Spelling development is a linguistic process which involves the interaction of phonological, orthographic, and morphological knowledge (Bahr, Silliman, & Berninger, in press). It is also clear these linguistic factors are influenced by a person's dialect. Previous research has indicated that use of African American English (AAE) does influence spelling performance (Kohler, Bahr, Silliman, Bryant, Apel, & Wilkinson, 2007); however, few studies have considered how dialect use influences spelling as a function of spelling task (i.e., real vs. non-word tasks), error category (phonological, orthographic, or morphological) or grade. A secondary goal was to note if dialectal or developmental errors predominated in the noted misspellings. The Phonological, Orthographic, and Morphological Assessment of Spelling (POMAS, Silliman, Bahr, & Peters, 2006) was used to provide a fine-grained analysis of the spelling errors of 80 typically developing African American children in grades 1 (n = 39) and 3 (n = 41). These children were screened for language ability and they were determined to be AAE speakers by observing their use of phonological and/or morphosyntactic dialect features when retelling a story. Age-appropriate real word and non-word spelling tasks were developed which incorporated common features of AAE. A three-way ANOVA revealed that differences in error frequency were dependent upon word type, error type and grade. On the real word spelling task, children in both grades made more orthographic errors than phonological or morphological errors. On the non-word spelling task, students in both grades made fewer orthographic errors and students in grade 3 made significantly more phonological errors, while the number of phonological errors noted remained fairly constant across tasks for the children in grade 1. Common misspelling patterns revealed developmental errors, as well as errors attributed to AAE. A closer look at the occurrence of AAE features revealed that first graders were more likely to reflect dialectal patterns in their spelling than the third graders. This is possibly due to differences in exposure to the academic register and experience in code-switching. Finally, the real words elicited more AAE features than non-words suggesting that phonetic and linguistic contexts might influence the occurrence and use of AAE.

This thesis describes the analysis of over 1300 spelling and typing errors. It introduces and describes many empirical rules which these errors obey and shows that a vast majority of errors are variations on some 3000 basic forms. It also describes and tests an intelligent, knowledge based spelling error correction algorithm based on the above work. Using the Shorter Oxford English dictionary it correctly identifies over 90% of typical spelling errors and over 80% of all spelling errors, where the correct word is in the dictionary. The methodology used is as follows: An error form is compared with each word in that small portion of the dictionary likely to contain the intended word, but examination of improbable words is rapidly abandoned using heuristic rules. Any differences between the dictionary word and the error form are compared with the basic forms. Any dictionary word which differs from the error form only by one or two basic forms is transferred to a separate list. The program then acts as an expert system where each of the basic forms is a production or rule with a subjective Bayesian probability. A choice is made from the list by calculating the Bayesian probability for each word in the separate list. An interactive spelling error corrector using the concepts and methods developed here is operating on the Bradford University Cyber 170/720 Computer, and was used to correct this thesis. The corrector also runs on VAX and Prime computers.

Η παρούσα εργασία αποτελεί μια πρώτη μελέτη των ορθογραφικών δεξιοτήτων των κωφών και βαρήκοων μαθητών της πρωτοβάθμιας και της δευτεροβάθμιας εκπαίδευσης στην Ελλάδα. Σκοπό έχει να διερευνήσει εάν οι κωφοί και βαρήκοοι μαθητές είναι περισσότερο επιρρεπείς σε ορθογραφικά λάθη σε σύγκριση με τους ακούοντες, τι είδους λάθη κάνουν και εάν οι παράγοντες βαθμός ακουστικής απώλειας, είδος επικοινωνίας, εκπαιδευτική βαθμίδα και τύπος σχολείου επηρεάζουν τις ορθογραφικές επιλογές τους. Στην έρευνα συμμετείχαν 52 κωφοί μαθητές από σχολεία της Αθήνας, της Πάτρας και της Θεσσαλονίκης και 41 ακούοντες ως ομάδα ελέγχου. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι οι κωφοί και βαρήκοοι μαθητές κάνουν όλα τα είδη ορθογραφικών λαθών (φωνολογικά, γραμματικά, οπτικό-ορθογραφικά), ότι είναι περισσότερο επιρρεπείς σε ορθογραφικά λάθη συγκριτικά με τους ακούοντες και διαφέρουν σημαντικά από τους ακούοντες στην κατηγορία των φωνολογικών λαθών. Επιπλέον, οι παράγοντες βαθμός ακουστικής απώλειας, τύπος σχολείου και μέθοδος επικοινωνίας δεν επηρεάζουν τις ορθογραφικές επιλογές, ενώ η εκπαιδευτική βαθμίδα επηρεάζει τις ορθογραφικές επιλογές των κωφών και βαρήκοων μαθητών στο θεματικό μόρφημα (ρίζα) των λέξεων. / This paper is a first study of spelling skills of deaf and hard of hearing students in primary and secondary education in Greece. Specifically, it is examined whether the deaf and hard of hearing students are more prone to misspellings than hearing students, what kind of errors make and if hearing loss, method of communication, educational level and type of school affect their spelling choices. 52 deaf students from schools in Athens, Patras and Thessaloniki and 41 hearing as a control group participated in this study. The results showed that deaf and hard of hearing students make all kinds of spelling errors (phonological, grammatical, visual-orthographic), that they are more prone to misspellings than hearing students and differ significantly from the hearing in the category of phonological errors. Moreover, the degree of hearing loss, school type and method of communication do not affect spelling choices, while the level of education affects the spelling choices of deaf and hard of hearing students in the root of the words.

Thesis (B.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1981. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ENGINEERING. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Richard Michael Heller. / B.S.

Thesis (B. Tech.) - Central University of Technology, Free State, 2007

Στην εργασία αυτή εστιάζουμε την προσοχή μας στα ορθογραφικά λάθη που εντοπίσαμε σε εκθέσεις αλλοδαπών μαθητών που φοιτούν στις τρεις τελευταίες τάξεις του ελληνικού δημοτικού σχολείου. Στόχος μας είναι η διερεύνηση των εξωγλωσσικών παραγόντων της καταγωγής των αλλοδαπών μαθητών, της περιοχής όπου διαβιούν, του φύλου και της ηλικίας τους στην ανάπτυξη της ορθογραφικής τους ικανότητας στην ελληνική γλώσσα. / In this paper we focus our attention on spelling errors we found in writings of immigrant pupils who study at the three last classes of primary greek school. Our aim is to research the impact of exoglossic parametres, such as the pupil's origin, the region of their living, the puppil's gender and their age, on the development of their spelling capacity in greek language.

So, this study aims to show that matching as the pedagogical practices of intervention in written texts of young an adult students in the classroom occurred; in what aspect that practices promote or no contribution important to the process learning-teaching of writing and the mother tongue as well; in what aspect the process of the intervention need to get better and as the formation process of teacher is by way indispensable for help the teacher in activities in classroom. I carried out the research use as basis theoretical-methodological the sociolinguistic variation and ethnographic. I carried out the investigation in one public primary school. These school I have observed one classe of second and third phase of the schooling of young and adult. During the research of field carried out interviews with teachers and analysis the notebook and written texts of students. The analyses of intervention of the teachers reveal that in the intervention the teacher of second phase to tend to identify and only to correct spelling errors. While pedagogical intervention the teacher of third phase beyond identify and to correct errors that type of intervention promote favorable condition to discuss and to work the language in use and style linguistics. / Nesta pesquisa, buscamos demonstrar como as práticas pedagógicas de intervenção nas produções escritas de alunos jovens e adultos ocorrem; em que aspectos essas práticas promovem (ou não) contribuições relevantes para o processo ensino-aprendizagem da escrita da língua materna; em quais pontos o processo de intervenção necessita melhorar e como o processo de formação continuada é um caminho necessário para ajudar os professores na sua prática de sala de aula. Para a realização deste estudo utilizamos como referencial teóricometodológico a sociolingüística variacionista e a etnografia. Para desenvolver a investigação de campo, foi selecionada uma escola, na qual foram acompanhadas uma turma da 2ª e uma da 3ª fase da Educação de Jovens e Adultos EJA do primeiro segmento do Ensino Fundamental. Durante o trabalho de campo, além das observações das práticas pedagógicas de sala de aula, aplicamos entrevista semiestruturada com as duas professoras e analisamos os cadernos e produções escritas dos alunos. A análise dos procedimentos de intervenção adotados pelas professoras revelou que as intervenções realizadas pela professora da 2ª fase tende a identificar e apenas corrigir erros ortográficos. Enquanto que nas intervenções pedagógicas realizadas pela professora da 3ª fase, feita através da reescrita dos textos, além de identificar e corrigir erros , esse tipo de intervenção promoveu condições favoráveis para discutir e trabalhar a língua em uso, a escolha do estilo lingüístico e a monitorização estilística.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka stavningen i 20 elevtexter skrivna av elever som antingen var i eller utan lässvårigheter när de gick i årskurs 2. Undersökningen fokuserade på stavningens korrekthet och olika typer av stavfel samt jämförde likheter och skillnader mellan texterna skrivna av elever i och utan lässvårigheter. Materialet bestod av elevtexter som skrevs under den fria narrativa skrivuppgiften i det nationella ämnesprovet i svenska i årskurs 3. Tio av elevtexterna var skrivna av elever som var i lässvårigheter i årskurs 2 och tio texter var skrivna av elever utan lässvårigheter i årskurs 2. För att kunna besvara studiens första forskningsfråga skapades frekvenslistor som presenterade antalet korrekt och inkorrekt stavade ord. För att kunna besvara studiens andra forskningsfråga användes analysmetoden Spelling Sensitivity Score (Masterson & Apel, 2010) där varje ord i elevtexterna analyserades med avseende på korrektheten i fonem-grafem-korrespondensen genom poängsättning från 3–0. Ett korrekt stavat fonem fick 3 poäng. Fonologiska stavfel tilldelades 2 poäng, ortografiska stavfel 1 poäng och utelämnade/tillagda grafem 0 poäng. Resultaten visade att eleverna utan lässvårigheter skrev texter med en signifikant större andel korrekt stavade ord än eleverna i lässvårigheter och att eleverna i lässvårigheter skrev texter som innehöll en signifikant större andel fonologiska stavfel än eleverna utan lässvårigheter. Vidare visade resultaten att texterna skrivna av eleverna utan lässvårigheter uppvisade en marginellt större andel ortografiska stavfel och utelämnade eller extra tillagda grafem än texterna skrivna av elever i lässvårigheter. Sammantaget antyder våra resultat att det är viktigt att stärka den fonologiska medvetenheten hos elever i lässvårigheter för att utveckla deras stavningsförmåga.

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<div>Typing in Japanese is a difficult process for novice and intermediate learners of Japanese due</div><div>to the writing system of the Japanese language and its comparatively involved input method on a</div><div>keyboard. Considering that spell checkers, which enable the user to check and correct their own</div><div>errors and select the correct kanji word, are designed for native speakers, the learners of Japanese</div><div>as a foreign language (JFL) may not recognize their spelling errors and are thus unable to selfcorrect using this built-in tool.</div><div>The present study addresses this problem and conducts an experiment to evaluate the</div><div>effectiveness of a visual feedback tool by its error recognition rate on the learners spelling errors</div><div>when typing in Japanese. The participants were 46 beginner level JFL learners in a third semester</div><div>Japanese course, and the majority consist of native speakers of Chinese or English. The</div><div>participants participated in two experimental sessions. In both sessions, participants were audio</div><div>recorded while reading aloud a list of words in Japanese for pronunciation analysis and screen</div><div>recorded while typing the same list of Japanese words. These recordings are used to analyze the</div><div>characteristics of error patterns in both pronunciation and typing. During the typing sessions, visual</div><div>feedback is provided to the participants via a customized dictionary tool when participants make</div><div>a spelling error.</div><div>The results show that regardless of the native language, the learners have difficulty on certain</div><div>words that include long vowels or double consonants. The recorded error patterns align with the</div><div>findings of previous studies (Hatasa, 2001; Nakazawa, 2003; Tsuchiya, 2000), and the visual</div><div>feedback showed an average error recognition rate of 76% of the participants’ spelling errors. The</div><div>participants also assessed the dictionary tool in terms of usability, and their responses indicate that</div><div>such tools are very useful during typing. The researcher concludes that using a visual feedback</div><div>dictionary tool is effective in recognizing the spelling errors of the learners when typing, and it</div><div>increases the learner’s awareness of spelling accuracy.</div>