Since the development and implementation of Participatory Budgeting (PB) as a democratic process adhering to civic improvement demands through municipal budget allocations, it promised great potential as a governance tool. Its core intentions are inclusion, participation and the redistribution of wealth to serve vulnerable members of society. Since India has the second greatest unequal wealth distribution in the world, the implementation of PB seemed promising. Surprisingly, however, Pune is currently the only city with an actively utilized PB mechanism, which indicates various inefficiencies, discrepancies and intentional dualities, resulting in exclusion, low participation and the misappropriation of resources. The purpose and intentions of PB are therefore ultimately reversed, however still it is still labeled as PB due to the lack of a standardized and recognized PB definition. This study utilizes in-depth interviews and data sources provided by various members of the two Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) currently or previously active in PB in Pune. The outcome is a clear depiction of the NGO perspective upon the core intentions of PB, identifying two main hurdles to participation, which remains unattested due to a lack of governmental will. Contributions are made through the development of a definition, the expansion of existing participation theory in the unique context of governmental resistance in a developing country and practical recommendations for the city of Pune.

Thesis describes the complex problem of social exclusion. It is devided into two parts - theoretical and practical. The theoretical works mainly with the literature and other sources to describe main terms, expecially the social exclusion and socially excluded localities. It also focuses on the Act 111/2006 Sb., on the Assistance in material need. It also mentions the social benefits, that are given in situation of material poverty. The practical part analyzes the situation in Chomutov, construes the work of municipality and of the contact department of the Labour Office. This part is dedicated to describe their cooperation in the field of social affairs.

With the advent of digital technology into our lives, the fact that the socially weakest stratum of society is lagging behind in digital literacy is becoming increasingly apparent. This problem is referred to as the second form of the digital divide. Since it has not yet been sufficiently examined, we carried out qualitative research using the grounded theory method, aimed at identifying the causes leading to this second form of the digital divide and defining the development model for this inequality. The collection of data was conducted by means of students solving tasks focused on digital literacy. In the course of this process, the computer screen was recorded and the entire investigator-student communication was captured on an audio track. Subsequently, semi-structured interviews were conducted with the students and their teachers. On the basis of analysis of the data, we created a theory of learning to handle an unknown software program. The process of learning exposes the student to various problems. The strategy used by each student to address these is chosen by the person depending on their previous knowledge of and experience with similar situations, particularly with similar software. The effectiveness of the applied strategy is overseen by the student's metacognitive control mechanisms. On the basis of the results obtained, the student's learning may (or may not) occur that improves the person's knowledge and skills, thus influencing how he/she addresses similar problems in the future. We see the benefits of our theory in describing a process of independent learning in the specific world of digital technologies. This can make the theory highly beneficial for teaching informatics. On the basis of this theory we described differences between socially excluded students and the majority in learning how to handle unknown programs. On the basis of our research, we believe in the long term that the difference in speed of lifelong learning in the field of handling digital technologies is the root cause of the emergence of the digital divide. During data analysis we identified a total of eight factors influencing the speed of lifelong learning in this sector; half of these also directly affect the level of digital literacy through the ability to solve problems. The resulting theory describes the lifelong process of the emergence of the digital divide. We see the main gain of our work in the identification of the process of emergence of the digital divide.

O presente estudo busca problematizar a visão tradicional de democracia, a partir da análise do papel do dissenso na sociedade moderna hipercomplexa. Para tanto, utiliza-se como cânone teórico a teoria dos sistemas de Niklas Luhmann, a qual parte da diferenciação funcional para a identificação da sociedade moderna. A partir desta perspectiva de observação a democracia é compreendida como resultado da diferenciação funcional entre o sistema político e o sistema jurídico, os quais se fecham operativamente, trabalhando com seus próprios códigos. Em razão da diferenciação funcional, marcada pela autopoiese dos sistemas parciais sociais, a legitimação da tomada de decisão dos sistemas político e jurídico já não pode se embasar em uma cosmovisão devendo, portanto, partir de uma característica interna, ou seja, deve-se autolegitimar. Para tanto, são criados procedimentos que buscam justificar as escolhas realizadas pelos sistemas jurídico e político, controlando o dissenso e permitindo que suas decisões sejam tomadas como padrões de comportamento social. Contudo, em relação ao caso brasileiro, vê-se que o clientelismo, personalismo e exclusão social aparecem como óbice à estabilização da democracia como conquista evolutiva, na medida em que dificultam a realização das funções desses dois sistemas funcionais. Por fim, a leitura imagética do cinema é utilizada como forma problematização do caso brasileiro, a partir da busca da identidade desta sociedade pela via mais autêntica de expressão, qual seja, a cultura de um povo, evitando-se, assim, a crítica dos problemas sociais por meio da utilização de paradigmas evolutivos dos denominados países desenvolvidos, notadamente o padrão europeu. / This study seeks to question the traditional view of democracy, from the analysis of the role of dissent in hypercomplex modern society. For this purpose, we used as a theoretical canon Niklas Luhmanns systems theory, which draws on the functional differentiation for identification of modern society. From this observation perspective, democracy is understood as the result of functional differentiation between political and legal systems, which are operatively locked, working with their own codes. Because of the functional differentiation, marked by partial autopoiesis of partial social systems, the legitimacy of the decision making of legal and political systems can no longer be grounded in a worldview, and therefore from a built-in feature, that is, it should self-legitimate. To that end, procedures are created that seek to justify the choices made by the legal and political systems, controlling dissent and allowing decisions to be taken as patterns of social behavior. However, for the Brazilian case, we see that clientelism, personalism and social exclusion appear as an obstacle to the stabilization of democracy as an evolutionary achievement, in as much as they limit the realization of the functional roles of these two systems. Finally, the reading of film imagery is used as a questioning of the Brazilian case, from the search for identity in this society by the most authentic expression, namely the culture of a people, avoiding thus the criticism of social problems, using evolutionary paradigms of the so-called developed countries, notably the European standard.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:43:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ReniAparecidaEidam.pdf: 854108 bytes, checksum: 4c8d806cf03ed306264ad8e7a43fbc20 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-12-02 / The present work, presented to the State University of Thick Tip, as part of the requirements for attainment of the heading of master in Applied Social Sciences, deals with the performance the Social Assistants in the prevention and treatment of users of drugs; its limits and possibilities. It was elaborated from the analysis of questionnaires and interviews that had involved 07 (seven) social assistants. It had as objective to know the practical one of the social assistants in the area of chemical dependence, identifying to the limits and possibilities. It is a qualitative, descriptive and explicative research. The work was carried through by mastered with the contribution of 07 (seven) social assistants. The applied instrument consists two-piece: a followed open questionnaire of interview, for confirmation of the answers. The absolute totality of the questionnaires was returned with answers. The harvested answers had been systemize in the limits and possibilities of performance of the social and divided assistants in 03 (three) categories: prevention, social exclusion and interdisciplinary. The analysis was preceded from global way, processing to articulate the categories, understanding the relation cause dialectic and effect, getting a series of conclusions on the practical one of the social assistant in the area of chemical dependence. / O presente trabalho, apresentado à Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, como parte dos requisitos para obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, trata sobre a atuação dos Assistentes Sociais na prevenção e tratamento de usuários de drogas; seus limites e possibilidades. Foi elaborada a partir da análise de questionários e entrevistas que envolveram 07 (sete) assistentes sociais. Teve como objetivos conhecer a prática dos assistentes sociais na área de dependência química, identificando os limites e possibilidades. É uma pesquisa qualitativa, descritiva e explicativa. O trabalho foi realizado pela mestranda com a colaboração de 07 (sete) assistentes sociais. O instrumento aplicado constitui-se de duas partes: um questionário aberto seguido de entrevista, para confirmação das respostas. A totalidade absoluta dos questionários foi devolvida com respostas. As respostas colhidas foram sistematizadas nos limites e possibilidades de atuação dos assistentes sociais e divididos em 3 (três) categorias: prevenção, exclusão social e interdisciplinaridade. A análise procedeu-se de modo global, processando articular as categorias, entendendo a relação dialética de causa e efeito, obtendo uma série de conclusões sobre a prática do assistente social na área de dependência química.

A experiência da criança em situação de abrigo pode dificultar o desenvolvimento de uma auto-imagem positiva quando o abrigo não atende os princípios estabelecidos por lei. Os valores, as crenças, as imagens, as atitudes e o conjunto de informações vividas na infância delineiam a imagem que a criança tem de si. Por isso, é necessário estudar em que medida o abrigo, em sua função de proteção, contribui, ou não, para a formação da auto-imagem da criança em situação de risco pessoal e social. Se, por um lado, a situação de abrigo pode evitar ou reduzir danos à criança que, no seio da família, se encontrava em situação de risco; por outro, pode causar prejuízos na formação da auto-imagem da criança. Assim, esse estudo teve o propósito de apreender o significado da experiência de abrigo para crianças em idade escolar e identificar referências sobre sua auto-imagem em seus relatos. Considerando os objetivos acima referidos, o método utilizado para desenvolver esta pesquisa foi de cunho descritivo e qualitativo. A escolha por este método deveu-se ao fato dele possibilitar a apreensão da realidade subjetiva de um grupo social. Para tanto, foram realizadas entrevistas com quatorze crianças em situação de abrigo. A organização dos dados permitiu identificar que o significado da experiência de abrigo está associado ao cotidiano, às relações com a família e com os cuidadores. Já a auto-imagem está associada à trajetória de vida, à visão do amigo, à imagem corporal e ao autoconceito. Os relatos das crianças referentes ao significado da experiência de abrigo mostraram ambivalência de sentimentos em relação à instituição. Elas não reconhecem o abrigo como sua casa, contudo percebem que ele atende melhor as necessidades materiais do que suas famílias. Elas sentem que, no abrigo, são cuidadas e protegidas, têm melhores oportunidades de aprendizagem e maior acesso ao lazer. Gostam da instituição, mas desejam que essa situação seja transitória e que possam retornar para casa. Ao mesmo tempo em que os limites impostos pelas rotinas e normas permitem que elas se sintam cuidadas e protegidas, eles causam descontentamento devido às repreensões e falta de liberdade. Os relatos referentes à auto-imagem mostraram que todas as experiências vivenciadas pela criança refletem em seu autoconceito e que, apesar de seu histórico de violência familiar, elas buscam mecanismos de enfrentamento que as permitem desenvolver uma auto-imagem positiva em algumas áreas. O estudo possibilitou compreender que não só a instituição exerce influência sobre a auto-imagem da criança, como esta também influencia a experiência de abrigo. / The experience of a child living in a shelter can hamper their development of a positive self-image when the shelter does not abide by the principles established in accordance with the law. Values, beliefs, images, attitudes and the entire set of information experienced in their childhood builds the image that the child has of them self. Therefore, it is necessary to study to what proportion the shelter, in its function as protection, contributes or not, to the formation of the child\'s self-image in situations involving personal and social risk. If on one hand, the shelter situation can prevent or reduce damage to the child who, in their own intimate family environment was in a risk situation; it on the other hand, can cause setbacks to the child\'s formation of self-image. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to learn the significance of such experiences in shelters for school-age children and to identify references about their self-images in their reports. Considering the objectives herein stated, the method used to develop this research was of a descriptive and qualitative nature. The choice of this method should be the fact that it allows us to understand the subjective reality of a social group. With this in mind, interviews of 14 children in the shelter situation were performed. The organization of this data enabled us to identify that the significance of the shelter experience is associated with everyday life, with family relationships and with the primary caregivers. And self-image is associated with each life history, how one is viewed by friends, with body image and with self-opinion. These children\'s reports, in regard to the significance of the shelter experience, showed an ambivalence of feelings toward the institution. They do not recognize the shelter as their home; however they understand that the institution meets their material needs much more than their own families do. They feel that at the shelter they are cared for and protected; have better opportunities for learning and higher access to leisure activities. They like the institution, but wish this situation were transitional with the possibility of returning to their homes. At the same time that the limits imposed by the routines and rules make these children feel cared for and protected, they also feel discontentment due to reprimands they receive and their lack of freedom. The reports regarding self-image showed that each and every experience lived by a child, reflects in their self-opinion and that, in spite of their history of family violence, they look for mechanisms to help them develop a positive self-image in some areas. This study enabled us to understand that not only the institution exercises influence on the self-image of children, but also the influence of the shelter experience affects their self-image.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-04T22:00:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 6 / Nenhuma / Este estudo procurou discutir, a partir de uma perspectiva etnográfica política privada, de formação integral através do esporte, no bairro Restinga, uma das regiões mais pobres da Grande Porto Alegre, patrocinada pela Associação Cristã de Moços (ACM), na sua unidade ACM Vila Restinga Olímpica, o desenvolvimento do “Projeto Esporte Clube Cidadão”. Foram avaliados os tipos de benefício recebido pela população infanto-juvenil, que participa do projeto, quais os limites da instituição e como se processam os vínculos entre a ACM Vila Restinga Olímpica e a comunidade beneficiada por esta. Esta investigação buscou identificar os diferentes modos de percepção do trabalho desenvolvido pelo Projeto Esporte Clube Cidadão, tanto na perspectiva da instituição, quanto da comunidade (dos participantes), visando discutir a implementação de políticas de inclusão social por meio do esporte / This paper aims at dicussing, from an ethnographic private policy perspective, to thorough education through sports, the evolving of the project "Esporte Clube Cidadão", in Restinga dictric, one of the poorest regions in the outskirts of Porto Alegre, which was sponsored by the Young Man's Christian Association (YMCA), through their Vila Restinga Olímpica Unit. Ali sorts of benefits the project grants to the young population who partakes in it were analyzed, as well as the boundaries of the institution and the way the bond between the YMCA Vila Restjnga Olimpica and the population assisted by it are formed. This study tried to identify the various ways the work developed by the Esporte Clube Cidadão is perceived, both from the institutions perspective and the community's (partakers), addressing the implementation of social inclusion policies through the sport

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T12:06:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 24 / Milton Valente / Este estudo aborda a fundação e a trajetória de um clube para negros fundado no ano de 1922 na espacialidade teuto-brasileira de Novo Hamburgo, na região do Vale do Rio do Sinos (RS). O clube Cruzeiro do Sul nasce a partir de um projeto social e coletivo de organização de um espaço de sociabilidade negra. Sua construção histórica está permeada pelas discussões acerca da democracia racial, bem como pela organização de estratégias e solidariedades que ultrapassavam os limites da cidade de Novo Hamburgo. O associativismo negro foi o caminho encontrado para se opor a exclusão social em um cenário reconhecido historicamente como sendo de “cultura germânica”. Assim, a Associação Esportiva, Cultural, Beneficente Sociedade Cruzeiro do Sul é analisada, neste estudo, como um expoente do associativismo negro na região do Sinos. A trajetória histórica dessa associação traduz a união de interesses comuns, sedimentados na identidade étnica e na solidariedade em contraposição às adversidades sociais existentes. / The present study approaches the foundation in 1922 and the history of a club for black people, which was located in an area occupied by German descendants in the city of Novo Hamburgo, in the Vale do Rio dos Sinos, RS. The club named Cruzeiro do Sul originated from a social and collective project for the organization of a space for social integration of black people. Its historical construction is permeated by discussions about racial democracy, as well as the organization of strategies and fellowships that went beyond the limits of Novo Hamburgo. The association of those involved was the way to oppose the social exclusion in a scenario well known for being historically of “Germanic culture”. Thus, the Associação Esportiva, Cultural, Beneficente Sociedade Cruzeiro do Sul is analyzed as a path breaker of African descent association in the Vale do Sinos region. The historical path trailed by the association translates the union for common interests, grounded on ethnic identity and solidarity as opposed to the

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-08-31T18:10:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Suzi Brum de Oliveira.pdf: 855884 bytes, checksum: cab53f58d2b6ed11147f094f6a495055 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-31T18:10:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Suzi Brum de Oliveira.pdf: 855884 bytes, checksum: cab53f58d2b6ed11147f094f6a495055 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-27 / The aim of this research is to reflect on the mechanisms of social exclusion and its influence on identity construction in postmodernity. The university collaborates in this process with people with special educational needs to infer that social exclusion is linked to the denial of human rights in line with its relational and subjective aspects. We adopt as appointment device, insulation spaces them, as a construction of postmodernity, so that subjects are with their fragile social ties on the difficulty of these spaces be incurred as a place identity, relational and historical tripod that allows us to reflect it does as historical and cultural subject. Done research of cultural studies in the works of Bourdieu and Stuart Hall to cultural psychology referenced in Vygotsky's works, Bruner and Valsiner. We list out to ponder as the process of social exclusion rests on the identity in prominence with postmodernity to analyze the introduction of the non-place in the university; analyze the strategies of isolation spaces in everyday interpersonal relations; analyze the participation in social movements and their influence on the construction of identity. For data collection and analysis, applied to narrative analysis in semi-open interview with a university distance learning, in its role of visual impairment on their perception of school inclusion in higher education. The categories highlighted were: a) spaces of invisibility; b) school daily life of segregation and c) participation in social movements in their influence on identity construction. We point as a result of research that efficient social exclusion strategies are produced in / by the narratives themselves to the interests of the hegemonic power. But if the power constantly seeking the homogenization of identities it follows that also points to break spaces, man as a transformation agent. It is the spaces and hybrid identities, generated in an era devoid of fixed references we found loopholes to the exercise of uniqueness. / A proposta da pesquisa ? refletir sobre os mecanismos de exclus?o social e sua influ?ncia na constru??o identit?ria na p?s-modernidade. A universidade colabora neste processo junto ?s pessoas com necessidades educacionais especiais ao inferirmos que a exclus?o social encontra-se associada ? nega??o aos direitos humanos em conson?ncia com seus aspectos relacionais e subjetivos. Adotamos como dispositivo de nomea??o, os espa?os de isolamento, como uma constru??o da p?s-modernidade, de forma que sujeitos encontram-se com seus la?os sociais fragilizados diante a dificuldade destes espa?os se constitu?rem como lugar identit?rio, relacional e hist?rico, trip? que permite pens?-lo como sujeito hist?rico e cultural. Realizamos a pesquisa dos estudos culturais nas obras de Bourdieu e Stuart Hall a psicologia cultural referenciados nas obras de Vygotsky, Bruner e Valsiner. Elencamos como objetivo refletir como o processo de exclus?o social recai sobre a identidade na p?s-modernidade com destaque para analisar a instaura??o do n?o-lugar na universidade; analisar as estrat?gias dos espa?os de isolamento no cotidiano das rela??es interpessoais; analisar a participa??o em movimentos sociais e suas influ?ncias na constru??o da identidade. Para coleta e an?lise de dados, aplicou-se a an?lise narrativa na entrevista semi-aberta com um universit?rio de ensino ? dist?ncia, na sua condi??o de defici?ncia visual, sobre sua percep??o a respeito da inclus?o escolar no ensino superior. As categorias destacadas foram: a) espa?os de invisibilidade; b) viv?ncias cotidianas escolares de segrega??o e c) participa??o nos movimentos sociais em suas influ?ncias na constru??o identit?ria. Apontamos como resultado de pesquisa que eficientes estrat?gias de exclus?o social s?o produzidas na/pelas narrativas pr?prias aos interesses do poder hegem?nico. Mas se o poder busca incessantemente a homogeiniza??o das identidades conclui-se que tamb?m aponta para espa?os de ruptura, o homem como agente de transforma??es. ? dos espa?os e identidades h?bridos, gerados em uma era desprovida de refer?ncias fixas que encontramos brechas para o exerc?cio da singularidade.

<p>This comparative research synthesis examines teenage motherhood in the UK and in Sweden. The UK has the highest rate of teenage motherhood in Western Europe and Sweden has the lowest. Firstly, the article examines the reasons as to why the rates differ to such an extent between these countries. Secondly, it compares the extent to which teenage mothers are socially excluded in the UK and in Sweden. Finally, it looks at how the available social support for teenage mothers differs between the UK and Sweden. The synthesis concludes that low expectations due to poverty is the main factor as to why teenage motherhood is more common in the UK than in Sweden, but that the level of social exclusion that teenage mothers face in both countries is similar. The support that teenage mothers in the UK obtain from society is customised towards them as a specific group, whilst teenage mothers in Sweden receive support that is formulated for vulnerable people in general.</p>