Disertacijoje analizuojama Lietuvos kultūrinio kraštovaizdžio raida apimanti tarpukario (1918-1940), sovietmečio (1940-1941, 1944-1990) ir atkurtos Lietuvos nepriklausomybės (1990-2008) laikotarpius. Darbo tikslas – įvertinti Lietuvos kultūrinio kraštovaizdžio erdvinės struktūros formavimo raidą, išryškinant estetines savybes lemiančius veiksnius, pateikti preliminarius siūlymus kraštovaizdžio erdvinės struktūros formavimo optimizavimui. Kraštovaizdis šiame darbe analizuojamas kaimo ir miesto teritorijose. Jo erdvinė struktūra įvertinama pritaikant Nicos Angelos Salingaros estetinių savybių vertinimo metodą. Atliekant kraštovaizdžio raidos analizę nagrinėjami teisiniai dokumentai, politiniai aspektai, technologiniai, socialiniai pokyčiai, menininiai bei kiti kraštovaizdžio savitumus nulėmę veiksniai. Įvertinant ryškiausius erdvinės struktūros pokyčius išskiriami kraštovaizdžio raidos etapai bei jų būdingiausi kraštovaizdžio tipai. Kiekvienas kraštovaizdžio tipas, estetiniu požiūriu, įvertinamas nustatant vizualinio intensyvumo bei vizualinio harmoningumo reikšmes (nuo 0 iki 10 balų). Toliau šios estetinės savybės apibendrinamos nustatant estetinio patrauklumo ir estetinio chaotiškumo reikšmes (nuo 0 iki 100 balų). Istorinėje raidoje kaip vieni svarbiausi kraštovaizdžio vizualines savybes nulemiantys veiksniai išskiriami – politiniai ir ekonominiai veiksniai. Įvertinant paskutiniame etape šiais veiksniais nulemiamas ryškesnes chaotiškumo savybes, siūloma tobulinti teritorijų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The thesis analyses the evolution of the cultural landscape of Lithuania spanning over the interwar (1918-1940) and Soviet (1940-1941, 1944-1990) periods and the period after the restoration of Lithuania’s independence (1990-2008). Goal of the thesis: to evaluate the evolution of the spatial structure of the Lithuanian cultural landscape by highlighting factors that determine aesthetic characteristics, and to provide preliminary proposals regarding the optimisation of the development of the spatial structure of landscape. This thesis analyses landscape in rural and urban areas. The spatial structure of such landscape is evaluated using Nicos Angelos Salingaros’ method of the evaluation of aesthetic characteristics. The analysis of the evolution of landscape includes the study of legal documents, political aspects, technological and social changes as well as artistic factors that determine the changes in the historical development of landscape. The evaluation of the most significant spatial structure changes caused by the said factors leads to the identification of landscape development stages and the types of landscape that are the most characteristic to such stages. The visual intensity and the visual harmony characteristics of each identified type of landscape are being evaluated (by awarding points from 0 to 10). They are further described by identifying aesthetic attractiveness and aesthetic chaos (0 to 100 points). The historical development shows that it is the... [to full text]

This thesis is developed upon inquires on urban spatial structure of Southeast Asian extended metropolitan region (EMR) and its impacts on travel. Literature suggests that while efforts in promoting transport sustainability in the developed world have included policy measures involving urban spatial structure and its physical features as a consequence of the understanding on strong link between land use and transport, there has been lack of understandings on the spatial structure in major cities in Southeast Asia. Exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) is adopted for identification of important components of the spatial structure of employment in the Jakarta Metropolitan Area (JMA). The approach has been specifically designed in order to extract clusters as suggested in the Southeast Asian EMR concept. It is found that the spatial structure of employment in the JMA consists of the following major components: the urban core of Jakarta; the single dominant and expanded regional CBD within the urban core of Jakarta; manufacturing corridors that are largely follow toll roads radiating out of the urban core; local government regions that in general have not been developed into substantial sub-centres; desakota areas overlapping the manufacturing corridors and the agricultural areas; and portions of agricultural areas in the outer parts of Bekasi, Bogor and Tangerang regencies. The result shows that spatial structure of JMA conforms to the Southeast Asian EMR concept rather than the monocentric, polycentric or sprawl patterns debated for the case of developed cities. Commuting impacts of the identified spatial structure of employment and its physical features are investigated using the desireline analysis, home-to-work trip pattern comparisons (ANOVA) by the employment clusters, and ordinary linear regression and logistic regression models. It is found that the spatial structure identified and its physical features have significant associations to variations in the pattern of commuting across the region. The physical features of the employment spatial structure identified include important policy sensitive variables such as job density, job to household ratio, land use diversity and job accessibility. Policy implications of the findings are developed and centred on recommending both the spatial structure of employment and its physical characteristics that promote more sustainable transport in the JMA.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:18:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 andre rigatti.pdf: 47955430 bytes, checksum: 73be02b11d5f935f733245d284ea6b8d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This dissertation consists of a reflection on my process of creation, from some early artworks and exhibitions I have done, taking as a basis the question of the study of space as a common thread of the whole process. The identification of groups of artworks presented here is intended to bring them as a process, set, relation and projection of a subjective desire. To this end, the analysis rests on the concepts of the research process in contemporary art as a proposal for reading and organizing this process. It mentions the dynamics of spatial structure and its consequent transformation present in the thought of Michel de Certeau, and the notion of site as a context in training proposed by Miwon Kwon. Divided into three parts or chapters, I present to start with the first series of my process, and the two subsequent parts of some developments that are linked to the relational proposal and different ways of look¬ing at an artistic operation as a context that incorporates and relates proposition, physical space and the viewer / Esta dissertação consiste em uma reflexão sobre o meu processo de criação, a partir de alguns primeiros trabalhos e exposições que realizei, fundamentando-se na questão do estudo do espaço como fio condutor de todo o processo. A identificação de conjuntos de trabalhos presentes neste estudo tem o propósito de trazê-los como processo, jogo, relação subjetiva e projeção de um desejo. Para tanto, a análise apóia-se nas concepções da linha de pesquisa em processos artísticos contemporâneos como proposta de leitura e organização deste processo. Traz referência às dinâmicas de estruturação espacial e sua consequente transformação presentes no pensamento de Michel de Certeau, bem como da noção do site como um contexto em formação proposto por Miwon Kwon. Distribuídos em três partes ou capítulos, apresento de início as primeiras séries de meu processo, e nas duas partes subsequentes alguns desdobramentos que vinculam-se à propostas relacionais e modos possíveis de se encarar uma operação artística como um contexto que incorpora e relaciona, proposição, espaço físico e espectador

Abstract Recognition of the importance of a regional perspective for understanding the structure and dynamics of local assemblages has stimulated the emergence of the field of macroecology. Most attention has been directed to terrestrial ecosystems, while large-scale patterns in biodiversity of aquatic organisms have received less attention. In this thesis I examined patterns of aquatic diversity across several geographic areas and scales, in an effort to understand some of the environmental and spatial factors determining species diversity in aquatic environments. The main objectives of this thesis were: (i) to examine the latitudinal diversity patterns of marine crustaceans and molluscs and their relationship to large scale environmental gradients, (ii) to study macroinvertebrate species richness in headwater streams at two spatial extents, within and across drainage systems, and assess the relative importance of local, landscape and regional variables, and (iii) to study diversity patterns of macroorganisms vs microorganism, comparing distance decay patterns of stream diatoms, macroinvertebrates and bryophytes. Latitudinal diversity patterns of crustaceans and molluscs were clearly related to larval developmental mode. An increase in species richness towards high latitudes was found for species with direct development, whereas richness of species with planktotrophic development decreased poleward. Sea surface temperature was the most important environmental gradient related to species richness of both phyla and each developmental mode, but with different effects on each mode. Stream macroinvertebrate species richness at the bioregion extent was negatively related to water humic content. Another factor related to species richness at the bioregion extent was elevation range, a variable linked to stream topographic heterogeneity. Local environmental variables explained most of the variation in species richness at the drainage system extent, however high among-region variability was evident. Patterns between macro- and microorganism may not be fundamentally different, but the level of environmental control varied, being strongest for diatoms, while some groups of benthic macroinvertebrates exhibited relatively strong dispersal limitation. The relative importance of niche vs. dispersal processes is not simply a function of organism size but other traits (e.g. life-history type, dispersal capacity) may obscure this relationship.

La diversité des systèmes de culture et des variétés joue un rôle important dans la capacité des agricultures familiales à résister aux chocs socio-économiques et environnementaux. Pour une meilleure conservation, cette diversité agricole doit d’être caractérisée et suivie dans l’espace et le temps. Tandis qu’ils étaient dominés par des éléments sur le prix, les surfaces et les productions jusqu’à récemment, les systèmes de suivi agricole commencent à intégrer les questions de diversité. Alors que jusqu’à la fin des années 1990 elle était considérée comme un facteur limitant dans l’amélioration de la productivité des systèmes d’exploitations dans le processus de sélection variétale. Or dans une situation d’incertitude pluviométrique, pour réduire le risque de cet aléa, les agriculteurs ont recours à plusieurs espèces et variétés pour survivre et produire au travers de tous les aléas rencontrés. La stratégie paysanne consiste à cultiver à la fois plusieurs variétés présentant diverses caractéristiques agronomiques (précocité, rendement, résistance aux pathologies, aux parasites, à la sécheresse, etc.) et culinaires dans un même champ ou dans des champs différents. Cette stratégie permet aux paysans de cultiver les variétés s’adaptant le mieux aux conditions pédologiques de leurs champs et répondant à la fois à leurs divers besoins.C’est dans ce contexte que se situe la présente thèse qui vise principalement à analyser la structuration spatiale de l’agrobiodiversité dans la zone cotonnière. Pour atteindre cet objectif, plusieurs méthodes et approches ont été utilisées. L’approche adoptée combine l’analyse numérique d’images satellitaires et l’utilisation de données issues d’enquêtes de terrain. L’analyse de ces données s’appuie sur la distribution spatiale de la biodiversité et sa corrélation avec les pratiques et les conditions agro-écologiques, les résultats et les performances agronomiques.Les principaux résultats issus de l’analyse des données de l’étude sont :a) On observe une grande hétérogénéité et une diversité des paysages dans la zone cotonnière du Mali-Sud avec au total, onze (11) unités de paysages ;b) On constate une grande diversité au niveau spécifique et des systèmes de culture. Les valeurs moyennes de l’indicateur de diversités spécifiques les plus sont enregistrées dans les villages où la moyenne pluviométrique est comprise entre 700 à 1000 mm d’eau suivis par des villages de moins de 700 mm ;c) L’indicateur de pression spécifique montrant une répartition géographique des pressions des différentes espèces culturales. En effet dans les villages où le coton est en tête de rotation, il exerce une forte pression sur les autres espèces. Dans ces villages, la surface en coton est beaucoup plus importante que celle des autres espèces ;d) Le rendement fait constater que la plupart des villages ont des moyens de coton au-dessus de la moyenne nationale en 2015. En analysant son évolution entre 2013 et 2015, on constate une baisse de rendement dans la plupart des villages même si cette baisse est très souvent en dent de scie avec des hausses en 2013 et 2014.e) L’indicateur de stabilité du rendement montrant que les rendements sont stables avec toutes les espèces sauf le maïs.f) Ces résultats ouvrent la voie à une plus grande contribution de la géographie dans l’analyse agronomique. / The diversity of cropping systems and varieties plays an important role in the ability of family farms to withstand socio-economic and environmental shocks. For better conservation, this agricultural diversity needs to be characterized and monitored in space and time. While they were dominated by elements of price, area and production until recently, agricultural monitoring systems are beginning to integrate diversity issues. The diversity of cropping systems and varieties plays an important role in the ability of family farms to resist socio-economic and environmental shocks, whereas until the end of the 1990s it was considered as a limiting factor in improving the productivity of farming systems in varietal selection processes. In a situation of uncertain rainfall, to reduce the risk of this hazard, farmers use several species and varieties to survive and produce through all the hazards encountered. The peasant strategy consists in cultivating several varieties with different agronomic characteristics (early maturity, yield, resistance to diseases, parasites and drought, etc.) and culinary in the same field or in different fields. This strategy allows farmers to cultivate the varieties best suited to the soil conditions of their fields and to meet their diverse needs.It is in this context that this thesis focuses on the spatial structuring of agrobiodiversity in the cotton zone. To achieve this objective, several methods and approaches have been used. The approach adopted combines the digital analysis of satellite imagery and the use of data from field surveys. The analysis of these data is based on the spatial distribution of biodiversity and its correlation with agro-ecological practices and conditions, agronomic performance and performance.The main results from the analysis of the study data are:a) There is a great heterogeneity and diversity of landscapes in the cotton zone of Mali-Sud with a total of eleven (11) landscape units;b) There is great diversity at the specific level and in cropping systems. The mean values of the most specific indicator of diversity are recorded in villages where the mean rainfall is between 700 and 1000 mm of water followed by villages of less than 700 mm;c) The specific pressure indicator shows a geographical distribution of the pressures of the different crop species. Indeed, in villages where cotton is at the head of rotation, it exerts strong pressure on other species. In these villages, the cotton area is much larger than for the other species;d) For yield, most villages have average yields of cotton above the national average in 2015. Analyzing its evolution between 2013 and 2015, there is a decline in yield in most villages if this decline is very often sawtooth with increases in 2013 and 2014.e) The yield stability indicator shows that yields are stable with all species except maize.These results open the way for a greater contribution of geography in agronomic analysis.

For neutral genes, uniparental inheritance is expected to reduce effective population size relative to biparentally inherited genes. In finite populations, the ensuing genetic drift can cause stronger spatial and temporal differentiation. An intrapopulation polymorphism in chloroplast DNA was used to examine relative spatial and temporal population structure of chloroplast and allozyme markers in the annual plant Phacelia dubia. There was significant differentiation among populations at chloroplast markers but not for allozyme loci. A fine-scale analysis showed significant structure among sites within populations for chloroplast markers and local heterozygote deficiencies at allozyme loci. These spatial analyses suggest that gene flow via pollen exceeds that via seed. Temporal variation in chloroplast markers, assessed over a 10-year period, was evident in two of four populations, and allozyme loci were characterized by temporal variation in rare-allele frequencies. Population structure appeared to be related to the intensity and type of human disturbance influencing each population. Habitat destruction promoted isolation and enhanced differentiation, whereas mowing increased seed dispersal and reduced differentiation for chloroplast markers. At this time, genetic drift appears to be the primary force shaping chloroplast gene frequencies.

No description available.

Studies performed on natural pathosystems revealed that the spatial structure of the metapopulation plays an important role in the development and spread of disease; phytopathological experimental studies have also revealed a significant effect of climatic factors on the presence of the disease (incidence) and the level of infection (prevalence) in populations. The aim of this study was to explore a natural pathosystem from both sides at the same time and to see which local and spatial environmental factors influence the development of pathosystem. Study focuses on population biology of natural pathosystem Podospaera balsaminae - Impatiens noli-tangere, which has not been investigated yet. In the study area (between the city Sázava (Benešov district) and village Vlkančice) host populations occurred in 78 (64 of them were infected) in 2013 and 82 populations (61 of them were infected) in 2014. Size of host populations had the strongest effect to incidence and prevalence of disease in the pathosystem. In larger populations, the disease occurred more often, developed faster and was higher. The rate of spread of the pathogen territory and the rate of population host connectivity had also strong effect. The abundance of pathogen in the studied area and the level of connectivity of host populations also...

A Fotoquimioterapia (FQT) vem sendo usada no tratamento de várias doenças, inclusive câncer, com a vantagem de ser menos agressiva, possuindo efeitos colaterais negativos desprezíveis. Esta técnica envolve a combinação de uma fonte de luz visível e de um fotossensibilizador (FS), que é reativo apenas sob a irradiação com luz adequada, e que se acumula preferencialmente no tecido doente. Uma ideia para deixar essa técnica mais eficiente é potencializar esta última característica do FS com uso de um carreador que tenha afinidade com tecidos doentes. Pensamos na hipótese de usar a albumina do soro como carreador uma vez que ela é uma proteína intrínseca do organismo, tem alta afinidade com os tecidos tumorais e possui sítios para ligar vários compostos extrínsecos. Como modelo usamos a albumina de soro bovino (ASB). Como FS utilizamos acridina laranja, nitrofurantoína, corantes ciânicos com dois cromóforos e protoporfirina IX (PpIX) sintética e extraída de glândulas Harderianas de ratos da linhagem Wistar (PpIX endógena). Foram analisadas as características de ligação entre os FS e a ASB e seus efeitos nas características fotofísicas dos FS em função da sua estrutura, utilizando espectroscopias de absorção ótica, fluorescência estática e resolvida no tempo e a técnica de microscopia de imagens por tempo de vida da fluorescência (FLIM). Foi mostrado que a ligação com ASB induz ao deslocamento batocrômico dos espectros de absorção e da fluorescência, aumentando a intensidade e o tempo de vida de fluorescência dos FS. Características como carga positiva, estrutura linear e tamanho pequeno da molécula do FS favorecem sua ligação com a ASB. Uma comparação entre PpIX sintética e endógena mostrou que a formação de um complexo da PpIX com estruturas anfifílicas também aumenta a probabilidade da sua ligação com a ASB. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a ASB se liga efetivamente aos FS de diferentes estruturas e pode ser usada como carreador dos mesmos para tecidos tumorais. / Photochemotherapy (PCT) is used for the treatment of various diseases, including cancer, with the advantage of being less aggressive with reduced adverse effects. This technique includes the use of a visible light source and a photosensitizer (PS), which is reactive only under light exposure and localizes preferably in abnormal tissues. To make this technique more efficient it is necessary to increase the PS content in these tissues using a carrier which possesses affinity with these tissues and is able to bind PS. A good opportunity is to use serum albumin as a carrier since it is an intrinsic protein, has high affinity to tumor tissues and possesses sites for binding of various extrinsic compounds. In this work the bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as a carrier model. Acridine orange, nitrofurantoin, cyanine dyes with two chromophores and protoporphyrin IX synthetic and extracted from Harderian glands of Wistar line rats (endogenous) were used as PS. The characteristics of the PS binding with BSA and the effect of this interaction on PS photophysical properties were studied using optical absorption, steady-state and time resolved fluorescence spectroscopies, and fluorescence lifetime image microscopy (FLIM). It was demonstrated that PS binding with BSA produces a bathochromic shift in the PS absorption and fluorescence spectra and increases its fluorescence intensity and lifetime. The positive charge, linear structure and small size of the PS molecule favors its binding with BSA. A comparison between synthetic and endogenous PpIX demonstrates that complexation of PpIX molecule with an amphiphilic structure increases the probability of its binding with BSA. The obtained results demonstrate that BSA binds effectively PS with different molecular structures and it is promising for their transport to tumor tissue.

The spatial distribution of future population and employment has become a focus of recent academic enquiry and planning policy concerns. This is largely driven by the rapid urban expansion in major Australian cities and the need to plan ahead for new housing growth and demand for urban infrastructure and services. At a national level forecasts for population and employment are produced by the government and research institutions; however there is a further need to break these forecasts down to a disaggregate geographic scale for growth management within regions. Appropriate planning for the urban growth needs forecasts for fine-grained spatial units. This thesis has developed methodologies to predict the future settlement of the population, employment and urban form by applying a spatial disaggregation approach. The methodology uses the existing regional forecasts reported at regional geographic units and applies a novel spatially-based technique to step-down the regional forecasts to smaller geographical units. South East Queensland (SEQ) is the experimental context for the methodologies developed in the thesis, being one of the fastest-growing metropolitan regions in Australia. The research examines whether spatial disaggregation methodologies that can be used to enhance the forecasts for urban planning purposes and to derive a deeper understanding of the urban spatial structure under growth conditions. The first part of this thesis develops a method by which the SEQ population forecasts can be spatially disaggregated. This is related to a classical problem in geographical analysis called to modifiable area unit problem, where spatial data disaggregation may give inaccurate results due to spatial heterogeneity in the explanatory variables. Several statistical regression and dasymetric techniques are evaluated to spatially disaggregate population forecasts over the study area and to assess their relative accuracies. An important contribution arising from this research is that: i) it extends the dasymetric method beyond its current simple form to techniques that incorporate more complex density assumptions to disaggregate the data and, ii) it selects a method based on balancing the costs and errors of the disaggregation for a study area. The outputs of the method are spatially disaggregated population forecasts across the smaller areas that can be directly used for urban form analysis and are also directly available for subsequent employment disaggregation. The second part in this thesis develops a method to spatially disaggregate the employment forecasts and examine their impact on the urban form. A new method for spatially disaggregating the employment data is evaluated; it analyses the trend and spatial pattern of historic regional employment patterns based on employment determinants (for example, the local population and the proximity of an area to a shopping centre). The method we apply, namely geographically weighted regression (GWR), accounts for spatial effects of data autocorrelation and heterogeneity. Autocorrelation is where certain variables for employment determinants are related in space, and hence violate traditional statistical independence assumptions, and heterogeneity is where the associations between variables change across space. The method uses a locally-fitted relationship to estimate employment in the smaller geography whilst being constrained by the regional forecast. Results show that, by accounting for spatial heterogeneity in the local dependency of employment, the GWR method generates superior estimates over a global regression model. The spatially disaggregate projections developed in this thesis can be used to better understand questions on urban form. From a planning perspective, the results of spatial disaggregation indicate that the future growth of the population for SEQ is likely to maintain a spatially-dispersed growth pattern, whilst the employment is likely to follow a more polycentric distribution focused around the new activity centres. Overall, the thesis demonstrates that the spatial disaggregation method can be applied to supplement the regional forecasts to seek a deeper understanding of the future urban growth patterns. The development, application and validation of the spatial disaggregation methods will enhance the planner’s toolbox whilst responding to the data issues to inform urban planning and future development in a region.