Begreppet social hållbarhet innebär att människor lever i jämlikhet och rättvisa. För att en stadsmiljö ska anses socialt hållbar ska människorna som lever där ha anständiga boendemiljöer, nära till service och grönområden och det ska finnas tillgång till kollektivtrafik och arbetsmöjligheter. Människor lever och verkar i den urbana miljön och påverkar den precis som den urbana miljöns sammansättning påverkar människor, deras val och levnadsmönster, därmed behövs även ett samspel mellan människa och miljö för att samhället ska fungera. I en studie om social hållbarhet inom fysisk planering och en fallstudie av stadsutvecklingen av Ulleråker i Uppsala, analyserades begreppet social hållbarhet inom fysisk planering. Intervjuer genomfördes med personer insatta i branschen, planeringaktörer inom Ulleråkerprojektet samt medborgare i Ulleråker. Resultatet visade att social hållbarhet är en dynamisk process som tar tid att uppnå och ansträngning att bevara. Social hållbarhet innehåller många olika delar och handlar om delaktighet och inflytande, men även om möjlighet och rättighet till likvärdiga och fullgoda levnadsförutsättningar. För att ett samhälle ska vara socialt hållbart behöver den fysiska planeringen utgå från alla medborgares möjligheter och rättigheter i samhället. Dessa mål kan uppnås genom ett samlat helhetsperspektiv, vilket innebär att planeringen i en kommun eller stad har en övergripande strategi för att undvika att bli uppdelad per bostadsområde eller stadsdel. Övriga aspekter som är nödvändiga för ett socialt hållbart samhälle är medborgardialog och medborgarinflytande under planeringsprocessen, mötesplatser för alla genom fokus på den allmänna platsen, samband mellan stad och stadsdel, varierat bostadsbestånd samt fokus på sociala nätverk. / The concept of social sustainability implies equity and justice. For an urban environment to be considered as socially sustainable local citizens should have decent living environments, easy access to services and green spaces, public transportation and job opportunities. People affect the urban environment as much as the environment affects them and their lifestyle. Therefore an interaction is needed between humans and the environment for the society to function. The concept was analyzed through a study of social sustainability in spatial planning and a case study of the ongoing urban development of Ulleråker in Uppsala. Interviews were conducted with people working in the field of spatial planning, planners associated with the Ulleråker project, and residents of Ulleråker. The results showed that social sustainability is a dynamic process that will take time to achieve and effort to maintain. Social sustainability includes many different issues, and deals with participation and influence, but also the inhabitants’ opportunities and their right to equal and adequate living conditions. In order for a society to be socially sustainable, planning based on all citizens' opportunities and rights in the society is required. This goal can be achieved through a comprehensive perspective, which means that the planning of a municipality or town should be based on a broad integrative strategy rather than a collection of strategies and neighborhood plans. Other aspects that are necessary for a socially sustainable society are public dialogue and participation in the planning process, meeting points for everyone by public places, relations between cities and neighborhoods, varied housing and a focus on social networks.

abstract: Research literature were reviewed regarding the land-use economic theory of bid-rent curves and the modern emergence of polycentric cities. Two independent Geographic Information System (GIS) analyses were completed to test the hypothesis that bid-rent methodology could be used to tease out trends in residential locations, and hence contribute to present-day urban planning efforts. Specifically, these analyses sought to address the relationships between place of work and place of residence in urban areas. A generalizable set of benchmarks for identifying urban employment centers were established for 10 study cities in the United States, and bid-rent curves were calculated under separate monocentric assumptions and polycentric assumptions. The results presented wide variations in real bid-rent curves that a) overall deviated dramatically from the hypothetical distribution of rent, and b) spoke to the unique residential patterns in individual U.S. cities. The implications of these variations were discussed with regard to equitable housing for marginalized groups and access to centers of employment. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.U.E.P. Geography 2014

Traflic safety and accessibility have been two important subjects in transportation research. On the one hand traffic crashes bring about high societal costs and serious health risks for urban road users. The cost oftraffic crashes is estimated to be 17 billion euros per year only in the Netherlands while over 600 people were killed in traffic, of whom 229 were cyclists and 195 were car users [l, 2]. Accessibility, on the other band, is regarded as one of the indicators of the quality of the transport system serving the public. There is comprehensive literature investigating the relationship between traffic crashes and factors associated with traffic, roadway design, built environment, and human factors. Similarly, several studies assessed and evaluated accessibility levels of individuals, communities, and regions by utilizing the aforementioned. factors. Nevertheless, there is a scarcity ofliterature investigating the relationships between accessibility and traffic safety. This is especially surprising considering that both subjects are associated with a similar set of factors, including land use and transport systems, as weil as individual and temporal factors [3-7]. The relationships between accessibility and traffic safety can be an adverse one; for example, improved accessibility by increasing the travel speeds (i.e., declining travel time) intensifies the crash risks which also deteriorates equity. Furthermore, levels ofboth accessibility and traffic safety are not homogeneous throughout urban areas and among different population groups. Based on the literature, it is obvious that accessibility is associated with economic equity [8]. lt is revealed that accessibility of lower-income groups is substantially worse than the higher-income groups as these groups have less mobility [9]. Previous studies also showed. that lower-income groups usually suffer from traffic safety problems more than other socio-economic groups [10-12]. Therefore, this research aims to address the aforementioned gap in the literature in understanding the relationships between accessibility levels and traffic safety with a focus on social equity perspecti.ves. For this purpose, a Gravity model and risk exposure evaluation approaches are utilix.ed to analyze traffic safety and accessibility to jobs by bicycle via extending the traditional definition of accessibility based on only travel time or proximity to a location.

文官制度所涉及的政策層面相當廣泛，其中雇用政策的設計，連帶影響後續俸給、考績、訓練、退休等政策的規劃，再加上雇用政策涉及職位的分配、組織人力結構的設計與調整等，可說居於文官制度的關鍵地位，因此雇用政策的變革，反應出組織需求的改變，也是政策價值競逐的主要領域，對於雇用政策的價值進行深入分析，有助於了解文官制度中的利益衝突，並藉此尋找可能調和的方法。本文基於這樣的思考，嘗試透過政策價值的觀點，對於美國及英國雇用政策之變革進行分析，希望提供我國未來雇用政策變革之參考，本論文主要探討的問題有三個： 問題一：文官制度雇用政策有那些價值？意涵為何？這些價值在人事管理及雇用政策上的具體應用情形如何？有那些指標適合說明雇用政策的價值變遷呢？ 問題二：透過雇用政策變革的指標，探討美英二國在文官制度雇用政策的歷史演進，並說明近年政府再造風潮下，美英二國現階段雇用政策的價值偏好。 問題三：雇用政策的各種價值之間，存在何種衝突與矛盾？應透過何種方式理解，衝突的價值之間是否有調和的可能？又應如何解決？ 本論文共計六章，除第一章緒論及第六章結論外，上述三個研究問題，分別在第二章至第五章鋪陳。第二章首先歸納文官制度雇用政策的四大價值理論，分別是效率、政治回應、社會公平及個人權利，然後進一步闡釋這四項價值在公共行政、人事管理及雇用政策上的意涵與應用情形，最後將這些價值在雇用政策上的應用情形加以歸納成四項指標，分別是服務型態與任用型態、文官數量的變化、弱勢族群的雇用政策、雇用的方法與模式。第三章及第四章便是利用這四項指標，來探討美英二國雇用政策的演進及1980年代政府再造風潮下，二個國家雇用政策的價值偏好。本論文研究後發現，這二個國家在新公共管理的理念趨使下，目前雇用政策最重視的價值為效率，其次為政治回應與社會公平，至於個人權利價值則受到弱化。 第五章則是透過辯證的方法，來說明政策價值間的衝突關係，並尋求可能的調和方法，由於文官體制內的充斥著許多價值間的緊張關係，如果將任何一項價值推至極端，相對壓縮其他價值的空間時，便可能發生人力資源管理的扭曲，亦即本論文所謂的病態現象，必須透過其他價值加以抗衡，即本論文所稱抗衡性價值。舉例而言，效率至上的雇用政策，可能產生的病態有目標錯置、菁英主義、濫用管理權，這些病態應分別輔之以政治回應價值、社會公平價值及個人權利價值來化解。事實上，每一種價值在特定環境系絡上，也許是對的，但就另一種價值觀點而言，卻可能是不平衡、不負責任的，我們不能期待某種價值立場能夠提供永久的答案，而應視系絡的需求給予不同的思考。 第六章結論，在研究發現上，有關政策價值層面提出三點發現，分別是政策價值的演進與循環、政策價值的衝突、政策價值的平衡思考。在美英二國的研究中，從服務型態與任用型態而言，美英兩國均透過職位的重新設計或建置新的職位制度，以滿足執政者的需求，例如美國的SES及英國的SCS。其次，二國均強調彈性用人趨勢，尤其英國多數文官已改採契約用人制，但此一趨勢只是推動績效管理的手段，並非以打破文官的永業特性為目的。在文官數量上，二國均試圖精簡員額，以減少人力成本，雖然中央政府文官數量已明顯下降，但就全國雇用數而言，未必達成真正的成效，反而有成為政治操作的情形，近年文官數量的變化，已有回升的現象。在弱勢族裔的雇用政策，主要為優惠女性、身心障礙者與少數族裔，由於它在政治上的熱度下降，近年有轉向多元化管理的趨勢，但目前仍為二國所重視。在雇用方法與模式上，二國均強調分權化、彈性化的運作模式。最後，根據美英二國的經驗，對於我國未來文官制度雇用政策提出若干建議。

Recently, there is an increasing interest and awareness on sustainability and sustainable development. Sustainability is comprised of the three E’s: environment, economy and equity. Of these three, the equity or the social sustainability component is often overlooked. As cities become more global and demographically diverse due to immigration, diversity’s impact to the city should be addressed through policies and plans. The content analysis and evaluation of city plans, policies and urban design examines their response to accommodating and including inter-cultural diversity using identified indicators of social sustainability and equity. This study finds that the length of time a city has been a foreign-born population hub does not statistically impact its integration of social sustainability measures in its comprehensive and sustainability plans. It concludes with best practices of sample cities and discussion on how city and other jurisdictions’ plans can incorporate, address and measure immigrant and inter-cultural responsiveness through social sustainability and equity concerns.

Using rated responses from nonprofit CEOs who participated in the 2016 BoardSource national survey, this study investigates whether nonprofit board inclusive behavior or board inclusive practices are positively correlated with nonprofit board effectiveness. It further examines whether a critical mass of racial and ethnic minority or women board members may moderate the relationship stated above. To answer these questions, the study tested six hypotheses using principal component analysis, followed by hierarchical regression analysis, and found no evidence of statistical significance in main or moderator effects. The study recommends that policymakers should frame policies that ensure mandatory quotas for women and racioethnic minority board members for nonprofits that receive government funding and/or act as alternative service delivery agents for governments. In addition, the nonprofit CEOs should promote the learning-integration perspective of group inclusion to help maximize the experience of inclusion of board members. The study further recommends that nonprofit boards should promote pluralistic diversity, abandon tokenism, and foster an inclusive environment for all board members irrespective of their gender and color.

Information Communication Technology (ICT) is in the discourse of international development,which is often considered as the key to socio- economic development in the sense that it helps tosolve social problems and increases the rate of economic growth. ICT policies are situated in thiscontext. Many international agencies advocate certain policies in order to accelerate economicgrowth and development in so-called developing countries. In 2009, Bangladesh enacted itsNational ICT Policy setting a broad vision to establish a transparent, responsive and accountablegovernment; developed skilled human resources; and to enhance social equity through anextended use of ICT. Following this vision multiple objectives have been addressed where socialequity and integrity are prioritized in the name of developing a socially equitable and integratedsociety through ICT. The research task of this work is to analyze the discourse of this strategyand to compare it to social reality. The ‘Theory of Communicative Action’ (TCA), which isbased on the four validity claims - truth, legitimacy, sincerity, and clarity - is used to demonstratehow social equity and integrity are addressed as objectives and what claims are made in theaction items with regard to these two objectives and how far such claims reflect social reality.Keywords:Information Communication Technology (ICT), National ICT Policy, Social Equity, Integrity,Communicative Action Theory, Critical Discourse Analysis, Validity Claims, ICT4D, CriticalTheory, Critical Information Systems research.

Submitted by Morgana Silva (morgana_linhares@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-27T19:11:35Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2098182 bytes, checksum: 93f324ebd102330876d7bfc238294984 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-27T19:11:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2098182 bytes, checksum: 93f324ebd102330876d7bfc238294984 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-29 / Information is an strategic tool which is essential in the organizational environment because it is through it that it is possible to stablish a relation between the external environment to the organization and its strengths and weaknesses, taking into consideration the needs of the public. This study comprises the process of Information Management utilized by the Special Education Center (NEDESP) in the provision of information for the visually impaired students of the Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB) they attend, considering the particularities of these attendees. It covers the study of the Information Science in its interaction with Information Management, aiming at social equity from the availability of informative content. It adopts, methodologically, the case study and an approach of a quali-quantitative type of descriptive character. It starts, at a first stage, at a bibliographical and documentary research and, in a second stage, at the application of semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. The field of research is the NEDESP/UFPB and the sample consists of students attended by the Center and its staff. It utilizes content analysis of Bardin (2010) to analyze the results and the Ecology of Davenport (1998) was adopted to define the following categories: the perception of the information environment, the structuring of information and the organizational political structure, as well as the use of information and evaluation of informational processes. The evaluation (MONTEIRO, S. A; DUARTE, E. N, 2015) of informational processes (monitoring and evaluation of information) was ached to those categories because it was considered indispensable to the Managing process. It identifies that there is no information management structured at NEDESP, the information is not systematized and there is not a monitoring and evaluation process to suit the informational practices utilized. It presents the practices of information management proposed, as well as document management, procedures and the systematization of data collection in the center and the Corporate Portal. It can contribute to the understanding of both management and employees about the information management process at the Center and collaborate with practices that help the process of providing NEDESP information so that they can meet the visually impaired in your information cycle in process of teaching and learning. / A informação é uma ferramenta estratégica essencial no meio organizacional, pois é por meio dela que se é permitido estabelecer uma relação entre o meio externo à organização e seus pontos fortes e fracos, levando em consideração as necessidades de seu público. Este trabalho compreende o processo de Gestão da Informação utilizado pelo Núcleo de Educação Especial (NEDESP) na disponibilização de informações para os alunos deficientes visuais da Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB). Abrange o estudo da Ciência da Informação em sua interação com a Gestão da Informação, visando a equidade social a partir da disponibilização de conteúdos informativos. Foi adotado metodologicamente, o estudo de caso e a abordagem do tipo qualiquantitativa de caráter descritivo. Parte, num primeiro momento, de uma pesquisa bibliográfica e documental e, em um segundo momento, da aplicação de instrumentos para coleta dos dados. O campo da pesquisa é o NEDESP/UFPB e a amostra constituída pelos alunos atendidos pelo Núcleo e seu corpo funcional. Foi utilizada a análise de conteúdo de Bardin (2010) para a análise dos resultados, e adotado o modelo da Ecologia da Informação de Davenport (1998) para definir as seguintes categorias: percepção do ambiente informacional, estruturação da informação, estrutura política organizacional, utilização da informação e avaliação dos processos informacionais. Somou-se a essas categorias a Avaliação (MONTEIRO, S. A; DUARTE, 2015) dos Processos Informacionais (monitoramento e avaliação da informação) por considerar imprescindível ao processo de Gestão. Como resultados, foi identificado que não existe uma gestão da informação estruturada no NEDESP, que as informações não são sistematizadas e que não há um processo de monitoramento e avaliação para adequar as práticas informacionais utilizadas. Para auxiliar o processo de GI do NEDESP foram propostas práticas de gestão da informação, passando pela gestão de documentos, gestão por processos, pela sistematização do levantamento de dados do Núcleo e pelo Portal Corporativo. Pode-se contribuir para ampliar o conhecimento, tanto da gestão como dos funcionários, a respeito do processo de gestão da informação no Núcleo e colaborar com práticas que auxiliem o processo de disponibilização de informação do NEDESP para que possam atender os deficientes visuais em seu ciclo informacional no processo de ensino-aprendizagem.

Bioethics and law for what and whom? Discussions about the Regulation of assisted reproductive techniques in ColombiaThe recent concern for the normative regulation of assisted reproduction techniques (ART), raises discussions about how to manage the embryos, how many times to use a sample, how to define parenthood, and other issues. However, it has not been questioned who would be favouredwith these regulations and what is their contribution to social equity and development for an entire country. Considering that the urgency to guarantee the sexual and reproductive rights —theoretical framework invoked to require ART— should be aimed at reaching a fair society.The proposed analysis will be undertaken considering the case of applying the ART for surrogate mothers in Colombia. The paper presents the context in which it is intended to apply the normative regulation, alongside the review of some conceptual and empirical contributions by Michael Sandel concerning trends in surrogate motherhood among «developed» and «third world» countries. This should allow considering the profiles of fertility in Colombia as a sign of inequality in our country.Subsequently, we will approach the current legal discussion in Colombia concerning surrogate motherhood, from the only case of surrogate motherhood resolved by the Colombian Constitutional Court and the bill projects presented in the Colombian Congress to regulate this issue. Finally,we will present some reflections and discussion on the normative regulation of the ART and surrogate gestation, and the law as a transmission belt of varied interests, that is, that it ought to lead to common good, solidarity and cooperation, and not simply function as a regulator that ensures the fulfilment of contracts. / Las recientes preocupaciones por la regulación normativa de las técnicas de reproducción humana asistida (TRHA) suscitan especialmente discusiones sobre cómo administrar los embriones, cuántas veces usar una muestra, cómo definir la filiación, entre otros. Sin embargo, no se ha cuestionado directamente a quienes estaría amparándose con estas regulaciones y cuál sería su contribución a la equidad social y al desarrollo de todo un país, pues la urgencia de salvaguardar los derechos sexuales y reproductivos —marco teórico invocado para exigir la regulación de las TRHA— debe apuntar necesariamente a la consecución de una sociedad menos desigual.El análisis propuesto será abordado a partir del caso de la aplicación de las TRHA para la maternidad subrogada en Colombia. En el artículo se presenta inicialmente el contexto en el cual se pretende la regulación de la maternidad sustitutiva, revisando algunos aportes conceptuales y empíricos de Michael Sandel sobre las tendencias de la maternidad subrogada entre los países «desarrollados» y los del «tercer mundo», para luego ver los perfiles de fecundidad en Colombia, como una muestra de la inequidad existente en el país.Posteriormente, se hará una aproximación al debate jurídico existente en el país, a partir del único caso de maternidad sustitutiva resuelto por la Corte Constitucional Colombiana y los proyectos de ley que han sido presentados en el país como intentos de regulación de esta materia. Finalmente, se llevarán a cabo algunas reflexiones y discusiones sobre la regulación normativa de las TRHA y la gestación sustitutiva, para que el derecho opere como verdadera correa de transmisión de variados intereses sociales1, es decir, que conduzca más bien hacia el bien común, la solidaridad y la cooperación, y no actúe como un simple regulador que asegure el cumplimiento de los contratos.

Preservation of and reinvestment in the built environment as a redevelopment tool has been used by cities and towns across the country, in many cases providing significant social, economic and environmental benefits. Potential social effects have often been the least explored aspect of sustainable development, especially with regard to preservation, yet they are often the most challenging, particularly given the potential for displacement. This thesis reviews literature where the issues of preservation, redevelopment and sustainability intersect. A set of best practices was developed that can be applied to other cities and towns to help balance preservation- and equity- enhancing activities. Another result of this research is the development of appropriate community indicators to provide means for measuring the effects of preservation on social equity. A selection of the indicators will be applied to two selected case studies (Northampton and Pittsfield, MA) to explore how such indicators can work as a measurement tool, how to best adapt them for a community, and their comparative strengths and weaknesses. The findings section addresses the data at both the fine and coarse grain – for the indicators and best practices as well as for the overall observations from the study process.