Esta dissertação apresenta uma proposta de bula para software, a qual possibilita capturar informações relacionadas às características e as funcionalidades de um determinado software, seguindo uma estrutura pré-definida. A fundamentação teórica do trabalho é composta das teorias dos mapas conceituais e da bula de medicamento. A bula de software, representada por meio dos mapas conceituais pode produzir um entendimento das funcionalidades de produto de software. Complementado por uma pesquisa experimental, este trabalho verifica a eficiência da bula de software na transmissão de conhecimento, por meio de um experimento que envolveu 73 participantes. Traz como resultado um modelo de bula para software que poderá ser utilizado pela indústria com o objetivo de elevar uma das características que é a entendibilidade. / This dissertation presents a proposal for a package insert for software, which allows to capture information related to the characteristics and functionalities of a certain software, following a predefined structure. The theoretical basis of the work is composed of theories of conceptual maps and the drug package. The software package, represented through conceptual maps, can produce an understanding of software product functionality. Complemented by an experimental research, this work verifies the efficiency of the software package in the transmission of knowledge, through an experiment involving 73 participants. It results in a template for software that can be used by the industry with the objective of raising one of the characteristics that is the understanding.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:53:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 2192461 bytes, checksum: 44cb1d1df4fc89a759c3d56900b4d84b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This thesis deals with one the most important issues that include construction which is the production costs control. Due to the complexity of construction systems, companies find it difficult to determine and control costs during performance of services. In general this control is identify the variations between budgeted costs and actual consumption in the construction site. The traditional budgeting process is based of accounts plan which is nothing more than a subdivision of construction site model the estimated parameter is the service rates of standard productivity. In this sense, it is observed that these consumption rates of materials and labor force are taken from tables of composition of pre-defined prices, insensitive to regional variations and technology. This way the objective this thesis is making a comparison study between the indicators of TCPO and construction companies with the settlement on the spot used in the composition of unit costs for budgeting in buildings vertical construction in João Pessoa. For this it was carried out in loco research exploratory and descriptive about the variation of the indicators of composition raw materials e labor-intensive, analyzing the service more representative in costs into two companies midsize great and analyzed two construction sites in each company. As a result there was a wide variation between the consumption indicators adopted and the actual consumption of resources during the implementation of services, confirming the initial assumptions of the research / Esta dissertação trata de um dos mais importantes assuntos que englobam a construção civil, que é o controle de custos da produção. Devido à complexidade dos sistemas construtivos, as empresas encontram dificuldades em apurar e controlar os custos durante a execução dos serviços. De uma maneira geral, esse controle consiste na identificação das variações entre os custos orçados e o efetivo consumo no canteiro de obras. O processo de orçamentação tradicional baseia-se no plano de contas, que nada mais é que a subdivisão da obra em serviços aos quais são alocados os custos. A partir daí, são levantados os custos unitários, sendo cada serviço subdividido em insumos, os quais recebem índices de produtividade padrão. Neste modelo de formação de custo, o parâmetro orçado é o serviço. Neste sentido, observa-se que esses índices de consumo de materiais e mão-de-obra são retirados de tabelas de composição de preços pré-definidas, insensíveis às variações regionais e tecnológicas. Dessa forma, esta dissertação teve como objetivo, efetuar um estudo comparativo entre os indicadores do TCPO/empresas construtoras da grande João Pessoa, utilizados nas composições de preços unitários dos seus orçamentos, e os realmente utilizados pelas empresas construtoras em seus canteiros de obra. Para tal, foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo, exploratória e descritiva, acerca da variação de consumo dos indicadores de matéria-prima e mão-de-obra, onde foram analisados os serviços mais representativos, em termos de custos, em duas empresas de médio porte da grande João Pessoa, sendo analisadas duas obras em cada empresa. Como resultado, observou-se uma grande variação entre os indicadores de consumo adotados no orçamento e o efetivo consumo dos recursos durante a execução dos serviços, corroborando com os pressupostos iniciais da pesquisa.

A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE HIGHER DEGREES COMMITTEE OF THE CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY IN FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTERS OF TECHNOLOGY: CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, 2008 / This study investigated the impact of variation orders on project performance in order to take proactive measure to reduce them. The study had the following objectives, namely (1) to investigate the prevalence of variation orders on construction projects; (2) to determine the cost impact of variation orders; (3) to examine to what extent variation orders added value to construction projects; (4) to determine whether the activities associated with variation orders may be regarded as waste; (5) to identify the predominant origin agent as well as the causes of variation orders; and (6) to establish the nature and extent of the impact of variation orders on overall project performance. Literature relative to the research area was extensively reviewed. The data gathering approaches included an exploratory study on costs of variation orders on two construction projects, interviews with three top management personnel in construction contracting companies, the audit of site instructions with regard to waste and their value-addedness and self-administered questionnaires. A purposive sampling method was followed to identify participants into the study. The audit of site instructions revealed that most variation orders were beneficial. However, 14% of site instructions had waste associated with them. It was possible to quantify apparent waste associated with variation orders by means of an ‘origin-cause matrix’ designed for that purpose. Problematic situations arising from the occurrence of variation orders included discrepancies between the claimed and certified amounts. Variation orders impacted project performance with regard to cost and time overruns and disputes between parties to the contract. Most variation orders involved additional works. The complexity of works was the most predominant factor influencing the occurrence of variation orders. The reduction of the occurrence of variation orders was traced back to the pre-contract stage given that the most predominant origin agent of variation orders was the client and then due to an unclear brief of works to be executed. Suggestions regarding the reduction of variation orders include (1) adequate planning in advance is required by all involved parties before works start on site, (2) consultants should do a thorough concluding design and working drawings and contract documents should be complete at tender stage, (3) clients should provide clear brief, (4) enhance communication and all parties should be proactive at all times, (5) works should be supervised with an experienced and dedicated supervisor and (6) consultant should ensure that the design/specifications fall within the approved budget and the budget team should be appointed and participate during the design phase. The study suggests further investigation regarding the development of a more equitable basis of valuation of cost recovery which was beyond the scope of this research.

Submitted by Pedro Silva Filho (pfsilva@ipen.br) on 2017-10-09T14:48:07Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-09T14:48:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Os radiofármacos são definidos como preparações farmacêuticas contendo um radionuclídeo em sua composição, são administrados intravenosamente em sua maioria, e, portanto, o cumprimento dos princípios de Boas Práticas de Fabricação (BPF) é essencial e indispensável à tais produtos. A validação de limpeza é um requisito das BPF e consiste na evidência documentada que demonstra que os procedimentos de limpeza removem os resíduos a níveis pré-determinados de aceitação, garantindo que não haja contaminação cruzada. Uma simplificação da validação dos processos de limpeza é admitida, e consiste na escolha de um produto, denominado de \"pior caso\" ou worst case, para representar a limpeza de todos os equipamentos da mesma linha de produção. Uma das etapas da validação de limpeza é o estabelecimento e validação do método analítico para quantificação do resíduo. O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer o pior caso para a validação de limpeza dos equipamentos de produção de reagentes liofilizados-RL para marcação com 99mTc, avaliar a utilização do teor de carbono orgânico total (COT) como indicador de limpeza dos equipamentos utilizados na fabricação dos RL, validar o método para determinação de CONP (carbono orgânico não purgável/volátil) e realizar testes de recuperação com o produto escolhido como pior caso. A escolha do produto pior caso baseou-se no cálculo de um índice denominado \"índice para pior caso - Worst Case Index (WCI)\", utilizando informações de solubilidade dos fármacos, dificuldade de limpeza dos equipamentos e taxa de ocupação dos produtos na linha de produção. O produto indicado como pior caso entre os RL foi o MIBI-TEC. Os ensaios de validação do método foram realizados utilizando-se um analisador de carbono modelo TOC-Vwp acoplado a um amostrador automático modelo ASI-V, ambos da marca Shimadzu&reg e controlados por software TOC Control-V Shimadzu&reg. Foi utilizado o método direto de quantificação do CONP. Os parâmetros avaliados na validação do método foram: conformidade do sistema, robustez, linearidade, limites de detecção (LD) e de quantificação (LQ), precisão (repetibilidade e precisão intermediária), e exatidão (recuperação) e foram definidos como: 4% acidificante, 2,5 mL de oxidante, tempo de integração da curva de 4,5 minutos, tempo de sparge de 3,0 minutos e linearidade na faixa de 40-1000 μgL-1, com coeficiente de correlação (r) e soma residual dos mínimos quadrados (r2) > 0,99 respectivamente. LD e LQ para CONP foram 14,25 ppb e 47,52 ppb, respectivamente, repetibilidade entre 0,11 4,47%; a precisão intermediária entre 0,59 a 3,80% e exatidão entre 97,05 - 102,90%. A curva analítica para Mibi mostrou-se linear na faixa de 100-800 μgL-1, com r e r2 > 0,99, apresentando parâmetros similares aos das curvas analíticas de CONP. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo demonstraram que a abordagem do pior caso para validação de limpeza é um meio simples e eficaz para diminuir a complexidade e morosidade do processo de validação, além de proporcionar uma redução nos custos envolvidos nestas atividades. Todos os resultados obtidos nos ensaios de validação de método CONP atenderam as exigências e especificações preconizadas pela norma RE 899/2003 da ANVISA para considerar a metodologia validada. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

M. Phil. / The purpose of this research is to see if on-site portable pull-out tests in South Africa on post-installed chemical and mechanical fixings can produce similar results to internationally laboratory tested fixings. The method used in the field study was to use typical South African 25 MPa, 75 mm slump ready mix concrete as supplied by a reputable supplier and to test several types of fixings in common situations, some covered in the European Technical Approval Guidelines (ETAG) and some not. The results were analyzed against published international values and theoretical calculations for the fixings. The findings showed that the results produced using the portable equipment can show values similar to the published and theoretical values. It was also shown that this methodology can be used as a diagnostic tool to reveal installation errors. The pull-out test operator needs to be skilled to ensure a satisfactory outcome of the tests. The implications of the findings have direct bearing on: The on-site pullout testing of post installed anchors in South Africa; The diagnosing of bad anchor installation. And secondarily bearing on: The education of post-installed fixing installers and designers; The lack of standards for post-installed anchors in South Africa; The transportability of data from international research to South African conditions.

Strak als Prozessschritt in der Produktentwicklung ist für die Haushaltsgeräteindustrie Neuland, während in der Automobilindustrie der Strakprozess als Standard durchlaufen wird. Generell kann Strak dann eingesetzt werden, wenn an Produkte ein besonders hoher ästhetischer Anspruch an die Topologie der sichtbaren Oberflächen gestellt wird. In einem Prozessberatungsprojekt wurde im Jahr 2014 analysiert, wie Strak in seinen Ausprägungen – Strak-CAD-Modellierung und Strakkoordination – bei der Miele & Cie KG. sinnvoll angewendet werden kann. Als Berater wurde die Designsurf GmbH, als langjähriger Partner für Strak im Bereich Wäschepflege gewonnen. Die Erwartung war, dass Strak in der Lage ist, die Produktentwicklung so zu ergänzen, dass der Zielrichtung des Markenversprechens „MIELE – immer besser" vor allem an der Schnittstelle zwischen Design und Konstruktion noch besser entsprochen werden kann. In der Analysephase wurden die bestehenden Vorgehensweisen zum Thema Sichtflächen in der Produktentwicklung und im Design ermittelt. Hierzu wurden Mitarbeiter aus Design und Konstruktion der verschiedenen Produktgruppen allgemein und anhand von abgeschlossenen Projekten zur Umsetzung von Designvorgaben in Konstruktionsentwürfe in einer angepassten Methodik des Leitfadeninterviews befragt.

System specifications and testing model for increasing the rated power output, rotor diameter, hub height, and maximum tip speed of horizontal axis wind turbines is designed and implemented on the system advisor model simulator. Its performance is tested on offshore wind turbine’s direct-drive and single stage-low speed generators. Although this simulator produces impressive results, it has some limitations in the operation of wind turbines. The terrain and topography of wind turbines are not considered in the simulation process. It also does not assess the electrical transients and physical stress of wind turbine components. Despite its limitations, four large offshore wind turbines and wind farms have been successfully simulated. It is found that the 9 MW, 10 MW, 11 MW and their respective wind farms generate more energy and better capacity factor on the direct-drive than single stage-low speed generator. Furthermore, a rectangular layout of 20 wind turbines considerably impacted the excellent performance of this generator on the wind farms. Another notable outcome of the study is that higher system specifications do not always generate feasible results for wind turbines despite favourable weather conditions. For the Vestas 8 MW wind turbine, the viable percentages for increasing the size of its rated power output, rotor diameter, hub height and maximum tip speed is only 12.5%, 25% and 37.5%. The viability of these three upgrades has been confirmed by suitable graphs of power curves and feasible energy production results. Thus, these percentages confirm an 8 MW wind turbine’s attainable design limits for generating realistic energy production and capacity factor. On the contrary, a 50% increase in the above four system specifications yielded unviable capacity factor and energy production results. This is because this upgrade is too high to work successfully on the current wind turbine technology. Furthermore, the shape of the power curve from the 50% specifications is not the typical curve for wind turbines. It has been observed that increasing the value of maximum tip speed beyond 143 m/s and the rotor diameter beyond 246 m give rise to an unusual power curve. Concerning wind speed for high energy production, an average daily minimum and maximum wind speed of 4.58 m/s and 15.08 m/s yielded good results. Given the prevailing trend of designing large wind turbines, findings in this study are particularly helpful in understanding how capacity factor, energy production and energy losses are affected by the size of system specifications. Not only that, but these findings also have fundamental concepts that can be used to optimize the design of large offshore wind turbines. The study is equally valuable for determining suitable weather conditions and wind power potential for large offshore wind farm sites. / Dissertation (MEng (Electrical Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / MEng (Electrical Engineering) / Unrestricted

When presenting a product within the so-called regulated sphere the producer is obliged to keep to the given legal liabilities of the technical product requirements and the governmental regulations concerned. The producer is also to carry out an analysis of the technical requirements and specifications of the product. Subsequently, the producer also has to provide the technical specifications and documentation for preparation of ES declaration, guaranteeing that the product fulfills the CE requirements. The task is to design and set up documentation for the ES declaration for Polymount printer cleaning machines PPC mini, PPC M2, PPC L2 and PPC XL2.

L'objectif de notre travail, qui émane d'une demande de la sous-direction Assurance Qualité du CNES (Centre National d'Études Spatiales), est d'augmenter la clarté des spécifications techniques rédigées par les ingénieurs préalablement à la réalisation de systèmes spatiaux. L'importance des spécifications (et en particulier des exigences qui les composent) pour la réussite des projets de grande envergure est en effet désormais largement reconnue, de même que les principaux problèmes liés à l'utilisation de la langue naturelle (ambiguïtés, flou, incomplétude) sont bien identifiés. Dès lors, de nombreuses solutions, plus ou moins formalisées, ont été proposées et développées pour limiter les risques d'interprétation erronée – dont les conséquences potentielles peuvent se révéler extrêmement coûteuses – lors de la rédaction des exigences.Nous voudrions définir une langue contrôlée pour la rédaction des exigences en français au CNES. L’originalité de notre démarche consiste à systématiquement vérifier nos hypothèses sur un corpus d’exigences (constitué à partir d’authentiques spécifications de projets spatiaux) à l’aide de techniques et d’outils de traitement automatique du langage existants, dans l’optique de proposer un ensemble cohérent de règles (nouvelles ou inspirées de règles plus anciennes) qui puissent ainsi être vérifiées semi-automatiquement lors de l’étape de spécification et qui soient conformes aux pratiques de rédaction des ingénieurs du CNES. Pour cela, nous nous appuyons notamment sur l’hypothèse de l’existence d’un genre textuel, que nous tentons de prouver par une analyse quantitative, ainsi que sur les notions de normalisation et normaison. Notre méthodologie combine les approches corpus-based et corpus-driven en tenant compte à la fois des règles imposées par deux autres langues contrôlées (dont l’adéquation avec des données réelles est discutée au travers d’une analyse plus qualitative) et des résultats offerts par des outils de text mining. / The aim of this work is to improve the clarity and precision of the technical specifications written in French by the engineers at CNES (Centre National d’Études Spatiales / National Centre for Space Studies) prior to the realization of space systems. The importance of specifications (and particularly of the requirements that are part of them) for the success of large-scale projects is indeed widely acknowledged; similarly, the main risks associated with the use of natural language (ambiguity, vagueness, incompleteness) are relatively well identified.In this context, we would like to propose a solution that would be used by the engineers at CNES (who are currently not asked to follow specific writing rules): in that respect, we believe that this solution should be both effective (i.e. it should significantly limit the above-mentioned risks) and not too disruptive (which would make it counterproductive). A Controlled Natural Language (CNL) – i.e. a set of linguistic rules constraining the lexicon, the syntax and the semantics – seems to be an interesting option, provided that it remains close enough to natural language. Unfortunately, the CNLs for technical writing that we have examined are not always relevant from a linguistic point of view.Our methodology for developping a CNL for requirements writing in French at CNES relies on the hypothesis of the existence of a textual genre; besides, we make use of existing Natural Language Processing tools and methods to validate the relevance of the rules on a corpus of genuine requirements written for former projects.

During the system and software development process for distributed systems, the development of the overall system design is critical for correctness, performance, and reliability. The objective of this thesis is the improvement of methods and tools that can be used to obtain a correct design model for distributed system components automatically by deriving the design model from the global system requirements. Mainly, we are concerned with the transformation from a global requirements model to a distributed design model. The global requirements model describes the behavior of a distributed system in an abstract manner by defining the local actions to be performed by different roles which represent actors in the different system components. The distributed design model defines the behavior of each actor separately, including its local actions plus the exchange of coordination messages, which are necessary to assure that the actions are performed in the required order. In this work, we first consider a global requirements model in the form of partially ordered actions similar to High-level Message Sequence Chart (HMSC). We study the realizability of the global requirements, which is said to be directly realizable if a design model can be constructed without any coordination messages. We study some problems which prevent direct realizability, such as strict sequence, non-local choice, non-deterministic choice, termination race, and others, and show under which conditions these problems are absent and the global model is directly realizable. For the other cases, we show how a conforming design model can be obtained by introducing a minimal number of coordination messages. In this context, we also show under which conditions sequence numbers are required in the messages of a weak while loop. Then we study the automatic derivation of a distributed design model using a tool. In order to obtain an easily readable notation for the global requirements model, we adapt the HMSC notation to the UML Hierarchical State Machine (HSM) notation and extend this notation to describe the roles that participate in the actions of each state of the global behavior. A simple state represents some local actions of a single role, while a hierarchical state usually represents a collaboration between several roles. Then we describe a derivation algorithm that can be applied to a global model written in this proposed HSM notation and generates a distributable UML HSM model, which contains a hierarchical state machine for each role of the application. We implemented this derivation algorithm as a tool in the context of the Umple UML development environment. This tool takes a global requirements model written in the extended HSM notation as input and automatically generates a UML HSM model. The distributed implementation environment described in Zakariapour’s thesis is used for generating a distributed Java implementation, where each distributed component contains one Java run-time environment and realizes the behavior of one or several of the roles of the application. A Travel Management System illustrative example has been discussed to illustrate the representation of the global model using the extended HSM notation and to demonstrate the correctness of the generated design models by the tool.