This work in the theoretical part focuses on the role of men in a society and on the position of a woman. It also describes differences between men and women, differences in communication between a man and a woman and differences in a general perspective. It gives an insight in the process and phases of men being in love. It also gives an outlook on a man and a woman and their equal chances.

A pesquisa discute o tema da resistência cotidiana que os professores oferecem às diferentes formas de controle e disciplinarização do trabalho docente; Busca mais precisamente apreender e analisar os aspectos que envolvem a resistência em relação ao uso do material oficial para o ensino de filosofia na rede estadual (São Paulo Faz Escola), além de questionar o papel social atribuído ao professor como ator na implementação desta política pública; Como ferramentas conceituais, utiliza as contribuições da teoria helleriana de cotidiano e do papel social, o pensamento foucaultiano sobre o poder nas práticas discursivas e a perspectiva adorniana para entender as contradições históricas na formação do indivíduo ao adaptar-se à racionalidade instrumental; O estudo consiste, portanto, em um convite à reflexão, tendo em vista as exigências da adaptação do indivíduo a regras sociais que quase anulam as suas possibilidades de autonomia / The research discusses the theme of the daily resistance offered by teachers to the different forms of control and disciplinarization of their work. It seeks more specifically to apprehend and analyze the aspects involved in the resistance against the use of the official materials for the teaching of philosophy in the state school system (São Paulo Faz Escola), apart from questioning the social role attributed to the teacher as an agent in the implementation of this public policy. As conceptual tools, it makes use of the Hellerian theory of daily life and of the social role; the Foucauldian thinking about power and discursive practices, and the Adornian perspective to understand the historical contradictions in the formation of the individual when adapting to the instrumental rationality. The study consists, therefore, in an invitation to reflection in view of the demands for the adaptation of the individual to social rules that virtually annihilate their possibilities for autonomy. Keywords: Public policies. Daily

The purpose of this study was to develop and content validate a Performance Rating Scale and Interview Protocol, enabling study of the social role performance of adult daughters and sons as they fulfill the societal norms and expectations of adult children. This exploratory investigation was one of 13 contemporary adult social roles completed by the University of South Florida Social Roles Research Group to update research of Havighurst in the 1950s. The Daughter/Son Performance Rating Scale and Interview Protocol were created through a series of panel reviews and suggestions by experts drawn from adult education, human development, gerontology, and educational measurement and research. A review of the literature identified the initial performance descriptors; ultimately, four strands were identified for inclusion in the study: Involvement, Perception/Attitude, Activities, and Role Improvement. Questions were developed and reviewed by experts again for their relevance to the performance being measured and their clarity; this created the basis for the Interview Protocol. The resulting instruments were administered to a quota sample of 150 respondents qualified for inclusion by age, gender, socioeconomic status, and racial/ethnicity characteristics. The results were placed in the cells of a 5x3x2 grid reflecting five socioeconomic levels, three age groups, and two genders, with inclusion of minority race/ethnicity participants added throughout the cells. Main effects for each of the primary variables were tested, with only gender showing significance, with daughters performing at a higher level than sons. Other demographic characteristics of respondents and their parents were studied for association with role performance. Distance between the Daughter/Son and the parent with whom she/he is most involved and the Daughter/Son's involvement in parents' decision-making were significant. The closer the proximity, the higher the performance rating; the greater the involvement in the parent's decision-making, the higher the performance rating. Recommendations for further study include a larger population sample study covering a wider geographic range than this study, additional study of demographic characteristics that influence adult Daughter/Son role performance, study of minority differences, and study of the role performance for the younger age level.

Volunteering is a phenomenon that appeals to researchers, representatives of international institutions and governments in some countries, as a tool of social policy. Current research shows positive benefits of volunteering for the society but also for volunteers themselves. In this context, a new phenomenon, called inclusive volunteering, is emerging, which emphasizes that volunteering is open to all people in the society. At present, however, this phenomenon is not fully elucidated and researches that examine volunteering from the point of view of volunteers themselves, when considering inklusive volunteering, are very rare. The presented work aims to fill in the missing knowledge and thus contribute to the recognition of the phenomenon of volunteering through research of the previously very little known group of volunteers with a disability. The research sample consists of 27 volunteers with a disability who were interviewed. The interviews were analysed by the Strauss and Corbin's theory. The research has revealed that volunteers with a disability are experiencing a lack of social participation due to the absence of a socially valuable social role. The absence of a social role encourages the search for a new socially valuable social role that the volunteers with a disability find in...

A questionnaire was used to study causal attribution to social roles as influenced by perceived deviance of the role, instructions to identify with the role, and participant gender. The perceived deviance or nondeviance of the roles was determined by a pilot study. The roles were varied randomly through 12 hypothetical events, and identification or nonidentification instructions randomly assigned. The participants were 194 male and female university students. Participants gave the cause of each event and rated the cause on five dimensions: internality, externality, stability, globality, and controllability. Causal attribution to deviant social roles was found to result in a significantly higher across-scales score and to be more internal, less external, and more global than attribution to nondeviant roles. Participant gender showed an interaction with deviance overall and on the dimensions of stability and globality due to significantly higher ratings by women participants than those by men. Identification instructions did not produce a significant effect.

Workplace stress has been found to be a causal agent of psychological distress consequences in employees. Chronic stressors have been well researched, in particular, role conflict, role ambiguity, and work overload have been extensively studied. A meta-analysis was conducted in order to aggregate past research to gain a better understanding of the impact these stressors have on the psychological distress consequences of depression, tension/anxiety, somatic complaints, and generalized feelings of stress. Only role ambiguity was found to be a significant contributor to psychological distress, in particular to feelings of depression and stress. In general, however, effect sizes for all three stressors were moderate to large. While chronic stressors have been well researched, acute stressors have been widely overlooked. Since research in this area is limited, the Daily Work Hassles Survey was developed and validated in order to analyze the role daily hassles play in the workplace. The survey yielded two factors, Interpersonal Hassles and Task Hassles. The former of which was found to be significantly related to the distress consequences of depression, tension/anxiety, somatic complaints, and general feelings of stress. The ultimate goal of this project was to compare chronic and acute stressors. Results from the daily hassles study were contrasted to the results of the aforementioned meta-analysis. It was found that the chronic stressors of role ambiguity, role conflict, and overload are significantly greater predictors of selected distress consequences than the acute factors of Interpersonal Hassles and Task Hassles. However, when somatic complaints was employed as the dependent variable, no significant differences were found between chronic and acute stressors.

This study paralleled Smallman's (1993) analysis of college athletes at an NCAA Division I school, which found significant differences between athletes and nonathletes in readiness to make career decisions. The present study measured career decision-making skills using The Career Development Inventory. In addition, the present study examined the salience of roles (i.e., student, worker, citizen, family member, and leasurite) as measured by The Salience Inventory.

Forskning inom ämnet kontrollerande beteende visade att män uppfattades mer kontrollerande än kvinnor, och att detta hade sin grund i flera historiska och sociala faktorer. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka könets betydelse för uppfattningen av kontrollerande beteende i nära relation. 126 personer (43 män och 83 kvinnor) i åldrarna 19–66, fick läsa en fiktiv vinjett inspirerad av Graham-Kevan och Archers CBR-S skala, med en manlig, kvinnlig eller ej könsbestämd kontrollerande person, för att sedan skatta sin uppfattning om personen och relationen. Resultatet visade att män uppfattades som mer kontrollerande och obehagliga än kvinnor när båda betedde sig på samma sätt. Det visade också att en kvinna som kontrollerar en relation uppfattades som mindre kontrollerande av män än av kvinnor. Slutsatsen var att manliga och kvinnliga normer även hade inverkan på uppfattningen av kontrollerande beteende. Bakgrunden till studien var att belysa ursprunget till ett av vår tids största samhällsproblem, våld mot kvinnor.

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George Kelly has stated that persons place interpretations, or constructs, on what they perceive. Past research has indicated that subjects more meaningfully apply their own personal constructs to persons and situations than constructs supplied from other sources. This study attempted to confirm previous findings. Sixty-three university students used their own personal constructs, elicited from the Role Construct Repertory Test, and supplied instrumental-expressive role constructs to interpret and rate 12 actors portraying instrumental and expressive behaviors in six videotaped scenes. The purpose of this study is to compare the meaningfulness to subjects of stereotypic terms in a sex-role inventory to the meaningfulness of the subjects' own personal constructs when interpreting typical masculine- and feminine-typed behavior.