Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar os cursos de Especialização a Distância ofertados pela Coordenadoria de Educação a Distância (CED) da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS).Como se apresentam os cursos de especialização EAD/UFMS de Orientação Pedagógica em Educação a Distância e Educação e Arte e as Novas Tecnologias, em relação à intenção manifestada pelos alunos e em relação à orientação das ementas programáticas dos cursos, tendo presente o processo informacional na sociedade. Quais os interesses declarados pelos alunos que ingressaram em cada uma das edições dos cursos de "Orientadores Pedagógicos em Educação a Distância" e de "Educação em Artes e as Novas Tecnologias", nas suas cartas de intenções apresentadas no processo seletivo. Existem interesses em comum declarados pelos alunos que ingressaram em cada uma das edições dos cursos. Qual (quais) a(s) orientação (ões) dos cursos de especialização a distância voltados para as tecnologias, a partir das ementas programáticas oferecidas em duas edições, através do CED/UFMS, em termos de mercado no mundo informacional globalizado e /ou social. Estudou-se o oferecimento da modalidade a distância em cursos de especialização em universidades brasileiras, através de estudos de dados estatísticos do Ministério de Educação Cultura (MEC) e do Anuário Brasileiro Estatístico de Educação Aberta e a Distância (ABRAEAD). As análises foram inseridas no contexto dos documentos, planos e pareceres de aprovação dos cursos, bem como do mundo informacional digital. Consideraram-se, como aportes teóricos, autores como Castells, Vianney, Medeiros e Faria, Pretti, Niskier e Franco e Sacristán. Os resultados do estudo permitem-nos afirmar que: (a) o mundo tem experimentado, a partir dos anos 1990, uma mudança significativa na forma de relacionamento político, social, econômico e cultural; (b) a informatização da sociedade, os ambientes virtuais e as redes de informações têm proporcionado mudanças de hábitos no cotidiano do ser humano; (c) a Lei de Diretrizes e Bases Nacionais (LDBN), aprovada em 1996, concedeu abertura ao oferecimento de cursos de especialização na modalidade a distância; e (d) o aumento dos cursos de especialização a distância alcançou aceitação pelos alunos através do uso de Ambientes Virtuais de Aprendizagem, facilitando seu acesso aos cursos. Os interesses dos alunos dirigem-se para o conhecimento (Conhecimento do ambiente informatizado, conhecimento para atualização e conhecimento para melhor ministrar aula); capacitação profissional (Exigência do mercado, melhoria do desempenho e qualificação profissional); ascensão profissional (aumento dos rendimentos, busca de novos empregos e melhoria de currículo). As ementas convergem tanto para o conhecimento orientado para o mercado quanto para o conhecimento orientado para o social. Também é possível inferir que a sociedade informatizada e conectada em redes tem efeitos sobre a dinamização de várias de suas atividades, e uma delas é a educação. / This work has for objective to analyze the courses of Specialization in the distance in the distance offered by the Coordenadoria de Educação (CED) of the Federal University of Mato Grosso of Sul (UFMS). As the courses of specialization EAD/UFMS of Pedagogical Orientation in Education and Education and Art and the New Technologies are presented in the distance, in relation to the intention revealed for the pupils and in relation to the orientation of the programmatical summaries of the courses, having present the informacional process in the society. Which the interests declared for the pupils who had in the distance entered each one of editions of the courses of "Pedagogical People who orientates in Education" and of "Education in Arts and the New Technologies", in its letters of intentions presented in the selective process. Declared interests for the pupils exist in common who had entered each one of editions of the courses. Which (which) (s) the orientation (ões) of the courses of specialization in the distance directed toward the technologies, from the offered programmatical summaries in two editions, through the CED/UFMS, in terms of market in the globalizado and/or social informacional world. The oferecimento of the modality in courses of specialization in Brazilian universities was studied in the distance, through studies of statistical data of the Ministry of Educação Cultura (MEC) and of the Statistical Brazilian Yearbook of Open Education and in the distance (ABRAEAD). The analyses had been inserted in the context of documents, plans and to seem of approval of the courses, as well as of the digital informacional world. They had been considered, as you arrive in port theoretical, authors as Castells, Vianney, Medeiros and Faria, Pretti, Niskier and Franco and Sacristán. The results of the study allow-in affirming them that: (a) the world has tried, from years 1990, a significant change in the relationship form politician, social, economic and cultural; (b) the virtual computerization of the society, environments and the nets of information have proportionate changes of habits in the daily one of the human being; (c) the Law of Lines of direction and Bases Nacionais (LDBN), approved in 1996, in the distance granted opening to the oferecimento of courses of specialization in the modality; e (d) the increase of the specialization courses in the distance reached acceptance for the pupils through the Virtual Environment use of Learning, facilitating its access to the courses. The interests of the pupils are dirigem for the knowledge (Knowledge of the informatizado environment, knowledge for update and knowledge better to give lesson); professional qualification (Requirement of the market, improvement of the performance and professional qualification); professional ascension (increase of the incomes, searchs of new jobs and improvement of resume). The summaries converge in such a way to the knowledge guided for the market how much for the knowledge guided for the social one. Also it is possible to infer that the informatizada and hardwired society in nets has effect on the dinamização of several of its activities, and one of them is the education.

Orientadores: Sergio Furtado dos Reis, Glauco Machado / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T02:04:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Araujo_MarcioSilva_D.pdf: 2407731 bytes, checksum: 8775de8c335558a4381e1293aad0f17e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: A teoria ecológica clássica, em especial a teoria de nicho, foi construída sob a suposição de que os indivíduos de uma população são equivalentes em termos da utilização de recursos. Entretanto, é sabido que os indivíduos de uma população podem variar no uso de recursos e que essa variação pode ter importantes implicações ecológicas e evolutivas. Essa variação interindividual pode dar origem a morfotipos discretos (¿polimorfismo de recursos¿) ou ser contínua (¿especialização individual¿). O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a variação interindividual no uso de recursos em quatro populações de rãs do Cerrado brasileiro (Leptodactylus sp., L. fuscus, Eleutherodactylus cf. juipoca e Proceratophrys sp.), uma população de vespas-caçadoras de uma área de Mata Atlântica (Trypoxylon albonigrum) e uma população do peixe lacustre Gasterosteus aculeatus da Columbia Britânica, Canada. Houve evidência de variação interindividual em todas as populações estudadas, indicando que esse fenômeno não é exclusivo de comunidades temperadas de baixa diversidade. Houve uma associação entre a amplitude dos nichos populacionais e o grau de variação interindividual, indicando que os nichos individuais permanecem estreitos apesar da expansão do nicho populacional. Esse padrão é consistente com a presença de trade-offs funcionais associados ao uso dos recursos. A base dos trade-offs permanece desconhecida no caso das rãs e das vespas, mas é provavelmente comportamental. No caso de G. aculeatus, os trade-offs têm base morfológica, mas são mediados pelo comportamento. Além disso, foi identificado um padrão de partição de recursos inédito nesses peixes, em que os indivíduos formam microguildas que representam subdivisões dos recursos litorâneos e pelágicos. São propostos dois novos métodos para a investigação da variação intrapopulacional no uso de recursos, um deles baseado no uso de isótopos estáveis de carbono (d13C) e o outro na teoria de redes complexas / Abstract: Ecological theory, and specially niche theory, was built on the assumption that individuals are equivalent in terms of resource use. However, the individuals in a population may vary in their resources, and this interindividual variation may have important ecological and evolutionary implications. Such variation may give rise to discrete morphological groups (¿resource olymorphism¿) or it may be more continuous (¿individual specialization¿). In the present study, we investigated interindividual variation in resource use in four populations of frogs inhabiting the Brazilian Cerrado (Leptodactylus sp., L. fuscus, Eleutherodactylus cf. juipoca e Proceratophrys sp.), one population of hunting-wasp of the Atlantic Rainforest (Trypoxylon albonigrum), and one population of sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) from British Columbia, Canada. We found evidence of interindividual diet variation in all studied populations, indicating that such variation is not restricted to temperate, depauperate comunities. There was an association between niche width and the degree of interindividual variation, indicating that individual niches remain constrained as the population niche expands. This pattern is consistent with the presence of functional trade-offs associated with resource use. In the case of the frogs and the wasps, the nature of the trade-offs remains unknown, but are likely to be behavioral. In the sticklebacks, the trade-offs have a morphological basis, but are mediated by behavior. We found that individual sticklebacks partition resources within littoral and within pelagic prey, which represents a finer pattern of resource partitioning than the traditional ¿littoral-pelagic¿ dichotomy. Two new methods for the quantification of interindividual diet variation are proposed, one based on carbon stable isotopes (d13C) and another based on complex-network theory / Doutorado / Ecologia / Doutor em Ecologia

Submitted by Marilene Donadel (marilene.donadel@unioeste.br) on 2017-12-11T21:43:04Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Sandro_Wiechork_2017.pdf: 1445252 bytes, checksum: 56ba5a85fbb38f0252c8980e749a0026 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-12-11T21:43:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sandro_Wiechork_2017.pdf: 1445252 bytes, checksum: 56ba5a85fbb38f0252c8980e749a0026 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work intended to analyze if there was evolution and dynamics of the economic basis of Frederico Westphalen microregion, in Rio Grande do Sul, considered economically poor, if it’s compared to the other regions of this state. Douglass North's theoretical contribution about economic basis theory was used to explain the development of the region with the export of its products to other regions or countries, associating the commercialization of its goods with economic development and separating the activities in basic and not basic ones. So, the research showed in what activities the microregion is specialized and in what cities, making a comparative analysis among 2005, 2010 and 2015. In order to analyze the specialization or diversification of the activities, we used the employment multiplier, locational quotient (LQ) and the specialization coefficient (SC) for the microregion in relation to the state. Additionally, the last one was calculated for the cities in relation to the microregion to identify which cities lead the microregion to have (or not) the same trend of state specialization. The employment multiplier, used to identify the elements of the export basis, presented higher value than the unit for all years, relating the employment with the basic activities. The SC pointed six sectors that can be considered as export basis: non-metallic mineral production, textile industry, food and beverages, retail business, financial institution and public administration. Although agriculture is still very present in the region, it isn’t a basic export activity; but North characterizes it as a basic activity naturally. The SC used to analyze the productive structure of the cities registered similar values for most of them. However, six of them stand out with a specific structure: Cristal do Sul, Dois Irmãos das Missões, Gramado dos Loureiros, Novo Tiradentes, Novo Xingu and Rio dos Índios. Therefore, the study did not indicate rates that demonstrate the triggering of the economic basis of the cities in the microregion, pointing a lack of value aggregated to that economic basis, so that it can be attractive and can transform itself. / Este trabalho objetivou analisar se houve evolução e dinâmica da base econômica da microrregião de Frederico Westphalen, no Rio Grande do Sul, considerada atrasada economicamente diante das demais regiões deste Estado. Foi utilizado o aporte teórico de Douglass North sobre a teoria de base econômica, que busca explicar o desenvolvimento da região através das exportações de seus produtos para outras regiões ou países, associando a comercialização de seus bens com o desenvolvimento econômico e separando as atividades em básicas e não básicas. Assim, a pesquisa mostrou em quais atividades a microrregião está especializada e em quais municípios, efetuando uma análise comparativa entre os anos de 2005, 2010 e 2015. Para analisar a especialização ou diversificação das atividades da microrregião em estudo, foram utilizados o multiplicador de emprego, o quociente locacional (QL) e o coeficiente de especialização (CE) para a microrregião em relação ao Estado. Adicionalmente, este último foi calculado para os municípios em relação à microrregião, para identificar quais os municípios que levam a microrregião a ter (ou não) a mesma tendência de especialização do Estado. O multiplicador de emprego, usado para identificar os elementos da base de exportação, apresentou maior valor do que a unidade para todos os anos, relacionando o emprego com as atividades básicas. O CE apontou seis setores que podem ser considerados como base de exportação: produção mineral não metálica, indústria têxtil, alimentos e bebidas, comércio varejista, instituição financeira e administração pública. Embora a agricultura ainda seja muito presente na região, não se mostrou atividade básica de exportação; porém, North a caracteriza como atividade básica por natureza. O CE usado para analisar a estrutura produtiva dos municípios apresentou valores semelhantes para a maioria deles. Contudo, seis se destacam, revelando uma estrutura específica: Cristal do Sul, Dois Irmãos das Missões, Gramado dos Loureiros, Novo Tiradentes, Novo Xingu e Rio dos Índios. Logo, o estudo não apontou índices que demonstrem o desencadeamento da base econômica dos municípios da microrregião, registrando uma falta de agregação de valor a essa base econômica, para que ela possa ser atrativa e consiga se transformar.

Orientador: Thomas Michael Lewinsohn / Texto em português e inglês / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T08:21:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Jorge_LeonardoRe_D.pdf: 3849903 bytes, checksum: 25f081be452b20c896ee7884cb1f9a07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Nesta tese propomos um desenvolvimento do conceito de especialização no uso de recursos, de forma a incluir aspectos pouco considerados, principalmente no contexto de interações: afinidades entre os tipos de recursos, sua disponibilidade e padrões de coocorrência. Por meio da incorporação de avanços recentes em estudos ecofilogenéticos e em modelos nulos, propomos novas métricas para a especialização de espécies e comunidades, e aplicamos esses avanços para responder a questões particulares. No primeiro capítulo, o arcabouço conceitual é apresentado de forma mais geral, e uma métrica para a especialização de espécies é proposta e exemplificada. O segundo capítulo, de natureza metodológica, estende essa métrica para comunidades e propõe uma partição da variação em especialização entre espécies e entre locais de forma hierarquizada. O terceiro capítulo investiga a capacidade destas ferramentas de evidenciar relações entre a especialização e a distribuição geográfica de espécies de insetos endófagos de capítulos de Asteraceae no Brasil. Por fim, o quarto capítulo utiliza o mesmo conjunto de dados para investigar o papel da diversidade filogenética de recursos na determinação da riqueza de insetos que os utilizam / Abstract: In this thesis we propose a development of the resource specialization concept to include aspects usually not taken into account, especially for trophic interactions: affinities among resource types, their availabilities and cooccurrence patterns with consumers. By incorporating recent advances in ecophylogenetics and null modelling, we propose new metrics for the specialization of species and communities and apply these advances to address particular questions. In the first chapter the general conceptual framework is presented and a metric for the specialization of species is proposed and exemplified. The second chapter, mostly methodological, expands this metric for communities and proposes a hierarchical partitioning of the variation in specialization among species and locations. The third chapter tests this toolset in showing the relationship between specialization and geographic distribution ranges of endophagous insects feeding in Asteraceae flowerheads in Brazil. Finally, the fourth chapter uses the same dataset to investigate the role of phylogenetic diversity of resources in determining the richness of insect herbivores using them / Doutorado / Ecologia / Doutor em Ecologia

Orientadores: Sérgio Furtado dos Reis, Marco Aurelio Ribeiro de Mello / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T19:33:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rogeri_PatriciaKerches_M.pdf: 2667318 bytes, checksum: dc499b718c54abfc2ceccc3f989caae8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Estudos recentes têm sugerido especialização individual no uso de diferentes recursos por populações de animais. Em paisagens heterogêneas, é provável que ocorra também especialização individual no uso do espaço. Para testar essa hipótese, estudei uma população do morcego frugívoro Sturnira lilium (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) em uma área de cerrado no sudeste do Brasil. Testei também a previsão de que o uso das áreas pelos morcegos deve estar relacionado com a diferenças na distribuição espacial das principais plantas-alimento na área. Monitorei por radiotelemetria 13 indivíduos de S. lilium de junho a agosto de 2009 e de junho a agosto de 2010. Para medir a variação interindividual no uso do espaço, usei uma metodologia baseada em redes complexas. Com uma imagem de satélite de alta resolução da área de estudo, determinei 13 subáreas de acordo com o tipo predominante de habitat. Nessas subáreas, estimei a densidade das principais plantas-alimento de S. lilium e contei o número de pontos de atividade estimados para cada indivíduo. As áreas de uso totais estimadas variaram de 4 a 457 ha (110 ± 126,8). Observei grande variação interindividual no uso de áreas nucleares de forrageio (E = 0,80; P < 0,001), porém sem agrupamento ou superdispersão (Cws = -0,115; P = 1). A variação encontrada não foi explicada por sexo ou peso. Dois indivíduos concentraram sua atividade em subáreas com maior densidade de Solanaceae, quatro em subáreas com maior densidade de Piperaceae, e um em subáreas com maior densidade de Cecropiaceae. Estes resultados corroboram a hipótese de especialização individual no uso do espaço pela população de S. lilium estudada, estando a especialização aparentemente ligada à distribuição espacial das plantas-alimento. Essa variação interindividual pode ter consequências sobre a forma como morcegos S.lilium prestam serviços ambientais de dispersão de sementes e conectam elementos de paisagens fragmentadas / Abstract: Recent studies have pointed out individual specialization in resource use in animal populations. In heterogeneous landscapes, there is probably also individual specialization in the use of space. To test this hypothesis, I studied a population of the frugivorous bat Sturnira lilium (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in a cerrado area in southeastern Brazil. I also tested the prediction that the use of areas by bats should be related to differences in spatial distribution among the main food-plants. Thirteen S. lilium bats were radiotracked in June-August 2009 and June-August 2010. To measure individual specialization in space use I used an approach based on network theory. With a high-resolution satellite image of the study area, I determined 13 subareas according to predominant habitat type. In these subareas, I estimated the density of the main food-plants of S. lilium and counted the number of activity points estimated for each individual bat. The estimated total areas of use varied from 4 to 457 ha (110 ± 126,8). I observed large interindividual variation in the use of core foraging areas (E = 0,80; P < 0,001) but no clustering or overdispersion (Cws = -0,115; P = 1). The variation found was not explained by sex or weight. Two individuals concentrated their activity in subareas with higher density of Solanaceae, four in subareas with higher density of Piperaceae, and one in subareas with higher density of Cecropiaceae. These results corroborate the hypothesis of individual specialization in the use of space by the S. lilium population studied, which seems to be linked to uneven distribution of food-plants. This interindividual variation may affect the way S. lilium provides environmental services of seed dispersal and connect elements of fragmented landscapes / Mestrado / Ecologia / Mestre em Ecologia

L'évolution est-elle prédictible? Alors que la réponse habituelle est un non presque unanime, un corpus croissant de connaissances suggère qu'il est temps de revoir cette réponse. Même si les mutations sont toujours considérées comme aléatoires, la détection de patterns génétiques sous-jacents aux événements évolutifs ouvre la porte sur des stratégies potentielles permettant de prévoir les trajectoires évolutives suivies par les organismes lorsqu'ils s'adaptent à des contraintes changeantes. Quand les organismes subissent une spécialisation fonctionnelle (à travers la perte de gènes et de fonctions) pour s'adapter à des signaux environnementaux donnés, les trajectoires évolutives possibles qu'ils peuvent emprunter sont restreintes et devraient donc être plus facilement prévisibles. Dans ce contexte d'évolution réductive par spécialisation, les objectifs de cette thèse sont de mieux comprendre l'interaction entre contraintes environnementales, métabolisme, évolution génétique et adaptations fonctionnelles, et dans un deuxième temps de prédire, pour des contraintes données, les trajectoires évolutives qui seront suivies par les organismes pour s'adapter à ces contraintes. Une première approche met l'accent sur l'importance des interactions biotiques en tant que déterminants des trajectoires évolutives, et comment, en modélisant une hausse bénéfique de dépendance envers un bien commun, il est possible de prédire la dynamique d'une population subissant de tels évènements évolutifs. Une deuxième approche étudie comment les changements observés au niveau métabolique et fonctionnel et engendrés par des modifications de contraintes environnementales pourraient être prévus et testés. Sur la base d'une vision centrée sur le métabolisme, des travaux de modélisation et des travaux d’expérimentions ont été combinés pour étudier l'évolution de la spécialisation aux niveaux génétiques, métaboliques et fonctionnels. Nous montrons que les trajectoires évolutives suivies peuvent-être partiellement prédites en fonction de conditions environnementales spécifiques, mais que ces prédictions sont limitées en raison de la complexité du réseau de l'expression génétique. Ce travail exploratoire et interdisciplinaire augmente les connaissances sur les déterminants évolutifs et les trajectoires suivies par l'organisme au cours d’un phénomène de spécialisation. Il démontre également un grand potentiel de prédiction, notamment grâce à une perception métabolique des systèmes. / Is evolution predictable? While the usual response is an almost unanimous No, a growing corpus of knowledge suggests it is time to seriously revisit this answer. Even though mutations are still assumed to be random, the detection of genetic patterns underlying evolutionary events opens the door on potential strategies to forecast the evolutionary trajectories followed by organisms when they adapt to changing constraints. When organisms undergo functional specialization (through genes and function loss) to adapt to given environmental cues, the possible evolutionary paths they can take are restrained and should thus be more easily predictable. In this context of reductive evolution through specialization, the objectives of this thesis are to understand better the interaction between environmental constraints, metabolism, genetic evolution and functional adaptations, and in a second time to predict, for given environmental constraints, the evolutionary trajectories which will be followed by organisms to adapt to these constraints. A first approach focuses on the importance of biotic interactions as being determinants of evolutionary trajectories, and how by modelling a beneficial rise of dependency on a common good, we could predict the dynamic of a population undergoing such evolutionary events . A second approach investigates how changes entailed in metabolisms and functions by a change in environmental constraints could be forecast and tested. Based on a metabolic-centered view, we combined modelling and experimental work to encompass the evolution of specialization at the genetic, metabolic and functional levels. We show that evolution trajectories can partially be predicted according to specific environmental conditions, but that these predictions are limited due to the intricacy of the genetic expression network. This exploratory and interdisciplinary work increases the knowledge on evolutionary determinants and trajectories followed by organism during specialization. It also demonstrate a great potential for predictions, notably through a metabolic perception of the systems.

La spécialisation à différents environnements est un moteur de divergence entre populations et espèces. Les insectes phytophages sont des candidats pertinents pour l’étude de la spéciation par spécialisation écologique, de par leur relation intime à leur plante hôte et à l’occurrence régulière de changements d’hôtes au cours de leur évolution. Cette spéciation écologique nécessite trois composantes : une source de sélection divergente, un isolement reproducteur (pré-ou post-zygotique), et un mécanisme liant les gènes sous sélection et ceux responsable de l’isolement reproducteur. Dans ce cadre, nous avons étudié l’isolement reproducteur et la spécialisation chez deux modèles de lépidoptères polyphages, ravageurs des cultures : (1) la pyrale du maïs, Ostrinia nubilalis, et son espèce sœur, Ostrinia scapulalis, (2) la légionnaire d’automne, Spodoptera frugiperda, dont deux variants sont identifiables, le variant riz (sf-R) et le variant maïs (sf-M). Ces deux modèles montrent des patrons de diversification via la plante hôte : les deux espèces sœurs et les deux variants sont différenciés génétiquement et sont spécialisés sur différentes plantes hôtes (maïs pour O. nubilalis et sf-M ; armoise pour O. scapulalis ; riz pour sf-R). Nous avons étudié les patrons de spécialisation de ces modèles en effectuant des mesures de traits d’histoire de vie à deux moments clés de leur cycle de vie : (1) au stade larvaire, par des expériences de transplantation réciproque, (2) au stade adulte, par des expérience de choix d’oviposition. Ces mesures nous ont permis de mettre en évidence un patron de spécialisation pour les deux espèces de pyrale et pour le variant sf-M au stade adulte et/ou larvaire, alors que les résultats ne montre pas de spécialisation claire pour le variant sf-R de S. frugiperda, du moins sur les plantes testées. Nous avons également recherché des mécanismes de cette spécialisation par une analyse transcriptomique visant à identifier les gènes ou familles de gènes dont l’expression varie en fonction de la plante hôte chez nos deux modèles. Cette étude mécanistique a mis en lumière des fonctions de gènes impliquées dans la détoxification, la digestion et l’immunité qui peuvent expliquer les différences de traits d’histoire de vie que nous avons observés. Enfin, nous avons quantifié différentes barrières (pré- et post-zygotiques) pour estimer le degré de divergence et les facteurs impliqués dans l’isolement reproducteur des entités génétiques étudiées. Nous avons notamment trouvé pour les deux modèles des barrières post-zygotiques précoces avec un pourcentage d’éclosion plus faible dans les croisements interspécifiques. Dans le modèle Ostrinia, nous avons également mis en évidence la présence d’une barrière pré-zygotique en lien avec le bouquet phéromonal émis par les femelles. / Specialization in different environments is a driver of divergence between populations and species. Phytophagous insects are interesting candidates to study the speciation process via the ecological specialization, due to the intimate relationship between the insects and their host plant but also the regular occurrence of host changes they experienced during evolution. Ecological speciation requires three important components: a source of divergent selection, a form of reproductive isolation either pre- or post-zygotic, and a mechanism linking the genes under selection to those responsible of the reproductive isolation. In this context, we studied the reproductive isolation and specialization in two models polyphagous lepidopteran pests: (1) the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, and the closely related species Ostrinia scapulalis, (2) two host races of Spodoptera frugiperda (the fall armyworm), rice strain (sf-R) and corn strain (sf-M). Both models showed a patterns of diversification via the host plant: both species sisters and the two strains are genetically differentiated and are specialized on different host plants (maize for O. nubilalis and sf-M; mugwort for O. scapulalis; rice sf-R). We studied the patterns of specialization of these models by quantification of life history traits in two time points of their life-cycles: (1) in the larval instar, by reciprocal transplant experiments, (2) in the adult, by choice oviposition experiment. These measures highlighted a pattern of specialization at the adult and/or larval instar for both moth species and sf-M. However, the results showed no clear specialization for sf-R of S. frugiperda on the tested plants. We investigated the mechanisms of specialization by RNA-seq in order to identify the genes or the gene families for which variation of their expression depends on the host plant. This mechanistic study revealed genes involved in detoxification, digestion and immunity process that may explain the differences observed in life history traits. Finally, we quantified various barriers (pre- and post-zygotic) to estimate the divergence degree and the causes involved in reproductive isolation of genetic entities studied. In particular, for the two models, we found evidences of post-zygotic barriers with a lower percentage of hatching in the interspecific crosses. In Ostrinia model, we have also demonstrated the presence of pre-zygotic barrier depending of the pheromone blend emitted by the females.

Cette thèse a pour objet l’analyse des potentialités et limites de la microfinance dans la création ou la consolidation d’emploi au Sénégal. Elle combine une analyse de la demande et de l’offre, en étudiant à la fois le fonctionnement de certaines filières d’activité et le rôle qu’y joue la microfinance, les stratégies d’implantation des IMFs puis la crise des impayés et de surendettement au Sénégal qui est actuellement en émergence. Dans cette thèse trois grandes questions essentielles sont abordées. S’inspirant d’une approche en termes de filières, une première question s’intéresse à la demande et analyse les potentialités et limites de la microfinance dans le financement de différents secteurs d’activité comme la pêche artisanale, le mareyage, la transformation de produits halieutiques, le commerce et l’artisanat. Nos analyses mettent en évidence d’une part l’existence de barrières multiples à la dynamisation de ces filières, qui vont bien au-delà de l’accès au crédit, et d’autre part la présence de diverses formes de financement informel, souvent peu couteux, facilement accessibles et plus adaptés à l’irrégularité et la saisonnalité des activités. Au final, dans le contexte actuel, la microfinance se révèle peu adaptée. S’inspirant des économies de proximité, une seconde question s’intéresse à l’offre et étudie les stratégies d’implantation des institutions de microfinance. Nos analyses mettent en évidence deux stratégies principales : celles qui privilégient l’agglomération dans des zones à fort potentiel humain et économique, créant ainsi une concentration de la microfinance et une forte concurrence ; et celles qui en revanche se spécialisent et s’ancrent sur un territoire spécifique. Une troisième question combine les deux points de vue – offre et demande – pour étudier la crise émergente des impayés. Nos analyses suggèrent que cette crise combine différents facteurs, les dérives de mission, le relâchement dans les règles de gestion et de gouvernance et des facteurs politiques. / The object of this thesis is to analyze the potential and limits of microfinance in the creation or preservation of employment in Senegal. It combines an analysis of supply and demand, by studying together some value chains and the role played by microfinance therein, MFIs’ establishment strategies, and issues related to unpaid-loan and over-indebtedness in Senegal that is now emerging. Three main questions are addressed in this thesis. Inspired by a value chain approach, the first question concerns the demand and analyses the potential and limits of microfinance in the financing of different sectors like artisanal fishing, fish trade, processing of marine products, trading and craftsmanship. The analysis reveals on one hand the existence of multiple barriers to the dynamism of these value chains which go far beyond access to credit and on the other hand the presence of diverse forms of informal financing, often less costly, easier to access and more adapted to the irregularity and seasonal nature of the activities. One conclusion is that, in the present context microfinance is not well suited. Using the model of local economy, the second question is related to supply and studies microfinance institutions establishment strategies. Findings evidence two main strategies: one that is centered on cities with a high human and economic potential, creating therefore a concentration of microfinance and strong competition; and the other that are more specialized and are territory-specific. The third question combines the two points of view – supply and demand – to study the emerging unpaid-loan issue. Our results show that several reasons preside to this issue, including a loss of cap in the mission, loose management and governance rules enforcement and political factors.

Socialtjänsten är idag drabbad av en hög arbetsbelastning, något som lett till hög personal omsättning och en hög andel arbetsrelaterade besvär. Flera statliga utredningar av situationen likväl inlägg från intresseorganisationer som SKL och fackförbund föreslår att ett led i att hantera situationen är genom specialisering. Specialiseringen ska bestå i inrättandet av specialistutbildningar och specialisttjänstemän. Studien ger med hjälp av en kartläggning en nulägesbild av specialisttjänsternas förekomst, hur de benämns och inom vilka verksamhetsområden de verkar. Med hjälp av en abduktiv ansats används nyinstitutionell organisationsteori i ett försök att förstå specialisttjänsterna utifrån socialchefers uppfattningar av dessa. / Today the Swedish social services are suffering from high workloads. Consequently this has led to poor retention and high turnover rates. Several Official Reports of the Swedish Governemnt as well as input from unions and Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions suggests that one way to handle the situation is through a more specialized social service. The suggested specialization includes masterprograms in socialwork (MSW, 60 ECT) for social workers and specialized civil servants. The present study will examine the prevalence of this kind of specialists, what they are called, their function and in what parts of the social services they serve. In the present studie I will atempt to understand specialized civil servants from interviews with social service managers perceptions using abduction and neoinstutitional organizational theory.

La pathogénicité des bactéries a toujours été attribuée à des facteurs de virulence et les bactéries pathogènes sont considérées comme étant mieux armées, comparé à des bactéries ne provoquant pas de maladies. Selon les premières études génomiques, le fait de supprimer un certain nombre de gènes des bactéries pathogènes, limiterait leur capacité à infecter leurs hôtes. Au contraire, des études de génomique comparatives récentes, démontrent que la spécialisation des bactéries dans les cellules eucaryotes est associée à une perte de gènes massive, en particulier pour les endosymbiontes allopatriques qui sont isolés depuis longtemps dans une niche intracellulaire. En effet, les bactéries sympatriques, extracellulaires, ont souvent des génomes plus grands et présentent une résistance et une plasticité plus importante. Ces bactéries constituent, de fait, plutôt des complexes d’espèces que de vraies espèces. Certaines bactéries spécialistes, comme les bactéries pathogènes, arrivent à s’échapper de ces complexes et à coloniser une niche, bénéficiant alors d’un nom d’espèce. Leur spécialisation leur permet de devenir allopatriques et leurs pertes de gènes favorisent une évolution réductive. Ces observations nous ont conduits à réaliser une étude afin de quantifier le taux de perte de gènes lors de l’évolution de ces bactéries extracellulaires vers celle de bactéries spécialistes intracellulaires. Notre objectif était de vérifier que ce qui caractérise l’évolution des bactéries intracellulaires est bien la réduction génomique, en prenant en compte tous les événements possibles de gains de gènes. Par ailleurs, dans une étude neutre comparant les 12 espèces pandémiques les plus dangereuses pour l’homme avec les espèces non-épidémiques les plus proches, nous avons voulu identifier des spécificités génomiques associées à la capacité virulente de bactéries pathogènes et démontrer que, à part les toxines et les modules toxine-antitoxine, ce qui caractérise ces espèces ce ne sont pas les facteurs de virulence, mais la perte des gènes de régulation. Au final, les bactéries pathogènes ont un répertoire virulent dans lequel les gènes absents sont aussi importants que les gènes présents. / The virulence of pathogenic bacteria has been attributed to virulence factors and pathogenic bacteria are considered to have more genes compared to bacteria that do not cause disease. According to the first genomic studies, removing a certain number of genes from pathogenic bacteria impairs their capacity to infect hosts. However, more recent studies have demonstrated that the specialization of bacteria in eukaryotic cells is associated with massive gene loss, especially for allopatric endosymbionts that have been isolated for a long time in an intracellular niche. Indeed, bacteria living in sympatry often have bigger genomes and exhibit greater resistance and plasticity and constitute species complexes rather than true species. Specialists, including specific pathogenic bacteria, escape these bacterial complexes and colonize a niche; thereby gaining a species name. Their specialization allows them to adopt allopatric lifestyle and experience reductive genome evolution. These observations led us to design a study to quantify the rate of gene losses during the evolution of free-living bacteria to intracellular specialists. Our objective was to verify that what characterizes the evolution of intracellular bacteria is genomic reduction, taking under consideration all possible gene gain events. Furthermore, in another neutral study comparing the 12 most dangerous pandemic bacteria to Humans to their closest non-epidemic species, we wished to identify any genomic specificities associated to the virulent capacity of pathogenic bacteria and demonstrate that, besides toxins and surprisingly, toxin-antitoxin modules, pathogenic bacteria are not characterized by more virulence factors, but rather by a loss of regulatory genes. Finally, virulent bacteria exhibit a genomic repertoire in which absent genes are as important as present ones.