abstract: This study examines changing language loyalties of the sociopolitically most dominant ethnic group in Indonesia, the Javanese. Although Javanese language has the largest number of speakers, within the last five decades the language is gradually losing its speakers who prioritize the national language, Indonesian. This phenomenon led me to inquire into the extent to which their native language matters for their Javanese identity and how the language planning and policy (LPP) mechanism works to foster Javanese language. To collect data, I conducted a six-month ethnographic research project in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The findings show that Javanese language shift occurs because of strong supports from the government toward Indonesian by emphasizing its role as a symbol to unify all ethnic groups in Indonesia into one nation. Consequently, interference in intergenerational language transmission, a limited scope of Javanese use, decrease language competence, and negative attitude toward Javanese are evident. Although Javanese language is still perceived as the most profound marker of Javanese identity, it is now challenging to maintain it because of its limited role in most domains. The study also indicates that the Javanese people are now strongly inclined to Islam reflected by their piety to Islamic rules such as positive attitude to learn liturgic Arabic, to leave behind Javanese tradition not in line with Islam, and to view religion as a panacea to heal social problems. This high regard for Islam is also evident in schools. Furthermore, the Javanese people value highly English although nobody uses it as a medium of daily communication. However, the fact that English is tested in the secondary education national exams and the university entrance exam makes it necessary for people to learn it. In addition, English is regarded as a modern, intellectual, and elite language. In short, the Javanese people perceive English as an avenue to achieve academic and professional success as well as higher social status. Altogether, this study shows that shifting language loyalty among the Javanese people is an indication of societal transformation. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation English 2015

To achieve the goals set by Agenda 2030 and the Paris Agreement, a societal transformation towards climate neutrality is required. However, the idea of ‘transformation’ is conceptually vague and deeply political. It is thus important to get a better understanding of this concept. This thesis explores what participants at COP26 perceive to be the most effective drivers for societal transformations towards climate neutrality, and what variations in their perceptions are visible. This was done using surveys taken at COP26, which have been analysed using Excel and the chi-square test in SPSS. Out of the thirteen driver themes that were identified in the coding scheme, it was found that Economic Sphere and Sectors, Civil Society and Public Opinion, Knowledge and Technology, and Governmental Sphere and Institutions were perceived to be the most effective driver themes. These results corroborate important drivers proposed in existing literature. Comparing the dataset to a variety of global indexes, it was found that participants from countries that are ranked relatively low on these global indexes generally perceive Economic Sphere and Sectors as an effective driver theme, while participants from higher-ranked countries generally focused more on the driver themes Governmental Sphere and Institutions, Behavioural and Cultural Change, and Incentives. An attempt has been made to explain these results, but much more research and additional data is needed to better understand the findings.

Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) provides a framework for reorienting education towards sustainability. The ESD framework is criticized for reproducing rather than transforming unsustainable systems, thus a critical analysis of the framework is crucial to understand its role in reorienting education towards sustainability. To this end, we contribute to an understanding of the role of ESD through the lens of experts who are reorienting education towards sustainability. These experts use various approaches at regional, national, and/or international levels. Based on thirteen semi-structured interviews, we find two strands in the understanding of ESD. The first strand reflects the importance of the framework in reorienting education, and the second strand reflects on ESD as part of a larger movement. Furthermore, we flag a critical need for a democratic process of reorienting education towards sustainability, to progress transformative change through ESD. Lastly, our findings suggest a need to consider the individual experience of those involved in bringing ESD into practice.

Bygg- och fastighetssektorn orsakar en femtedel av Sveriges växthusgasutsläpp. Användningsskedet, ett av fyra skeden i en byggnads livscykel, utgjorde tidigare den största påverkan på klimatet. Idag sker de största utsläppen i byggskedet. Flertalet undersökningar har gjorts för att minska miljöpåverkan från nyproduktion däremot saknas motsvarande mängd data för ombyggnationer och renoveringar.För att öka förståelsen för miljöpåverkan från resursanvändningen inom bygg- och fastighetssektorn har det i denna studie gjorts en jämförelse av växthusgasutsläppen från att flytta och renovera ett småhus med att riva ett småhus och ersätta det med en nybyggnation. I studien undersöktes byggnader som flyttats i Kiruna där en samhällsomvandling pågår till följd av LKAB:s järnmalmsbrytning. Livscykelanalyser genomfördes för byggskedet och slutskedet för två objekt; Arbetarbostaden B5 samt en nyproduktion från Älvsbyhus. Enheten kg CO2e/m2 BTA (bruttoarea) användes i klimatberäkningarna. Energianvändningen i gamla och nya hus undersöktes och användes för att jämföra växthusgasutsläppen från materialen i ett nytt hus med en högre energianvändning i ett äldre hus. Resultatet visar att mängden material korrelerar till mängden växthusgasutsläpp vilket indikerar att renoveringen av ett småhus skapar ett lägre klimatavtryck än vad en nybyggnation gör. Resultatet visar också att det kan ta många år innan energibesparingen som ett nytt hus medför jämfört med ett gammalt hus väger upp för utsläppen från materialåtgången för nybyggnationen. Om ett hus ska flyttas och renoveras eller rivas och ersättas med en nybyggnation bör bedömas individuellt då renoveringsbehovet kan skilja sig åt från objekt till objekt / The construction and real estate sector is responsible for one fifth of Sweden's greenhouse gas emissions. The use phase, one of four stages in a building's life cycle, previously had the greatest impact on the climate. Today, the largest emissions occur in the construction phase. Several studies have been carried out to reduce the environmental impact of new construction, but there is no corresponding amount of data for conversions and renovations. To increase understanding of the environmental impact of resource use in the construction and real estate sector, this study compares the greenhousegas emissions from moving and renovating a small house with demolishing a small house and replacing it with a new building. The study examined relocated buildings in Kiruna where a societal transformation is taking place because of LKAB´s iron ore mining operations. Life cycleanalyses were conducted for the construction phase and the final phase for two objects: Arbetarbostaden B5 and a new production from Älvsbyhus.The unit kg CO2e/m2 BTA (gross area) was used in the climate calculations. The energy use in old and new houses was investigated and used to compare the greenhouse gas emissions from the materials in a new house with a higher energy use in an older house.The results show that the amount of material correlates to the amount of greenhouse gas emissions, indicating that the renovation of a small house creates a lower carbon footprint than a new construction. The results also show that it can take many years for the energy savings of a new house compared to an old house to compensate for the emissions from the material consumption of the new construction. Whether a house should be moved and renovated or demolished and replaced with a new building should be assessed individually as the need for renovation can differ from object to object. / <p>2023-06-02</p>

Thesis (M.Dev. (Planning and Management)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / This study provides a theoretical foundation for researchers to investigate the effects of rural development non-governmental organisations’ governance on societal transformation. The research also assessed the mission statements from a non-profit organisation perspective, considering their operational activities in trying to address NGOs’ governance. Although, historically, these statements have been used almost exclusively in a management context. The nine components of a mission statement provide direction for the researcher to examine statements and practitioners to create and modify the statements. This study marries the rural development non governmental organisations’ governance and societal transformation literature. Creating a fruitful new area for marketing research and practice. The recommendations will hopefully give guide and recommend tools for aligning NGOs operational activities with their mission statements to promote good governance practice. The study investigated the effects of rural development non-governmental organisations’ governance on societal transformation. The aim was to investigate the types of rural development actions and role players in Elansdoorn Moutse, to analyse the governance of the actions of rural development role players, to examine the scales and profiles of NGOs acting in rural development, to delineate the effects of rural development NGOs’ governance on societal transformation, and to propose measures for improved governance of actions and enhancement of societal transformation credential of rural development NGOs in developing countries. The study found that if rural development NGOs were well governed, they would have the power and potential to transform the society. / University of Limpopo (UL)

According to Skolverket, the Swedish school has two missions: conveying knowledge and teaching values. These values are taught through the common principles (värdegrund) and instruct students about democratic values and human rights. However, Skolverket also reports that students lack such knowledge. Therefore, this essay aims to create a module with the main purpose of formulating and teaching the common principles, by using Phaswane Mpe's Welcome to Our Hillbrow, a text with the ability of presenting ethical issues whilst also making the reader respond to them. To achieve this, the values of the common principles will be extracted with the help of virtue ethics, which creates a conjunction with the book, where three topics are selected: sexism, gender identity and societal transformation. Virtue ethics, representing the common principles, together with Adichie’s definition of African feminism inform the analysis of sexism and gender inequality in the book and show how they are prevalent and extensive. Societal transformation is conceptualised and investigated through the use of narratology. Sexism and gender inequality are located in the horizontal plane of an arena, where the vertical expansion of narrative levels creates the urge for societal transformation. Such an expansion is made possible by an implied author, which provides the effect needed for reader inclusion. As such, Welcome to Our Hillbrow is described to entail an ethical challenge, that forces a responsible reader to emerge. Issues of sexism and gender inequality are then used together with the arena of societal transformation to construct a module in English 7, where students may themselves become reasonable readers through a process of critical self-reflection, a vital part of virtue ethics. This is done by employing Socratic and deliberative dialogue and an affective-humanistic approach, which together promote democratic values and human rights.

This thesis is concerned with civil society organisations (CSOs) and the challenges of facilitating sustainable societal transformation in Africa, focusing on the case of Ethiopia. The thesis underlines the fact that the conceptualisation of civil society is controversial. Some western scholars argue that the Enlightenment period in Europe provided the bedrock for the foundation of „modern‟ CSOs. As a result, they believed that the life patterns and „traditional‟ social organising practices of Africans, Asians and other societies of the world are incompatible with the civilised world. This outlook constitutes the mainstream view that has played an uncontested role in the decades of development in Africa. Proponents of African and „traditional‟ perspectives of civil society, however, argue that many nations in Africa have centuries-old humanism and a history of volunteerism and civic institutions, which form the backbone of their social fabric. They argue that Africa has its own rich culture and civilisation which is the bedrock for generating and developing healthy human societies and effectively functioning CSOs on the continent. These African civic cultures nurture character and intellect within communities and social spaces despite the challenges of colonialism, globalisation and other external pressures. For this reason, they challenge western-based perspectives on „modern‟ CSOs. Given the predominance of and the tension in these two perspectives, this thesis calls for a re-examination of the concepts, meanings and practices of CSOs and the exploration of the role of „traditional‟ CSOs in facilitating societal transformation in contemporary Ethiopia, Africa. In so doing, it critically examines how the tensions in various international development agendas have led to the legitimisation and proliferation of „modern‟ and western-based non-governmental organisation (NGO) interventions in Africa, and then discusses the way the civil society sector, particularly „traditional‟ CSOs, is side-lined owing to the funding formulas that regard western-based NGOs as preferred development partners. For this, the thesis takes a case-based approach to the study of „traditional‟ CSOs in Ethiopia, and examines their goals and practices leading to social transformation experiences by reviewing the political history, genesis and civic functions of CSOs and the social changes at grassroots levels. The thesis also analyses the ways in which local communities organise their „traditional‟ associations and collectively engage in social action to transform their communities. It also highlights the negative implications of the neoliberal theoretical discourses and the developmental state approaches in relation to „traditional‟ African CSOs. In conclusion, the thesis suggests critical pathways for harnessing the role of „traditional‟ African CSOs in the future societal transformation process in Africa. / Development Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)

This thesis is concerned with civil society organisations (CSOs) and the challenges of facilitating sustainable societal transformation in Africa, focusing on the case of Ethiopia. The thesis underlines the fact that the conceptualisation of civil society is controversial. Some western scholars argue that the Enlightenment period in Europe provided the bedrock for the foundation of „modern‟ CSOs. As a result, they believed that the life patterns and „traditional‟ social organising practices of Africans, Asians and other societies of the world are incompatible with the civilised world. This outlook constitutes the mainstream view that has played an uncontested role in the decades of development in Africa. Proponents of African and „traditional‟ perspectives of civil society, however, argue that many nations in Africa have centuries-old humanism and a history of volunteerism and civic institutions, which form the backbone of their social fabric. They argue that Africa has its own rich culture and civilisation which is the bedrock for generating and developing healthy human societies and effectively functioning CSOs on the continent. These African civic cultures nurture character and intellect within communities and social spaces despite the challenges of colonialism, globalisation and other external pressures. For this reason, they challenge western-based perspectives on „modern‟ CSOs. Given the predominance of and the tension in these two perspectives, this thesis calls for a re-examination of the concepts, meanings and practices of CSOs and the exploration of the role of „traditional‟ CSOs in facilitating societal transformation in contemporary Ethiopia, Africa. In so doing, it critically examines how the tensions in various international development agendas have led to the legitimisation and proliferation of „modern‟ and western-based non-governmental organisation (NGO) interventions in Africa, and then discusses the way the civil society sector, particularly „traditional‟ CSOs, is side-lined owing to the funding formulas that regard western-based NGOs as preferred development partners. For this, the thesis takes a case-based approach to the study of „traditional‟ CSOs in Ethiopia, and examines their goals and practices leading to social transformation experiences by reviewing the political history, genesis and civic functions of CSOs and the social changes at grassroots levels. The thesis also analyses the ways in which local communities organise their „traditional‟ associations and collectively engage in social action to transform their communities. It also highlights the negative implications of the neoliberal theoretical discourses and the developmental state approaches in relation to „traditional‟ African CSOs. In conclusion, the thesis suggests critical pathways for harnessing the role of „traditional‟ African CSOs in the future societal transformation process in Africa. / Development Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)