Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:36:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4179.pdf: 5952888 bytes, checksum: b0961612c482aa701a73cb33605c06a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-17 / The formation of In1-xSnxO2 (ITO) nanocrystals through the conversion of radiant energy into heat has been studied by using an adapted domestic microwave oven. The formation of powder was obtained by heating the oven to 200 C using a heating rate of 50 C/min and soaking time of 30 min. The obtained powder by this method was characterized by X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FEG-SEM), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM) and Selected Area Diffraction technique whose enable to distinguish possible crystalline phases, as well as the structure and morphology of the powder. Spherical particles with average size of 4, 8 and 12 nm were identified. This powder was characterized by sensing response against the presence or absence of oxygen gas. Finally, ITO powder was deposited on amorphous quartz or glass substrates by spin coating method. The films thus obtained were characterized by FEG-SEM, UVVIS and the electrical sheet resistance was measured using a four probe tips. Best results were obtained in the film whose particles were synthesized at pH 6,5. Optical transmittance at visible region of 98,5 % was observed and with an optical gap and resistance calculated to be 3,55 eV and 3,6.10-3 Ω.m respectively. / Utilizando um forno micro-ondas doméstico adaptado como fonte de energia, estudou-se a formação de nanocristais de In1-xSnxO2 (ITO) por meio da conversão de energia radiante em térmica. O pó do material foi formado em uma temperatura de 200 ºC por tempo de 30 minutos, a razão de aquecimento do sistema foi de 50 ºC/min. Os pós obtidos por esse método foram caracterizadas por Difratometria de raios-X (DRX), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura com Campo Emissor de Elétrons (FEG-SEM), Microscopia Eletrônica de Transmissão de Alta Resolução (HRTEM) e Difração em Área Selecionada (SAD), essas técnicas possibilitaram a distinção das possíveis fases bem como a estrutura e morfologia do pó. Partículas esféricas e com tamanhos médios de 4, 8 e 13 nm foram identificadas. Os pós também foram caracterizados como sensores e suas respostas foram medidas na presença e ausência do gás oxigênio. Finalmente, o pó de ITO foi depositado sobre substrato de quartzo amorfo ou vidro pelo Método Spin Coating. Os filmes assim obtidos foram caracterizados por FEG-SEM, UV-VIS e a resistência elétrica superficial de cada um dos filmes foram medidas pelo método de quatro pontas. Os melhores resultados foram apresentados pelo filme cujas partículas foram sintetizadas em pH 6,5, sua transmitância é de 98,5%, gap óptico de 3,55 eV e resistividade de 3,6 10-3Ω.m.

Este trabalho apresenta a síntese dos plumbatos de estrutura tipo perovskita (ABO3) PbTiO3, PbZrO3 e Pb(Ti,Zr)O3 por rota sol-gel não aquosa, bem como da produção de filmes finos dos precursores desses compostos sobre substratos de polimetilmetacrilato. Os compostos PbTiO3, PbZrO3 e Pb(Ti,Zr)O3 foram preparados e em seguida caracterizados pela técnica de difração de raios X (DRX) e por análise termogravimétrica (ATG). A molhabilidade entre a solução precursora e o substrato foi avaliada pela medida do ângulo de contato. A deposição dos filmes sobre substratos de PMMA foi feita pelo método de spin-coating, e os filmes produzidos foram caracterizados por espectrofotometria UV-Visível, elipsometria espectral e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os compostos preparados apresentaram a fase perovskita quando tratados a 750°C, no entanto, com tratamentos térmicos a temperaturas abaixo do ponto de fusão do PMMA (120ºC) ainda há alta quantidade de matéria orgânica, o que impossibilita a verificação clara das fases cristalinas. A solução não aquosa do sol-gel apresentou-se molhante ao substrato, o que valida a utilização do método de spin-coating para deposição dos filmes. Os filmes obtidos apresentam transparência na faixa de luz visível, elevada uniformidade na espessura e presença de trincas cuja quantidade aumentou com o número de camadas de deposição. Os valores de índice de refração variaram de 1,7 e 2,0, sendo crescente na ordem PbZrO3, Pb(Ti,Zr)O3 e PbTiO3. Os valores de energia de band gap óptico determinados com base nos valores de transmitância e espessura dos filmes foram entre 3,3 e 3,4 eV para todos os plumbatos investigados. / This work describes the synthesis of plumbates of perovskite-type structure (ABO3) PbTiO3, PbZrO3 and Pb(Ti,Zr)O3 by non-aqueous sol-gel route as well as the production of thin films of these compounds precursors on polymethyl methacrylate substrates. The compounds PbTiO3, PbZrO3 and Pb(Ti,Zr)O3 were prepared and then characterized by of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The wettability between the precursor solution and the substrate was evaluated by measuring the contact angle. The deposition of the films on PMMA substrates were made by spin-coating method, and the produced films were characterized by UV-Visible, spectral ellipsometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The compounds had the perovskite phase when treated at 750 °C, however, with thermal treatments at temperatures below the melting point of PMMA (120 ° C) there is still high amount of organic matter, making it impossible to clear verification of crystalline phases. The non-aqueous sol-gel showed up wetting to the substrate, which validates the use of the spin-coating method for films deposition. The obtained films exhibit transparency in the visible light range, high uniformity in thickness and presence of cracks whose amount increased with the number of deposited layers. The refractive index values ranged from 1.7 to 2.0, and increasing in the order PbZrO3, Pb(Ti,Zr)O3 and PbTiO3. The optical band gap energy values based on the transmittance values and thickness of the films were between 3.3 and 3.4 eV for all investigated plumbates.

Este trabalho apresenta a síntese dos plumbatos de estrutura tipo perovskita (ABO3) PbTiO3, PbZrO3 e Pb(Ti,Zr)O3 por rota sol-gel não aquosa, bem como da produção de filmes finos dos precursores desses compostos sobre substratos de polimetilmetacrilato. Os compostos PbTiO3, PbZrO3 e Pb(Ti,Zr)O3 foram preparados e em seguida caracterizados pela técnica de difração de raios X (DRX) e por análise termogravimétrica (ATG). A molhabilidade entre a solução precursora e o substrato foi avaliada pela medida do ângulo de contato. A deposição dos filmes sobre substratos de PMMA foi feita pelo método de spin-coating, e os filmes produzidos foram caracterizados por espectrofotometria UV-Visível, elipsometria espectral e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os compostos preparados apresentaram a fase perovskita quando tratados a 750°C, no entanto, com tratamentos térmicos a temperaturas abaixo do ponto de fusão do PMMA (120ºC) ainda há alta quantidade de matéria orgânica, o que impossibilita a verificação clara das fases cristalinas. A solução não aquosa do sol-gel apresentou-se molhante ao substrato, o que valida a utilização do método de spin-coating para deposição dos filmes. Os filmes obtidos apresentam transparência na faixa de luz visível, elevada uniformidade na espessura e presença de trincas cuja quantidade aumentou com o número de camadas de deposição. Os valores de índice de refração variaram de 1,7 e 2,0, sendo crescente na ordem PbZrO3, Pb(Ti,Zr)O3 e PbTiO3. Os valores de energia de band gap óptico determinados com base nos valores de transmitância e espessura dos filmes foram entre 3,3 e 3,4 eV para todos os plumbatos investigados. / This work describes the synthesis of plumbates of perovskite-type structure (ABO3) PbTiO3, PbZrO3 and Pb(Ti,Zr)O3 by non-aqueous sol-gel route as well as the production of thin films of these compounds precursors on polymethyl methacrylate substrates. The compounds PbTiO3, PbZrO3 and Pb(Ti,Zr)O3 were prepared and then characterized by of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The wettability between the precursor solution and the substrate was evaluated by measuring the contact angle. The deposition of the films on PMMA substrates were made by spin-coating method, and the produced films were characterized by UV-Visible, spectral ellipsometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The compounds had the perovskite phase when treated at 750 °C, however, with thermal treatments at temperatures below the melting point of PMMA (120 ° C) there is still high amount of organic matter, making it impossible to clear verification of crystalline phases. The non-aqueous sol-gel showed up wetting to the substrate, which validates the use of the spin-coating method for films deposition. The obtained films exhibit transparency in the visible light range, high uniformity in thickness and presence of cracks whose amount increased with the number of deposited layers. The refractive index values ranged from 1.7 to 2.0, and increasing in the order PbZrO3, Pb(Ti,Zr)O3 and PbTiO3. The optical band gap energy values based on the transmittance values and thickness of the films were between 3.3 and 3.4 eV for all investigated plumbates.

Liquid composition for antimony doped tin oxide solgel deposition was prepared. Anorganic precursors of tin and antimony were used (tin(IV) chloride, antimony(III) chloride). ATO nanoparticles were dispergated in composition. This composition was used for spincoating deposition of thin films. Composition was analyzed by thermal analysis TGA and DSC. Sheet resistence of prepared samples were examined by four probe sensing. RMS roughness and thickness was measured by profilometry. Samples were analyzed by scan electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Transmittance and haze were measured and calculated by UV-VIS spektrometry with integration sphere.

[FR] L'énergie photovoltaïque se présente comme une solution primordiale dans la lutte contre le réchauffement climatique. Malgré la maturité et la fiabilité de la technologie des cellules en silicium cristallin, les défis liés à la purification énergivore du silicium restent un obstacle coûteux. Dans cette optique, les pérovskites halogénées, notamment le FAPbI3, se profilent comme des alternatives prometteuses au silicium en raison de leur capacité à être synthétisées à faible coût à température ambiante, tout en présentant des propriétés optiques et électroniques attractives. Cependant, l'instabilité des pérovskites en contact avec l'air ambiant constitue un obstacle majeur à leur utilisation comme couche absorbante. Pour surmonter ce défi, une approche a consisté à modifier la composition chimique des pérovskites en utilisant la technique du spin-coating. L'étude a révélé que les pérovskites mixtes contenant de l'iodure (I) et du brome (Br), tels que le FAPbI2Br et le FAPbBr2I, offrent un compromis intéressant entre stabilité et bande interdite. Contrairement au FAPbI3, qui perd ses propriétés optiques après un certain temps en conditions ambiantes, ces pérovskites mixtes conservent leur capacité d'absorption dans le visible même après vieillissement. De plus, le FAPbBr2I s'est avéré environ trois fois plus photoluminescent que le FAPbI3, suggérant une conversion plus efficace des photons absorbés en paires électron-trou, ce qui en fait un candidat attractif pour les applications photovoltaïques. Cependant, il convient de noter que le FAPbBr2I présente un gap énergétique trop large pour de telles applications. Pour remédier à cette limitation, le dopage du FAPbBr2I avec du bismuth a été étudié, montrant une réduction significative du gap énergétique avec l'augmentation de la concentration en bismuth. Néanmoins, il a été observé que les photons émis par photoluminescence avaient une énergie supérieure à celle des photons absorbés, ce qui pourrait être dû à la dissipation de la chaleur dans le réseau cristallin. Ce décalage anti-Stokes nécessite une enquête plus approfondie. / [ES] La energía fotovoltaica se presenta como una solución clave en la lucha contra el calentamiento global. A pesar de la madurez y confiabilidad de la tecnología de células de silicio cristalino, los desafíos de la purificación de silicio intensiva en energía siguen siendo un obstáculo costoso. Con esto en mente, las perovskitas halogenadas, especialmente FAPbI3, están emergiendo como alternativas prometedoras al silicio debido a su capacidad de ser sintetizadas a bajo costo a temperatura ambiente, aunque tiene propiedades ópticas y electrónicas atractivas. Sin embargo, la inestabilidad de las perovskitas en contacto con el aire ambiente constituye un obstáculo importante para su uso como capa absorbente. Para superar este desafío, un enfoque fue modificar la composición química de las perovskitas utilizando la técnica de recubrimiento por centrifugación. El estudio reveló que las perovskitas mixtas que contienen yoduro (I) y bromo (Br), como FAPbI2Br y FAPbBr2I, ofrecen un compromiso interesante entre la estabilidad y la brecha de banda. A diferencia de FAPbI3, que pierde sus propiedades ópticas después de un cierto tiempo en condiciones ambientales, estas perovskitas mixtas conservan su capacidad de absorción en el visible incluso después del envejecimiento. Además, se encontró que FAPbBr2I era aproximadamente tres veces más fotoluminiscente que FAPbI3, lo que sugiere una conversión más eficiente de los fotones absorbidos en pares electrón-agujero, y, esto lo convierte en un candidato atractivo para aplicaciones fotovoltaicas. Sin embargo, debe tenerse en cuenta que FAPbBr2I tiene una brecha de energía más amplia que la ideal para tales aplicaciones. Para superar esta limitación, se estudió el dopaje de FAPbBr2I con bismuto, mostrando una reducción significativa de la brecha energética con el aumento de la concentración de bismuto. Sin embargo, se ha observado que los fotones emitidos por la fotoluminiscencia tienen una energía superior a la de los fotones absorbidos, y, esto podría deberse a la disipación de calor en la red cristalina. Este retraso anti-Stokes requiere más investigación. / [EN] Photovoltaic energy emerges as a crucial solution in the fight against climate change. Despite the maturity and reliability of crystalline silicon cell technology, challenges related to the energy-intensive purification of silicon remain a costly barrier. In this context, halide perovskites, especially FAPbI3, are emerging as promising alternatives to silicon due to their ability to be synthesized cost-effectively at room temperature while exhibiting attractive optical and electronic properties. However, the instability of perovskites in contact with ambient air poses a major obstacle to their use as an absorbing layer. To overcome this challenge, one approach has been to modify the chemical composition of perovskites using the spin-coating technique. The study revealed that misted perovskites containing iodide (I) and bromide (Br), such as FAPbI2Br and FAPbBr2I, offer an interesting compromise between stability and bandgap. Unlike FAPbI3, which loses its optical properties after some time under ambient conditions, these misted perovskites retain their absorption capacity in the visible range even after aging. Furthermore, FAPbBr2I was found to be approximately three times more photoluminescent than FAPbI3, suggesting a more efficient conversion of absorbed photons into electron-hole pairs, making it an attractive candidate for photovoltaic applications. However, it is worth noting that FAPbBr2I has a wider energy gap than ideal for such applications. To address this limitation, doping FAPbBr2I with bismuth was studied, showing a significant reduction in the energy gap with increasing bismuth concentration. Nevertheless, it was observed that the photons emitted by photoluminescence had higher energy than those absorbed, which could be due to heat dissipation in the crystal lattice. This anti-Stokes shift requires further investigation. / Abdoulaye, T. (2024). Etude de stabilité des pérovskites aux halogénures mixtes plombate de Formamidinium FAPbX3 avec X={ Cl,Br,I} [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/203190

Les polyphénols sont des bioproduits générés par le métabolisme des végétaux. Récemment, ils ont attiré l’attention par leur impact potentiellement positif sur la santé, en grande partie lié à leur capacité antioxydante. Ils interviennent également dans les arômes de vin, café, thé… et intéressent donc l’industrie agroalimentaire. Le développement de biocapteurs adaptés à ces molécules est donc nécessaire, tout en respectant certains critères (simplicité d’utilisation, rapidité de la mesure, faible coût). Dans le cas des biocapteurs enzymatiques, l’étape déterminante est l'immobilisation de l’enzyme sur la surface du transducteur sans affecter ses performances.Dans cette thèse nous avons utilisé des matériaux de type « hydroxyde double lamellaires » (HDLs) comme matrice d’immobilisation de la tyrosinase, enzyme reconnaissant spécifiquement les polyphénols, afin de fonctionnaliser la surface d’électrodes d’or sérigraphiées. L’objectif était d’élaborer des microbiocapteurs pour détecter les polyphénols extraits du thé vert.Les HDLs ont été synthétisés par la méthode de coprécipitation directe, puis caractérisés par différentes méthodes physiques (spectroscopies Raman et infrarouge, diffraction des RX) afin de confirmer leur composition et de définir leur structure cristalline. Puis, des films minces bidimensionnels de HDL de différentes compositions ont été réalisés en faisant varier différents paramètres comme la nature du substrat, la concentration de la solution initiale de HDL et la méthode de dépôt (auto-assemblage « SAM » ou spin coating). L’étude morphologique de ces films a été réalisée par microscopie de force atomique (AFM) afin d’optimiser l’état de surface avant l’immobilisation de la tyrosinase. Le greffage de cette dernière a également été étudié par AFM. Enfin, une étude électrochimique (par voltammétrie cyclique et chronoampérométrie) nous a permis de déterminer les caractéristiques analytiques des microbiocapteurs ampérométriques ainsi élaborés. Les résultats ont montré que nos systèmes présentent une grande sensibilité aux polyphénols et sont capables de détecter ces molécules grâce à leur oxydation et aussi à la réduction des composés enzymatiquement générés par la réaction catalytique. Ils sont dynamiques dans une large gamme linéaire de détection (jusqu'à 1000 ng.mL-1) et peuvent également détecter des traces de polyphénols (de m’ordre de quelques pg.mL-1). / Polyphenols are in abundance in diet, being present in various fruits or vegetables, but also in tea or wine. Their antioxidant properties attracted an increasing interest of different researchers in the field of medicine and food manufacturers. Consequently, very intensive studies have been conducted to develop efficient polyphenols biosensors, while respecting certain criteria (simplicity of use, speed of measurement, low cost). In the case of enzymatic biosensors, the decisive step is the immobilization of the enzyme on the transducer surface without affecting its performances.In this thesis, we used layered double hydroxides (LDHs) as a host matrix to immobilize tyrosinase, an enzyme recognizing specifically polyphenols, at the surface of screen printed gold electrodes. Polyphenols used to study the biosensors were extracted from green tea.LDHs nanosheets were prepared by the co-precipitation method. In a first step, their structural properties were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, Raman and Infra-Red spectroscopies, confirming crystalline phase and chemical composition of LDHs. In a second step, LDHs-thin films were prepared by self-assembly and spin coating deposition under various experimental conditions (nature and concentration of LDHs …), and studied by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) to obtain information about the surface morphology of the host matrix before enzyme immobilization. The presence of tyrosinase after the immobilization step was also confirmed by AFM. Electrochemical characteristics of the amperometric biosensors, whose design is based on this study, were determined by cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry. This study showed that these systems are highly sensitive to polyphenols, detecting them by their oxidation but also by the reduction of compounds enzymatically generated. They exhibit also other very attractive characteristics for the detection of complex mixture of polyphenols: a large dynamic range (up to 1000 ng.mL-1)and a very low detection limit (few pg.mL-1).

Le travail de thèse porte sur les méthodes de synthèse de nanostructures de dioxyde de titane et de leurs études physicochimiques afin de préciser les corrélations entre la morphologie, le dopage métallique, les caractéristiques structurales avec l'efficacité photocatalytique. Le grand intérêt pour les nanomatériaux TiO2 réside dans la mise au point de nouvelles sources d'énergie ou la conservation de l’environnement par des processus photocatalytiques. Cependant, la limitation principale de TiO2 est du au large gap électronique (eV ~3,2) du polymorphe Anatase. Ainsi, un des objectifs importants pour l'amélioration de l’efficacité des nanomatériaux TiO2 est d'augmenter leur photoactivité en décalantla création de paires d'électron-trou de l’UV à la gamme du visible. D'ailleurs, on a montré que l'utilisation de nanostructures 1D de TiO2 (nanotubes) a amélioré la collection de charges, en favorisant leur transport dans les structures 1D, qui par conséquent réduit au minimum la recombinaison et prolonge les durées de vie des électrons.La première partie de ce travail est dédiée à la synthèse des nanopoudres TiO2 dopées par des ions métalliques (Ag, Cu, Eu) préparés par sol-gel. Même avec différents éléments de dopage qui apparemment peuvent adopter le même état de valence (2+) (Cu2+, Ag2+, Eu2+), différents comportements ont été démontrés pour l'incorporation efficace de ces ions dans la structure de TiO2. L'anomalie entre les rayons ioniques des différents éléments utilisés module le rapport du dopage substitutionnel. Ceci est en effet réalisé pour Cu2+ mais dans moins d'ampleur pour Ag2+ tandis que les ions d'europium forment une ségrégation de phase Eu2Ti2O7. La dégradation de colorants de bleu de méthylène (MB) a étéaméliorée légèrement avec les échantillons dopés Ag. La raison a été attribuée aux clusters métalliques Ag qui ont été en effet mis en évidence à travers leur bande d’absorption plasmonique. La deuxième partie porte sur des couches minces de TiO2 dopés (Cu, Ag, et Eu) qui ont été élaborés par sol-gel et spin-coating et dipcoating. Les paramètres optimaux ont été obtenus pour réaliser les films cristallins mais présentant une organisation mésoporeuse qui dépend également du processus de dopage. Des études de Photocatalyse ont été également réalisées et l'efficacité des films ont été comparées en fonction des éléments dopants. La troisième partie de la thèse est liée à la modification morphologique des nanoparticules pour former des nanotubes à l'aide de la méthode hydrothermale sous pression contrôlée. Un plan d'expérience basé sur la méthode Taguchi a été utilisé pour la détermination des paramètres optimaux.Les nanotubes TiO2 augmentent la surface spécifique en comparaison avec les nanoparticules. La dégradation de bleu deméthylène par les nanotubes a montré une efficacité photocatalytique plus élevée qu’avec les nanopoudres TiO2 pures etdopés Ag. / The thesis work is focused on the synthesis methods of titanium dioxide nanostructures and their physico-chemical studies in order to point out the correlations between the morphology, metal doping, structural features with the photocatalytic efficiency. The great interest on TiO2 nanomaterials deals with new sources of energy or in the environment preservation through the photocatalytic properties. However, the main limitations is due to the wide band gap (~3.2 eV) of the anatase polymorph. Thus, a major objective for improvement of the performance of TiO2 nanomaterials is to increase theirphotoactivity by shifting the onset of the electron-hole pairs creation from UV to the visible range. Moreover, it was found that using onedimensional (1-D) TiO2 (nanotubes) improved the charge collection by 1D nanostructures which consequently minimizes the recombination and prolongate the electron lifetimes. The first part of this work is focused on the synthesis of TiO2 nanopowders doped with metallic ions (Ag, Cu, Eu) prepared by Solgel. Even with different doping elements which apparently can adopt the same valence state (2+) such as (Cu2+, Ag2+,Eu2+), different behaviors were demonstrated for the effective incorporation of these ions in the host structure of TiO2. The discrepancy between ionic radii of the different used elements modulates the ratio of the substitutional doping. This is indeed achieved for Cu2+ but in less extent for Ag2+ while Europium ions form segregated phase as Eu2Ti2O7. The experiments on the degradation of methylene blue (MB)dyes have shown slight improvement with Ag-doped samples. The reason was tentatively attributed to the Ag clusters which were indeed demonstrated through their plasmon optical band. The second part of the work concerns thin films of TiO2 doped (Cu, Ag, and Eu) which were elaborated by spin coating and dip coating. The optimal parameters were obtained to achieve crystalline films but presenting mesoporous organisation which also depends on the doping process. Photocatalysis investigations were also realized and the efficiency of the films compared as function of the doping elements.The third part of the thesis is related to the morphological modification from nanoparticles to nanotubes by using the hydrothermal method with controlled pressure. An experimental design based on Taguchi Method was employed for the determination of the optimal parameters. TiO2 nanotubes increase the surface area in comparison with TiO2nanoparticles. TiO2 nanotubes were tested for the methylene blue degradation and show a higher photocatalytic efficiency than TiO2 nanopowders and TIO2 doped with Ag.

Organic semiconductors (OSCs) present an electron mobility lower by several orders of magnitude than the hole mobility, giving rise to an electron-hole charge imbalance in organic devices such as organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and organic light-emitting transistors (OLETs). In this thesis project, I tried to achieve an efficient electron transport and injection properties in opto-electronic devices, using inorganic n-type metal oxides (MOs) instead of organic n-type materials and a polyethyleneimine ethoxylated (PEIE) thin layer as electron transport (ETLs) and injection layers (EILs), respectively. In the first part of this thesis, inverted OLEDs were fabricated in order to study the effect of the PEIE layer in-between ZnO and two different emissive layers (EMLs): poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-alt-benzothiadiazole) polymer (F8BT) and tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato) aluminum small molecule (Alq3), based on a solution and thermal evaporation processes, respectively. Different concentrations (0.80 %, 0.40 %) of PEIE layers were used to further study electron injection capability in OLEDs. After a series of optimizations in the fabrication process, the opto-electrical characterization showed high-performance of devices. The inverted OLEDs reported a maximum luminance over 104 cd m-2 and a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) around 1.11 %. The results were attributed to the additional PEIE layer which provided a good electron injection from MOs into EMLs. In the last part of the thesis, OLETs were fabricated and discussed by directly transferring the energy modification layer from OLEDs to OLETs. As metal oxide layer, ZnO:N was employed for OLETs since ZnO:N-based thin film transistors (TFTs) showed better performance than ZnO-based TFTs. Finally, due to their short life-time, OLETs were characterized electrically but not optically.

The rise in the world population can be correlated with an increase in energy need. Fossil fuels are not going to able to cover this need in energy because not only are they limited, they also have a negative effect on the environment. A reason the more to switch renewable energy. One of the most popular renewable energy source is solar energy. The organic solar cell could be a low-cost, light-weight and flexible option for photovoltaics. This thesis will discuss the morphology of the active layer of an organic solar cell. The polymer poly(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl) and the fullerene derivate [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester were used as model components for the active layer. These two components were processed in different solvents, different ratios, different total concentrations and were either dip- or spin-coated on glass substrates. These samples were analyzed with atomic force microscopy, steady state and time resolved fluorescence and UV/Vis spectroscopy. The analysis show that the morphology of the films processed in chloroform and tetrahydrofuran would react very similar in α-phase and β-phase by dip- and spin-coated samples. Xylene would react the opposite as tetrahydrofuran and chloroform while ethylbenzene would react little with different samples. / De stijging in wereldpopulatie kan gelinkt worden met een stijging in energieverbruik. Het is niet aan te raden om fossiele brandstoffen te gebruiken voor deze energiestijging want niet alleen zijn ze beperkt aanwezig op aarde ook zijn ze niet goed voor het milieu. Een reden te meer om naar duurzame energie over te schakelen. Één van de meeste populaire energiebronnen is zonne-energie. Hierbij zou de organische zonnecel een goedkope, lichte en flexibele optie zijn. Deze thesis zal de morfologie van de actieve laag van een zonnecel bespreken. Het polymeer poly(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl) en het fullereen derivaat [6,6]-fenyl C61-butylzuur waren de twee model componenten voor de actieve laag. Deze twee componenten werden in verschillende oplosmiddelen, verschillende verhoudingen en verschillende totaal concentraties bereidt en werden vervolgens gedipcoated of gespincoated op glazen substraten. De stalen werden vervolgens geanalyseerd door atomic force microscopy, steady state en time resolved fluorescence en UV/Vis spectroscopy. De analyse toont dat de morfologie van de films bereidt in chloroform en tetrahydrofuraan gelijkaardig reageren in α- fase en β-fase bij gedipt- en gespincoaten stalen. Terwijl xyleen net omgekeerd reageert als chloroform en tetrahydrofuraan. Bij ethylbenzeen zou de fases maar heel weinig veranderen bij de verschillende stalen.

The diploma thesis deals with the determination of thickness and refractive index of thin organic films using image analysis. In the theoretical part there are described principles of the methods, which are used to prepare the films (spin coating, inkjet printing, vapour deposition), the characteristics of thin films, ways of finding out the thickness and refractive index of substances (weight methods, electric methods, method based on measurement of absorption coefficient of light, interference microscopy, ellipsometry) and also image analysis (harmonic and wavelet analysis). Interference microscope Epival - Interpako (Carl Zeiss Jena), digital camera Nikon Coolpix 5400 and computer were used for the determination of thickness and refractive index. The thicknesses of layers were set on the basis of interference images of edges and grooves – both from the side of the metal contact and the side of underlying glass. The refractive indices of thin layers were then set using the recorded figures. In the final part of the thesis there are discussed the results of interference images photographed along the full length of the aluminium contact which are used for measuring electrical characteristics of DPP structures. The produces are thicknesses and refractive indices of individual layers.