The purpose of this thesis is to investigate what effect, if any, the social roles between second language learners and their conversational partners have on the types and frequencies of the following discourse categories: (a) input interactional modifications (b) corrections of language learners' linguistic errors by others and (c) language learners' production of comprehensible output. This study also seeks to corroborate previous research findings with regards to negotiation of meaning interactions (Pica, 1988; Pica, Holliday, Lewis & Morgenthaler, 1989) and other-corrections of language learners' linguistic errors (Chun, Day, Chenoweth & Luppescu, 1982).

Abstrakt Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att lyfta fram barns tankar om parlamentarisk politik och samhällsfrågor utifrån deras perspektiv. Uppsatsen är av kvalitativ art och vi har använt oss både av fokusgrupp och individuella intervjuer. Vi har inspirerats av tidigare forskning där barn som medborgare och FN:s barnkonvention artikel 12 är i fokus för att öka legitimiteten i vår studie. Uppsatsen har utgått ifrån politisk teori, socialisationsprocessen, genus och gruppstyrda. Vi har fått resultat ur både grupp och individperspektiv som stärker barn som tänkande individer utan rättslig handlingsförmåga. Trots att barn inte talar vuxenspråk har de åsikter om och påverkas av den omvärld de lever i. Den grupp med barn vi har lyssnat på kunde inte mycket om politiska partier, däremot kunde de mycket om fattigdom, ebola och välgörenhet. De hade problem med partiledarnas namn, däremot berättade de för oss hur de upplever skolmiljön och gav förslag till förbättringar i skolan. Ur barnens perspektiv har vi försökt fånga essensen i deras ord. / Abstract The purpose of this paper is to highlight children’s thoughts regarding issues of society and politics. Our paper is qualitative and we´ve used both a focus group and several individual interviews. We were inspired by previous research in which children, as citizens, are in focus. We also used UNCRC article 12 in order to increase the legitimacy of our study. The thesis has been based on political theory, socialization, gender and other-directed. We have received results from groups and individuals perspective that strengthen children as thinking individuals without legal capacity. Although children do not use adult speech, they have opinions and are influenced by the society they live in. The group of children we listened to didn´t know much about political parties, they did, however, know about poverty, Ebola and charity. They had problems naming the leaders of political parties, but could tell us how they perceived the school-environment and suggested improvements while we interviewed them. We´ve tried to capture the essence of the childrens words in their perspective.

This dissertation is a contribution to understanding the relationship between schooling and gender inequality. The study explores how gender as a social relation is organized and embedded in the daily experiences of classroom life and in the discourses of people who dwell there. The study deals with how classroom encounters contribute to the reproduction or transformation of gender categories and how students' and teachers' discursive practices build and support patriarchal structures. The study is grounded in critical education theory, feminist theory, and ethnographic research. The specific site for the study is the knowledge area described as the Practical Arts, namely home economics and technical studies. The research is limited to a single Grade 8, coeducational, home economics and technical studies program in an inner-city, multi-ethnic, secondary school in western Canada. Evidence is based on participant observation of classrooms, for one school year, with one group of students as they proceed through a combined home economics and technical studies program. Evidence is also obtained through interviews with students and teachers. The study illustrates how classroom practices support the patriarchal structures of division of labour, violence against women, and sexuality. The study shows how the students' and teachers' discursive practices produce girls and women, and less powerful boys, in subordinate positions and as objects of regulation. As well, students' previous experiences in domestic and technical work, and classroom discourse, produce and support the division of labour. The study shows how the conditions of teachers' work, their authoritarian, product oriented approach, and their powerful, institutional discourses grounded in biological and psychological development and equality of educational opportunity, prevent them from challenging patriarchal structures. Although the study shows how students and teachers are actively engaged in the production rather than the transformation of traditional gender relations, it also shows how patriarchy is incomplete: there were divisions within gender categories and there were many contradictions. The study shows how power relations are not static - they are constantly in process of negotiation, thereby opening possibilities for social change.

Šiame darbe aprašomi pagyvenusių ir senų žmonių socialiniai ryšiai, apimant pagyvenusių ir senų žmonių socialinių ryšių pokyčius tiek šeimoje, tiek visuomenėje. Kalbama apie požiūrį į senėjimą, senėjimo procesą, ekonominius ir socialinius veiksnius bei pagyvenusių ir senų žmonių užimtum��, mokymosi ypatumus. Aptariami pagyvenusių ir senų žmonių socialinių ryšių ypatumai, senatvės poveikis socialiniams žmogaus vaidmenims. Darbas parašytas remiantis mokslinės literatūros analize apie pagyvenusių ir senų žmonių socialinių ryšių ypatumus, juos sąlygojančius veiksnius bei atlikto kokybinio tyrimo „Pagyvenusių ir senų žmonių socialinių ryšių ypatumai“ duomenimis ir tiesioginiu stebėjimu natūraliose sąlygose dėl objektyvesni�� išvadų pateikimo, apibūdinant asmens elgesį. Tyrimo metu buvo vertinami pagyvenusių ir senų žmonių socialinių ryšių pokyčiai, atskleidžiami pagrindiniai besikeičiantys vaidmenys, tokie kaip: socialinės padėties praradimas, sutuoktinio vaidmens netekimas – našlystė, tėvystės vaidmens netekimas, neįgalumas ir liga, priklausomybė nuo kit��, pagyvenusių ir senų žmonių kultūrinė veikla (žmogui senstant, retesnis dalyvavimas ir pasirodymas visuomenėje) bei kliūtys kelyje į ramią senatvę. Taip pat socialinio darbuotojo vaidmuo, palaikant ir stiprinant pagyvenusių ir senų žmonių socialinius ryšius. Nustatyta, kad pagyvenusių ir senų žmonių socialinių vaidmenų pasikeitimas suvokiamas kaip natūralus senėjimo procesas. Tyrimo duomenys parodė, kad senatvėje žmogaus... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In this work the social relationships of elderly and old men are being described, including the changes of social relationships of elderly and old men as in family, as in society. The point of view towards ageing, senescence process, economical and social factors, being busy of elderly and old men, and also peculiarities of studying are being discussed. The peculiarities of social relationships of elderly and old men and the influence of old age to the social roles of person are being reviewed. The work was written according to the analysis of scientific literature about the peculiarities of social relationships of elderly and old men, also on the basis of the analysis of the factors, stipulating them, and also according to the fulfilled qualitative research “The peculiarities of social relationships of elderly and old men” data, also according to direct observation under natural conditions because of presenting objective conclusions, characterizing the person’s behavior. During the research, the changes of social relationships of elderly and old men were evaluated, the main altering roles are revealed, whish are as follows: the loss of social status, the loss of spouse’s role – widowhood, the loss of paternity role, disablement and illness, dependence on others, cultural activity of elderly and old men (when a person grows old, he rarer participate in the social activity) and also obstacles for the serene old age. Also the role of social worker in sphere of keeping and... [to full text]

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Dichotomies are a way we simplify interconnected hierarchical complexities of race, class, ethnicity, gender and power plays in our society. The division between male and female has been the primary dichotomy I have focused on in this discussion. My argument is that dichotomies create a cyclical loop which reinforces social injustice between genders in societies cross culturally and across time. This cycle of gender division includes cultural, built and activity patterns. There is no single point of origin of these patterns, but rather a constant loop of reinforcement from one pattern to the other. What I am trying to do here is not judge or criticize these societies and their values; rather I am evaluating them comparatively with other societies based on the status of women. I have found these cultural, built and activity patterns by documenting examples that exist cross culturally and across time. In order to do this I had to set up some criteria for selecting my case studies. I have divided the examples into four categories: 1. Egalitarian subsistence societies having equal status for women with respect to men and other women in similar cultures. 2. Hierarchical societies having lower status of women with respect to men and other women in a similar culture. 3. 19th and 20th century case studies in urban societies having lower status of women with respect to men. 4. 19th and 20th century case studies in reforms and utopian proposals that aimed at making egalitarian societies with equal status among men and women. I found that the public/private cultural pattern was the most recurring pattern. It is present in egalitarian, hierarchical and 19th and 20th century Victorian society. This pattern exists cross-culturally and across time. In the egalitarian subsistence societies, dichotomies are not understood as a set of oppositions such as superior and inferior. Their belief in harmony and balance in nature emphasized equality, unlike the hierarchical societies. In hierarchical subsistence societies, dichotomies divided people by assigning them public or private roles. In 19th and 20th century Victorian society an ideal gentleman was supposed to have serious, dignified, chivalrous qualities and an ideal lady was supposed to be moral, beautiful, cheerful and elegant. This shows that the cultural patterns were enforced upon individuals and they had to act accordingly in the society. I also looked at the utopian solutions of making childcare, laundry, and food preparation community activities. These radical solutions were focused on improving the cultural, built and activity patterns simultaneously. I have evaluated these case studies comparatively based on the status of women. While it’s difficult to state a solution to accommodate the layers of gender segregation that exist within cultural, built and activity patterns, I don’t think proposing an overtly radical solution is the right direction either. I would strongly recommend more awareness of feminist education in architecture and engineering schools. There should be more incentives and scholarships for women in traditionally male dominated professions like architecture and engineering. Learning about these patterns of gender segregation in different societies is also a way to begin this cultural progress. / Historical case studies of gender segregated patterns in egalitarian subsistence societies -- Case studies of gender segregated patterns in hierarchichal subsistence societies -- 19th and 20th century case studies for gender segregated patterns in urban societies -- 19th and 20th century case studies in reforms and utopian proposals. / Department of Architecture

La rencontre avec l’Autre différent n’est pas un « allant de soi » (Jodelet, 2003). La RS du handicap est le plus souvent entachée d’une vision subjective stigmatisante (Gardou & Poizat, 2007 ; Goffman, 1975 ; Martinez, 2006) qui fait obstacle au « vivre ensemble ». Lorsque les RS font obstacles au « vivre ensemble », L’École se doit d’accompagner les enfants à une transformation de leur regard porté sur la différence. Le législateur engage l’École dans une démarche d’inclusion et de transformation des RS du handicap pour accompagner l’évolution des comportements et des pratiques. La place est donnée à l’émergence de dynamiques éducatives pour aborder un enjeu sociétal du XXIème siècle. La théorie des RS (Abric, 1994 ; Rateau, 1995) est utilisée comme un outil à l’usage de la réflexion sur une éducation à pour répondre à l’injonction du législateur. Nous interrogeons le vécu et l’information à l’École sur le handicap comme facteurs potentiels de transformation de la RS des lycéens dits ordinaires. Sur la base de 366 questionnaires, nous définissons une cartographie représentationnelle du handicap du groupe lycéens. Puis, nous conduisons une expérimentation sur deux années avec 31 lycéens en classe de TPE. L’approche éducative expérimentée allie une dimension relationnelle à une dimension réflexive. L’expérimentation tend à montrer que par l’approche éducative des éducations à (Barthes & Alpes, 2012 ; Floro, 2013 ; Lange & Barroca-Paccard, 2017 ; Legardez & Simmoneaux 2011)- un vécu avec le handicap est possible à l’École, et qu’il est facteur potentiel de transformation positive de la RS. Mais les obstacles au « vivre ensemble » demeurent. / The encounter with the Other isn’t “self-evident” (Jodelet, 2003). The social representations of disability is often tainted with a subjective stigmatizing vision (Gardou & Poizat, 2007 ; Goffman, 1975 ; Martinez, 2006) that creates a barrier to “coexistence”. When the SR are a barrier to “coexistence”, the School must go with the children to change their vision of difference. The law is committing School in an inclusive and transformative approach of SR of disability in order to go with the evolution of behaviors and practices. Hence, there’s a spot provided for uprising teaching dynamics to address a social issue of the XXIst century. The SR theory (Abric, 1994 ; Rateau, 1995) is used as a tool for thinking on a “educations to” approach to answer the law’s injunction. We will question the experience and the School’s information on disabilities as potential factors of transformation of the SR of said “ordinary” high school students. Based on 366 surveys, we will define a representative mapping of disability in the high school students group. Then, we will lead an experiment within two years with 31 high school students in the TPE class. The teaching approach experimented links a relational dimension to a more reflexive one. The experience tends to show that – with the teaching approach of “educations to” (Barthes & Alpes, 2012 ; Floro, 2013 ; Lange & Barroca-Paccard, 2017 ; Legardez & Simmoneaux 2011) an experience with disability is possible within the School, and that it’s a potential factor of positive transformation of SR. However, the barriers to “coexistence” are still in place.

This thesis examines the politics of identity of women accountants in the UK who are mothers, by exploring the links between working in the accounting profession and the experience of motherhood. It takes a sociological approach to analyse how social, political, cultural and moral forces, in relation to accounting, motherhood and wider society, affect identity, or the self. The accounting profession is arguably a masculine enviromnent into which the accountant is socialised. Motherhood illustrates the tensions between an essentialist and a non-essentialist view of identity. The thesis explores the contradictions and juxtapositions between these two identities of accountant and mother, and the struggle of women to exercise agency within the confines of the profession. It uses a feminist methodological framework based on the subjective experience of women. As such, I present my own autobiographical account of being an accountant and mother, and the oral history narratives of fifteen other women, arguing that narrative forms an integral part of identity construction. The thesis concludes that the narrative approach and the use of oral histories has much to offer to accounting research and has important implications for our understanding of the interrelationships between accounting and motherhood. These include the emotions, transformations and constructions of identity of women accountants.

Submitted by Edileide Reis (leyde-landy@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-17T16:54:21Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Roseli Rego.pdf: 187767 bytes, checksum: 79eeae02ed8255a6f60c47d2e71f2a59 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-09T17:40:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Roseli Rego.pdf: 187767 bytes, checksum: 79eeae02ed8255a6f60c47d2e71f2a59 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-09T17:40:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roseli Rego.pdf: 187767 bytes, checksum: 79eeae02ed8255a6f60c47d2e71f2a59 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / O presente trabalho analisou a forma pela qual a função social da empresa alterou e remodelou o regime brasileiro de recuperação e falência com a introdução da lei n. 11.101/2005. Inicialmente foi feita uma descrição sumária da transformação histórica da empresa como um fenômeno socioeconômico abordando-se em seguida a sua evolução jurídica desde a fase corporativa até a atual fase da teoria da empresa. Dessa última fase extraiu-se o conceito normativo de empresa e os seus elementos. Num segundo momento foi realizado um estudo sobre a função social iniciado com uma abordagem acerca dos elementos que ilustraram a instituição de um novo paradigma no direito privado contemporâneo: a constitucionalização do direito privado a funcionalização e a socialização do direito. Em seguida a função social foi analisada sob o prisma do direito constitucional e privado com um enfoque especial sobre a função social da empresa a qual é responsável pela empregabilidade pelo recolhimento de impostos e pela produção de bens e serviços que suprirão as necessidades humanas e promoverão o desenvolvimento socioeconômico. Após tais considerações foi traçada a evolução histórica do direito falimentar em que se percebe uma mudança significativa de um regime fundado em uma ótica meramente liquidatória para outro cujo principio essencial é a preservação das unidades produtivas com o menor sacrifício dos agentes envolvidos com a empresa em dificuldades. Na última parte do trabalho verifica-se como contribuição científica algumas demonstração e efeitos da aplicação da função social da empresa na lei n. 11.101/2005: a recuperação de empresas a ausência de sucessão obrigacional na realização do ativo a participação de credores na gestão da empresa a manutenção do desenvolvimento econômico e social e busca do pleno emprego. Por fim foi abordado o papel do poder judiciário na efetivação da lei de falência e recuperação de empresas em função de sua convergência com a economia administração e contabilidade bem como a importância da atividade jurisdicional na concretização da função social da empresa. / Salvador

Esta tese mostra como os principais sujeitos participantes do contrato de comunicação jornalístico (veículos, jornalistas e leitores) percebem as finalidades do jornalismo. A metodologia utilizada é a Análise de Discurso. Os veículos selecionados são Folha de S.Paulo, O Globo e O Estado de S. Paulo, os três maiores jornais de referência brasileiros, cujo discurso foi mapeado em 38 documentos institucionais (princípios editoriais, manuais de redação, códigos de ética, editoriais). O discurso de 85 jornalistas brasileiros foi analisado em 40 documentos (biografias, livros, documentários, trabalhos acadêmicos e entrevistas). O discurso de 250 leitores foi encontrado em 279 comentários postados em sites dos jornais Folha de S.Paulo, O Globo e O Estado de S. Paulo e nas páginas desses jornais no Facebook. A tese chegou a dois tipos de resultados. Um, de caráter empírico, deriva da análise do material discursivo dos três sujeitos: o que veículos, jornalistas e leitores dizem sobre as finalidades do jornalismo. No discurso dos sujeitos, estão presentes as seguintes finalidades do jornalismo: a) fiscalizar o poder e fortalecer a democracia; b) informar; c) esclarecer o cidadão e apresentar a pluralidade da sociedade; d) verificar a veracidade das informações; e) selecionar o que é relevante; f) investigar; g) registrar história e construir memória; h) interpretar e analisar a realidade; i) defender o cidadão; j) fazer a mediação entre os fatos e o leitor; k) integrar e mobilizar as pessoas; l) divertir (finalidade só considerada por veículos e jornalistas, não por leitores). A tese traz diversas conclusões sobre como cada sujeito compreende essas funções. Outro resultado, de caráter teórico, se desdobra em dois: o primeiro é a elaboração de um quadro com a síntese das finalidades do jornalismo segundo os autores consultados; o segundo é a formulação de uma proposta das finalidades do jornalismo. Cheguei a uma proposta de que o jornalismo tem 12 finalidades a cumprir: a) informar de modo qualificado; b) investigar; c) verificar a veracidade das informações; d) interpretar e analisar a realidade; e) fazer a mediação entre os fatos e o leitor; f) selecionar o que é relevante; g) registrar a história e construir memória; h) ajudar a entender o mundo contemporâneo; i) integrar e mobilizar as pessoas; j) defender o cidadão; k) fiscalizar o poder e fortalecer a democracia; l) esclarecer o cidadão e apresentar a pluralidade da sociedade. / This doctoral dissertation shows how the main subjects participating in the journalistic communication contract (media companies, journalists and readers) perceive the purposes of journalism. The methodology that was used is Discourse Analysis. The media companies which were selected are Folha de S.Paulo, O Globo e O Estado de S. Paulo, the three major reference Brazilian newspapers, whose discourse was mapped in 38 institutional documents (editorial principles, writing manuals, codes of ethics, editorials). The discourse of 85 Brazilian journalists was analyzed in 40 documents (biographies, books, documentaries, academic works and interviews). The discourse of 250 readers was found in 279 comments posted on the websites and Facebook pages of the newspapers Folha de S.Paulo, O Globo e O Estado de S. Paulo. The research reached two kinds of results. One, of an empirical nature, stems from the analysis of the discourse materials from the three subjects: what the media companies, journalists and readers say about the purposes of journalism. In the discourse of the subjects, the following purposes of journalism are present: (a) watching over how power is exerted in society and strengthening democracy; (b) informing; (c) clarifying issues for citizens and providing them with a plurality of society; (d) checking the veracity of information; (e) selecting what is relevant; (f) investigating; (g) recording history and constructing memory; (h) interpreting and analyzing the reality; (i) defending citizens; (j) mediating between facts and readers; (k) integrating and mobilizing people; (l) entertaining (purpose considered by media companies and journalists only, not by readers). The dissertation reached a number of conclusions about how each subject understands these functions. Another result, of a theoretical nature, splits into two: the first outcome is a table that was designed aiming to present a summary of the purposes of journalism according to the authors who were consulted; the second is a proposal of the purposes of journalism. I present a proposal according to which journalism has 12 purposes to fulfill: (a) informing in a qualified sense; (b) investigating; (c) checking the veracity of information; (d) interpreting and analyzing reality; (e) mediating between facts and readers; (f) selecting what is relevant; (g) recording history and constructing memory; (h) helping to understand the contemporary world; (i) integrating and mobilizing people; (j) defending citizens; (k) watching over how power is exerted in society and strengthening democracy; (l) clarifying issues for citizens and presenting the plurality of society.