criminal law for minors, anchor points have been identified for its development in the order of 2 February 1945. Subsequently, an experiment in youth justice service on the reparation measures was led considering difficulties which concern the service itself (actuarial logic, supervisory, financial, professional ideologies and fears). Our analysis of practices in the youth justice services on the reparation measures, reveals that the experimentation of restorative justice is limited by a managerial rationality treatment of juvenile criminal phenomenon. Also, some of the minor approaches and their implementation in the measure facilitate (psycho-criminological approach to acting out part and a psycho-socio-educational dimension in reparation) or inhibit (criminological approach to act itself and a retributive dimension in reparation) restorative justice programs. However, even if the practice facilitates experimentation and that educators apply “direct reparation”, ideological barriers remain in dealing with victims. However, it remains essential to underline that, thanks to the presentation of the principles and promises of restorative justice educators met, the identified pitfalls fall, mainly with the presence of the victim during the implementation of “direct reparation”. Such a development professional postures omen a harmonious integration of next restorative justice approaches in juvenile criminal law.