Background Companies which operate within heavy equipment are highly dependent on a continuous spare part stream to minimise their production downtime. The disruption of the pandemic known as Covid19 has brought the global supply chain to its knee, and countless companies have been affected by the global supply shortage. One of such industries is heavy equipment which comprises heavy-duty vehicles, large equipment, large-scale infrastructure, intricate or numerous processes with high operation cost and a unique set of challenges. Consequently, the demand for spare parts within heavy equipment can be extremely unpredictable and erratic, since the life cycle of machinery is connected to systems owned by the customers and its applications. Therefore, understanding the heavy equipment industry could allow for new innovative ways for managing spare part challenges. One of the methods for solving spare part challenges in other industries according to previous research has been the utilisation of additive manufacturing (AM).The AM technology is based on incremental layer-by-layer manufacturing compared to conventional manufacturing (CM) which mostly depend on subtractive manufacturing processes. Research questions RQ1: What are the challenges within the heavy equipment industry regarding spare part management? RQ2: How can the heavy equipment industry utilise additive manufacturing to overcome challenges surrounding spare parts management? Method The literature review comprised of the identification of spare part management challenges surrounding heavy equipment, the capabilities of AM surrounding spare parts as well as optimisation methods for existing parts with AM. Whereas the interviews consisted of two sets of interview groups (i.e., heavy equipment and AM based companies). Lastly, the experiment consisted of validating gathered data as well as identifying AMs capabilities based on a physical object (i.e., lifting bracket). Findings The findings show the existing spare part management challenges within heavy equipment are related to four dimensions namely: warehousing, cost, lead times and the environment.Whereas the findings surrounding AMs capabilities for mitigating spare part management challenges showed that, AM enable the production of low volume parts with low lead time replenishment. This could minimise overall waste within the heavy equipment industry, where central warehousing could be reduced as well as the total lead time for customers.

This thesis deals with the estimate of damage of an automobile caused during a car accident with no injuries involved. A significant part of my work consist of a sociological research, a proceeding during a car crash a fleet analysis and protocols from a programme called Audatex. The outcome is a brochure - "How to manage a car accident - with detailed description how to estimate the damage caused by the crash"

Urban gondola lift systems are becoming a regular sight rather than a rarity throughout the globe. Authors attribute their increasing popularity to factors such as environmental sustainability, operational reliability and cost efficiency compared to other right-of-way transit solutions. Replacing conventional modes of transit with urban gondolas cannot however be achieved without tackling several operational challenges. As potential new operators often lack the human resources and knowledge base required to successfully man, operate and maintain systems, they turn to manufacturers for increased after-sale support. Companies of the Doppelmayr Garaventa Group, the world’s largest manufacturer of gondola lifts, responded to these demand patterns by offering complete operations & maintenance contracts which, among other services, include the delivery and installation of reserve components. Calculating the total cost of such components for the life cycle of a system however still proves to be demanding and requires new computational models to increase its efficiency. The applicative purpose of this paper was thus set to formulate a model that is capable of performing life cycle cost calculations for components of urban gondola lift systems, according to a set of criterion defined by industrial entities. Its research aim is accordingly to answer questions about how concurrent instruments are set up, what models does contemporary research regard as efficient in similar industries and whether these models are able to enhance life cycle cost calculation capability within the urban gondola lift market. These aims were achieved through an analysis of current company practices, followed by the formulation of two new model alternatives based on a review of contemporary scientific literature, and concluded by an iterative process wherein the two alternatives were compared to each other in terms of performance and then merged to combine the best performing features of each version. Through a second iteration, the merged model was then compared to current instruments and established as the superior choice, using industry criteria. The paper concludes by resolving the research questions it set out to answer and making further recommendations for the direction of future research and studies.

Bakgrund: Rottne industri är ett företag som tillverkar skogsmaskiner, närmare bestämt skördare och skotare. En viktig del av företagets strategi i dagsläget grundar på att bedriva en generös reservdelsverksamhet ut mot kunder. Reservdelsverksamheten har vuxit och blivit en konkurrensfördel för Rottne industri. För att behålla sin plats på marknaden är det viktigt att konkurrensfördelen behålls och reservdelsverksamheten effektiviseras. Vi har i samråd med lagerchefen på Rottne industri valt att utveckla ett performance management-system. Studien har tagit sin utgångspunkt i performance management-processen som består av fem steg som kopplats till separata problemfrågor. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att utveckla ett performance management-system åt Rottne industris reservdelslager i avsikt att ge företaget en utgångspunkt för kontroll och styrning av deras prestationer. Metod: Uppsatsen är uppbyggd på en kvalitativ metod. Uppsatsens synsätt är positivism och ett abduktivt angreppssätt tillämpas. Insamling av empirisk data sker främst genom intervjuer. Slutsats: För att Rottne industri ska behålla sin konkurrensfördel bör de främst fokusera på fyra måttgrupper; leveranstid, leveransprecision, orderkvalitet och servicegrad. Prioriteringen för dessa måttgrupper skiljer sig något beroende på vilken kundgrupp som avser att betjänas. För brådskande orders, som kopplas till slutkunder är leveranstid, orderkvalitet och servicegrad viktigaste, och för påfyllningsorders, som rör återförsäljare är leveransprecision, orderkvalitet och servicegrad viktigast. Höga mål bör sättas upp för viktiga måttgrupper och bör revideras när omvärlden förändras. Sökord: Performance management, performance management process, performance management system, performance measurement, spare part logistics, aftermarket logistics, target setting. / Title: Performance management - A case study on spare part logistics at Rottne industri Authors: Max Lidby, Philip Ringström Tutor: Peter Berling Background: Rottne industri is a company that manufactures forestry equipment. An important part of the company’s strategy is based on conducting a generous spare parts business to customers. The spare part business has grown and become a competitive advantage for Rottne industri. To keep its position in the market it is important that the competitive advantage is retained. In agreement with the warehouse management we have chosen to develop a performance management system. The study has been based on the performance management process that consists of five steps which has been linked with separate research questions. Purpose: The aim of this study is to develop a performance management system for Rottne industri’s warehouse in order to give the company a starting point for monitoring and control of performance. Method: The paper is based on a qualitative approach. Thesis approach is positivism and an abductive approach is applied. Collection of empirical data is mainly done through interviews. Conclusion: In order to maintain its competitive advantage Rottne industry should primarily focus on four groups of metrics; delivery time, delivery reliability, order quality and service level. The priority for these groups of metrics are slightly different depending on which group of customers Rottne industri intend to serve. For urgent orders the delivery time, order quality and level of service most important, and for replenishing orders delivery reliability, order quality and level of service is the most important. High targets should be set for important groups of metrics, and should be under continuous review when circumstances change. Keywords: Performance management, performance management process, performance management systems, performance measurement, spare part logistics, aftermarket logistics, target setting.

This thesis deals with design of a suitable approach for managing the supply of spare parts for machines approaching decommissioning. The appropriate balance between outstanding risks related to equipment downtime and costs of holding spare parts is predicted by proposed systematic algorithm. Determination of key parameters affecting the whole process of spare parts inventory management and their subsequent use as a basis for Event Tree Analysis lead to finding an optimum set-up, which mitigates the overall impact of the planned reduction in spare parts storage levels. The new approach has a number of advantages including versatility of application for many types of machines, as well as a different outlook on a solution for the current issue in spare parts management.

Electrolux är ett ledande globalt företag inom vitvaror och hushållsprodukter. Electroluxutvecklar, konstruerar och tillverkar varma, kalla och våta hushållsprodukter samt annansmåelektronik under olika varumärken. Varumärket Electrolux står för hög kvalitet som äveninkluderar en världsledande serviceorganisation för att tillhandahålla bra kundservice.Electrolux har på senaste tiden sett en trend i ökande andelar returer av reservdelar frånservicegivarna. Det identifieras som en möjlig kvalitetsrisk inom serviceprocessen. För attförebygga detta har det här examensarbetet utvärderat kvalitén i serviceprocessen ochrekommenderar förändringar för att bibehålla och öka kvalitén inom kundservice.Målet med arbetet har varit att öka kvalitén inom serviceprocessen på alla nivåer, till varje externoch intern kund. För att identifiera förbättringsområden genomfördes enverksamhetskartläggning med fokus på arbetsrutiner och hanteringen av reservdelar inomserviceprocessen. En grundorsaksanalys genomfördes för att identifiera underliggande orsakertill de olika problemområdena och för att ta fram förbättringsåtgärder som sedan utvärderats.Arbetet har varit avgränsat till att bara studera den svenska serviceorganisationen ochgarantireparationer för vitvaror och hushållsmaskiner. Andra avgränsningar för arbetat har varitatt resultatet inte ska påverka dagens målvärden negativt och inte heller påverka dagenstransportflöde.Resultatet av projektet är presenterat i form utav ett framtidsläge för serviceprocessen. För attuppnå detta framtidsläge så har en aktivitetsplan tagits fram med rekommenderade förbättringarsom är utformade för att åtgärda problemen i serviceprocessen. De rekommenderadeförbättringarna eliminerar dubbelt arbete, reducerar antalet arbetsmoment, samlar all tekniskinformation i en informationskanal och gör det möjligt att materialplanera reservdelar som äröverblivna från tidigare uppdrag.Tidsbegränsningen har gjort att fokus har legat på att ta fram konkreta och implementerbaraförbättringsåtgärder. Förbättringsområden har identifierats inom IT-system och organisation,något som diskuteras för fortsatta arbeten. / Electrolux is a leading global company in home and kitchen appliances. Electrolux develops,designs and manufactures home appliances for hot, cold and water applications and other smallhome appliances under different brands. The Electrolux brand stands for high quality whichincludes an excellent service organization to provide good quality in customer care.Electrolux have lately seen a trend with increasing returns of unused spare parts from serviceproviders. This is identified as a possible quality risk in the service process. To prevent this tooccur this Master´s Thesis has evaluated the quality in the service process and recommendsactions to maintain and increase the level of quality in customer care.The aim of the project has been to increase the quality in the service process in every level, toevery internal and external customer. To identify improvement areas a business mapping of theservice process was performed, focusing on the different procedures within the service processand spare part management. A root cause analysis was made to find the underlying causes ofdifferent problem areas and ideas for improvements have been generated and evaluated.The project was limited to only include the Swedish service organization of guarantee repairs ofhome appliances within the Electrolux group. Other limitations of the project were to not affectthe key performance indexes adversely and to not include the supply chain of spare parts in theproject.The result of the project is presented as a future state for the service process. To reach this futurestate an action plan was made were recommended improvements are combined to address theproblems in the service process. The identified problems can be improved by eliminatingduplication of work, reducing the number of steps, gathering all technical information to oneplatform and to make surplus spare parts available for material planning.The outcome of the project was limited by time and therefore focus was to develop concrete andimplementable improvements. On a concept level the IT-system and organization relatedimprovement areas were evaluated, which are discussed and recommended for future work.

Spare parts are, for many companies, a complex product to logistically handle. This is in part due to the varying characteristics and sporadic demand patterns of spare parts. Obstacles can often arise when companies utilize the same approach to their spare parts stock as they do with their general warehouse manufacturing inventory. By using the same approach, companies risk neglecting the widespread variation of the spare parts. With the help of established routines, a clear set of guidelines and factors, the chances of a successful handling of spare parts inventory is increased. The study is a qualitative case study with the purpose of identifying specific factors and to make recommendations of models for companies to take into account when evaluating and storing spare parts. Through unstructured/semi-structured interviews conducted with four case company employees, information was gathered which was used to assist in identifying these specific factors and models for companies. A theoretical frame of reference was produced through analyzing research articles and was compared to the compiled empirical data in an analysis. The departments within the case study based their work on single factor which were considered important for each specific department, without inter-departmental communication. The factors that were identified in the study include service, competitive advantage, tied up capital, size capacity, complexity, sales frequency and material. Four of these were considered to be a priority for the case company. The study showed that different models for spare parts management and outsourcing could be implemented in the case company. By integrating the different models for spare parts management and outsourcing, combined with communication, a new model has been proposed for handling the spare parts storage. / Reservdelar är för många företag en komplex produkt att hantera utifrån dess varierande egenskaper och sporadiska efterfrågemönster. Problematiken härstammar ofta från att många företag hanterar reservdelslager utifrån samma förutsättningar som dess allmänna lagerhantering, därigenom försummas reservdelarnas olika egenskaper. Förutbestämda riktlinjer och faktorer krävs vid hantering av reservdelar och en viktig komponent för att lyckas med detta är kommunikation. Arbetet är en kvalitativ fallstudie med syftet att ta fram faktorer och rekommendationer av modeller att ta hänsyn till vid värdering och lagerhantering av reservdelar. För att besvara syftet och frågeställningarna utfördes ostrukturerade/semistrukturerade intervjuer med fyra medarbetare på fallföretaget. En teoretisk referensram togs fram genom litteratursökningar som sedan ställdes i en jämförelse mot den sammanställda empirin i en analys. Studien visade att de olika avdelningarna på fallföretaget främst utgått från en enda faktor som ansetts vara viktig för den specifika avdelningen. Utifrån de framtagna faktorerna i studien; service, konkurrensfördel, kapitalbindning, fyllnadsgrad, komplexitet, försäljningsfrekvens och material, ansågs fyra av dessa vara av prioritet för fallföretaget. Studien visade att olika modeller för reservdelshantering och outsourcing skulle kunna implementeras på fallföretaget. Genom att integrera de olika modellerna för reservdelshantering och outsourcing, kombinerat med kommunikation, har en ny modell föreslagits för hantering av reservdelslager.

This masters thesis deals with renovations expensive spare parts for the use of special engineering technologies. The aim was to compare and evaluate the technical and economical technological processes used components renovations. In the theoretical part are written information obtained from literature sources dealing with the basic concepts, definitions and describes the most commonly used technology renovation. In their study were selected components for renovation, where it is necessary to use special methods of engineering technologies. The first part was chosen balancer shaft used for four-cylinder diesel engine Volkswagen. For component was suggested special technological process of repair, so as to achieve low prices, but also guarantee a high quality repair and threaten further damage. Price repairs were compared against the cost of a new spare part. Another component was selected renovation speed bump for truck Scania. For component was suggested technological process of repair. Prices renovations by various techniques were compared.

Finding the proper balance between availability and cost efficiency is an important concern within spare part management. Spare part suppliers need to respond quickly to customer demand as a stock-out can have severe consequences for both the customer and the supplier. It is critical to identify what items to keep in stock and where to allocate the inventory to avoid stock-outs. This case study was performed at a large high-tech company producing manufacturing equipment to be used in the electronics industry. The aim was to lower the stock-levels of spare parts while not impairing the availability by combining item classification, demand forecasting, and distribution network optimization. A decision diagram for classifying spare parts was constructed using the analytical hierarchy process. Twenty items were classified using the diagram, and the demand for them was forecasted using the Syntetos Boylan Approximationmethod. The shipping cost for spare parts within one region was minimized using a linear optimization model. The analysis showed that equipment criticality, annual usage value, and installed base are critical when classing spare parts. Instead of using five distribution centers in the European region, it was discovered that the shipping costs would decrease if only three warehouses made up the distribution network. The spare parts investigated appeared to follow the typical characteristics for spare parts, showing a low and irregular demand. Hence, demand forecasting seemed to be unnecessary, considering the difficulties in getting satisfactory results. Instead of combining the results from classification, forecasting, and inventory allocation, we suggest that the processes affecting stocking decisions should cooperate and work towards a common objective, namely to satisfy the customer demand in a cost-efficient way. Thus, widening the meaning of taking on an integrated approach to spare part management. / Inom hanteringen av reservdelar är det en stor utmaning att hitta rätt avvägning mellan tillgänglighet och kostnadseffektivitet. Leverantörer av reservdelar måste snabbt kunna möta kundefterfrågan eftersom uteblivna leveranser av kritiska reservdelar kan få allvarliga konsekvenser för både kund och leverantör. Vilka artiklar som ska lager-hållas och var de ska lagerhållas är avgörande beslut för att undvika att artiklar rest-noteras. I den här fallstudien, som utfördes på ett stort teknikföretag som tillverkarproduktionsutrustning till elektronikindustrin, var syftet att sänka lagernivåerna av reservdelar utan att göra avkall på tillgängligheten. Detta genom att kombineragruppering av artiklar, beräkning av kommande efterfrågan och optimering av distributionsnätverket. För att klassificera artiklar i grupper med liknande egenskaper skapades ett schematiskt beslutsdiagram med hjälp av metoden AHP. Tjugo artiklar ur sortimentet valdes ut som beslutsdiagrammet testades på. För samma tjugo artiklar gjordes prognoser för den kommande efterfrågan med metoden Syntetos-Boylan-Approximation. Distributionsnätverket i den europeiska regionen optimerades medavseende på fraktkostnad genom att applicera en linjär optimeringsmodell. Hur kritisk en reservdel är för den relaterade maskinens funktionalitet, reservdelensårliga förbrukningsvärde och den geografiska placeringen av installerade maskinervisade sig vara kritiska för att kunna klassificera artiklarna effektivt. Analysen av distributionsnätverket i Europa visade att fraktkostnaderna kan minskas om nätverket utgjordes av tre lager istället för fem som det gör i dagsläget. De tjugo undersökta reservdelarna uppvisade de typiska egenskaperna för reservdelar som har rapporterats i litteraturen som låg och oregelbunden efterfrågan. Att sätta prognoser på efterfrågan verkar obefogat med tanke på komplexiteten i beräkningarna och att de ger få tillfredsställande resultat. Istället för att kombinera resultaten från klassificering, prognoser på efterfrågan och lageroptimering föreslår vi att alla de funktioner i ett företag som arbetar med att tillgodose kundefterfrågan bör samarbeta i högre grad och jobba mot ett gemensamt mål, nämligen att tillgodose kundernas efterfrågan på ett kostnadseffektivt sätt. Således vill vi utvidga betydelsen av att ta en integrerad strategi för reservdelshantering

Nya ledningsstödsystem är under införande inom Försvarsmakten. För förband som verkar inom teknisk tjänst innebär detta nya förutsättningar för att lösa sina uppgifter. Studien syftar till att undersöka hur väl de ledningsstödssystem som är under införande är anpassade till verksamhetens krav inom Teknisk Bataljon och vilka förändringar som bör göras för att få en klok systemlösning. Styrande dokument inom teknisk tjänst har studerats och personer verksamma inom Teknisk Bataljon och Forsvarets Forskningsinstitutt har intervjuats. Tekniskt finns det förutsättningar för att arbeta effektivt, men idag används flera olika system parallellt. Det är på fältet svårt att ha en gemensam teknisk lägesbild, där särskilt överblick av reservdelar och materiell status är viktigt. Det största hindret för detta är förmågan att i samma system verka mellan förband då transmissionsresurser kan vara olika eller saknas. Säkerhetskrav och förmågan att verka med andra nationer utgör även dessa hinder för att verka effektivt både nationellt och internationellt. Studien pekar på att systeminförandet inte kommer att leda till gynnsammast möjliga effekter då detta inte sker på tillräcklig nivå, eller är koncentrerat till ett system, för att lyckas med detta. Effektivare ledningsstödsystem möjliggör lättare och därmed rörligare tekniska förband. En klok implementering skulle ha både verksamhetsrationella och kostnadseffektiva vinster. / New Command and Control Support systems are being introduced within the Swedish Armed Forces. Military maintenance units are therefore presented with new conditions. This study aims to evaluate how well this implementing of systems is adapted to said organizations and what should be done to further improve the effects of this change. Directorial documents are studied and active personnel are interviewe to provide data for this study. There are technical solutions to put in place an effective use of maintenance units and today there are several systems used side by side. Sensemaking is hard to achieve on the field, in particular with important items like spare parts and technical systems. The largest hindrance is within transmission resources and common transmission system, which are sometimes different and sometimes absent. Information security and capability to exchange information with other nations restricts operational effect, both nationally and internationally. This study suggests that the implementation will not reach optimum effect since the changes doesn’t reach low enough within the organization, or are focused on a single system to achieve maximum effect. More effective Command and Control systems enable more mobile maintenance units. A wise implementation will lead to both rational operations and economical efficiency.