Orientador: Luiz Benedicto Lacerda Orlandi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-19T21:06:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 D'Abreu_RochelleCysneFrota_D.pdf: 2412395 bytes, checksum: 1cf86c18412b72e864ce28b2d17f4cf9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: A filosofia de Espinosa representou importante contraponto à filosofia moderna, ainda que o filósofo holandês tenha acompanhado todo o debate filosófico e científico de seu tempo. Em face dos problemas religiosos e políticos do século XVII, e diante das saídas encontradas pela República Holandesa para os problemas de política internacional e de inclusão dos outros, Espinosa se apresenta como importante alternativa de produção de um novo discurso filosófico, carregado de subversão e libertação política, o que proporcionou, por sua vez, uma emancipação do pensar filosófico tanto das inspirações religiosas quanto da mera redução do saber ontológico ao conhecimento científico. Essa subversão se desdobrará não apenas na crítica religiosa, mas no enraizamento da potência imaginativa que cria uma nova linguagem e novas expressões corpóreas / Abstract: Spinoza's philosophy represented an important counterpoint to the modern philosophy, although the Dutch philosopher followed all the philosophical and scientific debate of his time. In the face of the religious and political problems of the seventeenth century and the solutions to the problems of international politics and inclusion adopted by the Dutch Republic, Spinoza presents himself as an important alternative for the production of a new philosophical discourse, charged with subversion and political liberation, which led, in turn, to an emancipation of the philosophical thought from both religious inspirations and mere reduction of ontological knowledge to scientific knowledge. This subversion will unfold not only in religious criticism, but also in the rooting of the imaginative power that creates a new language and new bodily expressions / Doutorado / Filosofia / Doutor em Filosofia

My dissertation focuses on the moral philosophy of Descartes, Pascal, and Spinoza in the context of the revival of Stoicism within the seventeenth century. There are many misinterpretations about early modern ethical theories due to a lack of proper awareness of Stoicism in the early modern period. My project rectifies this by highlighting understated Stoic themes in these early modern texts that offer new clarity to their morality. Although these three philosophers hold very different metaphysical commitments, each embraces a different aspect of Stoicism, letting it influence but not define his work. By addressing the Stoic themes on the morality of these three authors, I also hope to help better capture the intellectual climate of the time by bringing Stoic themes into the foreground. Stoicism is a Hellenistic philosophy that considered the passions a sickness of the intellect and the source of all human suffering; they believed the cure was virtue, which was obtained through replacing irrational passions with rational beliefs. Stoicism had a revival in the Renaissance ushering in a wave of Neostoic authors who play an important role in shaping the intellectual landscape of the following centuries. My first two chapters discuss Descartes, who wrote a “provisional morality” early in his public life, only (as I show) to ignore the subject of ethics until near his death. In my first chapter I argue that, though many present-day scholars misread Descartes’ first ethics as part of his final ethics, this earliest “provisional morality” mimics Neostoic Skeptics such as Montaigne and is provisional because his method of doubt is also provisional. In my second chapter I show that Descartes’ late, and more developed, moral theory attempts to synthesize a variety of ancient, and seemingly contradictory, ethical traditions: Stoicism, Epicureanism, and Aristotelianism. In many ways Descartes embraces Stoic morality, but as a mechanist he does not view passions as an intellectual sickness; rather they are a physiological event, an amoral instrument that can be used to help control one’s irrational desires. I further defend my thesis externally by showing that this is the reading supported by Descartes’ contemporaries including critics such as Leibniz and early Cartesians such as Antoine Le Grand and Pierre-Sylvain Régis My third chapter discusses Pascal, who embraces Stoicism differently. Pascal offers Stoicism as the first tier of a binary ethics: modeled after Augustine’s city of God and city of man, it is an alternative moral code for those who are ignorant of the good and true happiness. Finally, in my fourth chapter, I discuss two common misinterpretations of Spinoza’s ethics: one of them neglects the Stoic influence on his thought while the other embraces it too strongly, portraying him as an unadulterated Stoic. Although there are ways that he is more Stoic than Descartes and Pascal, such as in his panpsychism and monism, this does not extend to his morality. Rather than accepting either of the two readings, I highlight anti- Stoic themes that are also present. I conclude that if the discussion is contained to his morality, Spinoza is no more Stoic than the other Neostoics I discuss in previous chapters.

La thèse interroge le sens du travail, des origines de son institution dans la pensée politique moderne aux plus récentes transformations qui marquent le passage aux économies post-fordistes. La principale caractéristique que présentent ces dernières tient à leur intégration, au sein de la sphère productive, de toutes les activités de nature informationnelle, communicationnelle et affective, qui, traditionnellement, lui étaient demeurées extérieure. Cette opération est analysée grâce aux concepts de travail immatériel et de production biopolitique développés par les penseurs associés au mouvement opéraïste. Afin de sonder les conséquences de cette fusion de la production matérielle, éthique et juridique, la thèse sollicite l’éclairage de l’analyse marxienne de la valeur, qu’elle fait ensuite résonner avec la pensée de la technique que propose Heidegger, dans l’optique d’un dépassement de la métaphysique moderne du sujet, où, selon un diagnostic commun aux auteurs, se situe l’origine d’un asservissement du tout de la vie à un régime de production dévastateur – le nihilisme, ou la ruine de toutes les valeurs. S’appuyant sur une lecture contemporaine de Spinoza, notamment par Negri, cette critique de la métaphysique se révèle le geste initiateur d’un procès constitutif proprement politique. Enracinant plutôt le fondement de l’activité dans une ontologie de la finitude essentielle élaborée à la faveur d’une phénoménologie de la praxis collective, la thèse parcourt le chemin qui mène de l’explicitation du sens du travail comme usure du monde dans son ensemble, à l’anamnèse d’un usage intégral de la puissance productive, qui permet, dans les conditions actuelles de la production biopolitique, de déployer une imagination constitutive pour laquelle la notion d’utilité, au sens métaphysique, fournit un principe d’évaluation. Il s’agit d’apprécier, parmi les dynamiques tendancielles inhérentes aux formes de vie et de subjectivité engendrées dans la mobilisation incessante et irréversible qui nous affecte, l’imminence d’une réalisation du communisme dans la transvaluation de l’industrie en désœuvrement.

Tesis para optar al grado de Magister en Filosofía

Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Filosofía / Esta investigación tiene por objetivo principal el lograr una mayor claridad en torno al modo en que la Fenomenología del Espíritu de Hegel se articula y procede. En concreto, se trata de lograr aclarar ciertos aspectos de lo que en la Introducción a tal libro Hegel denomina como ‘método de ejecución’. Para lograr este objetivo, esta investigación recurre a una conexión que habría entre Hegel y Spinoza. Tal conexión no ha sido abordada en la literatura en torno a ambos autores. Se trata de la tesis de Spinoza de que la verdad es norma de sí. Sin embargo, la gran dificultad con la que se topa esta investigación es que el éxito en la aclaración de ciertos aspectos del método de ejecución depende de la objetividad de la conexión en la cual esta aclaración se basa. Es por ello que, antes de exponer los rendimientos explicativos de esta conexión, debo argumentar a favor de la plausibilidad de tal conexión. Y, dado que la conexión aquí no es planteada en términos históricos, sino más bien en términos sistemáticos, entonces debo mostrar en qué medida la Fenomenología del Espíritu deja traslucir la misma idea que tenía Spinoza tras la tesis de que la verdad es norma de sí.

Spinoza rejects ‘turning the other cheek’ where humans live in civic community, and denies that piety ever requires it under those circumstances. Yet he argues that Jeremiah and Jesus counsel it under the exceptional circumstances where civic community collapses, and one is exposed to oppression. Spinoza defends his view by appealing to the love command—one must love one’s neighbor as one loves oneself. This chapter shows how turning the other cheek when one cannot count on others to do likewise can be rational on Spinoza’s terms and how he resolves the apparent tension of his claim that one must not turn the other cheek when one lives under the rule of civil law with his claims that hatred is always bad, and that anyone who ‘lives by the guidance of reason’ endeavors to ‘repay another’s hatred with love or nobility’.

In various parts of Ethics, Spinoza explains both the existence and the necessity of the existence of things, like God, through their perfection(Proofs and Scholium to theorem 11 of part 1 and Scholium 2 for Theorem 33 of part 1). In this paper I attempt to elaborate on the suggestion made by Don Garrett, in Spinoza's Necessitariansim (2018), that Spinoza might have thought that no other world is possible but the one that expresses the greatest possible perfection. I will show that Spinoza's understanding of perfection is intimately connected with "Spinoza's PSR" and his understanding of casuality, to make Garrett's suggestion more probable. The paper is motivated by Koistinen's concerns, in Spinoza's Proof of Necessitarianism (2003), that Garrett's suggestion is too weak to entail necessitarianism. I'll show that Koistinens presented concerns can be rebutted and that the explication for the perfection of the world or "system of finite modes" that he ascribes to Garrett is flawed because it doesn't reflect how Spinoza uses the notion of perfection in Ethics. / <p>Höstterminen 2023</p>

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<p>The objective of this thesis is to intervene into the ongoing dispute surrounding the political import of Gilles Deleuze’s single-authored work, specifically <em>Difference and Repetition</em> and <em>The Logic of Sense</em>. This thesis presents an alternative explanation to the question of whether or not Deleuze’s philosophy is political. By situating the debate surrounding Deleuze’s political implications in the contemporary ontological turn in political theory, this thesis argues that Deleuze’s works can be considered to be political in the non-conventional sense of the term, that is, insofar as a conceptual distinction is made between <em>politics</em> and <em>the political</em>. I further argue that Deleuze’s univocal ontology influences a concept of <em>the political </em>that is immanent to his thought, and in this respect he can be said to present a <em>political ontology</em>. The reading of Deleuze’s political ontology addresses not only the common critiques of his philosophy as posed by thinkers such as Alain Badiou, Peter Hallward, and Slavoj Žižek, but also sheds light on the problematic relationship between philosophy and politics.</p> / Master of Arts (MA)