Land development patterns have long been a reflection of not only consumer preferences but of public policy. To the extent that such policy has supported scattered, low-density and automobile-dependent development patterns, it has been found to be deficient. It is not only the private land developers who have created sprawl. Government agencies at all levels have also contributed to the problem in the ways they invest in public infrastructure devoid of a coordinated strategy. Schools, public recreational facilities, and branch libraries often are isolated from one another. Two case studies were used to demonstrate the manner in which planned, congregated public facilities came first and succeeded in providing the impetus to sustainable private sector response loosely following a master plan. The first case study examines the urban neighborhood of City Heights in San Diego, California, where a blighted, crime-ridden neighborhood was redeveloped with the construction of several public assets, all within a small, nine-block area. The result was the participation of the private sector in this neighborhood where ten years prior, there was private sector abandonment. The second case study examines the Town Center project located in Suwanee, Georgia. In this example, a city municipality took the helm as master developer, initiated 'place' in the form of an urban-style park, and thereby created the impetus for the subsequent investment by the private sector.

Sustainable Built Environments Senior Capstone / This Capstone looks into the aspects of planned communities that are successful in reducing the need for automobile usage among residents. / The goal of this study is to assess automobile use in sustainably developed communities and note the ways in which these communities successfully reduce the need for personal automobiles. In response to research about the environmental and health effects of urban sprawl, developers have pushed for sustainably developed communities. These master plan communities follow particular guidelines and set goals to alleviate their effect on the environment and help reduce the negative effects of sprawling development. Because auto-dependency is a sign of sprawl, it is important that these communities develop in such a way that reduce citizens’ reliance on personal automobiles. This study will examine three separate master planned communities in the Tucson region and assess how each one addresses the issue of automobile usage, examining common factors between the different communities and what factors make these communities successful. This study found that several factors are important in reducing automobile use. These examples of successful development will potentially help future communities be successful in reducing automobile usage.

Increasing criticism by a number of professional fields, including planning, indicates that there is a decline in public health because of poor urban planning practices cannot be ignored. This research examines to what extent urban planning has contributed to the current health level of citizens, and explores how development policies address the criticism that urban planners are encouraging developments with limited opportunities that promote an inactive lifestyle. The findings show policy tools currently available for planners in Winnipeg to use are inadequate to ensure that all new developments conform to the healthy communities philosophy, and despite the limited guidance from planning legislation, the community of Seven Oaks has succeeded in implementing several healthy community initiatives. These initiatives are successful because of partnerships created between agencies, communication with the public, and most importantly, the passion by the stakeholders to develop healthier living opportunities within their community…

This thesis examines localities in the vicinity of cities, starting with Ekeby- Almby which is situated near Örebro. In the past twenty years, Ekeby- Almby has experienced vast sociodemographic changes. These lines of development give rise to a number of questions. For example, does the socioeconomic change of Ekeby-Almby reflect a general trend for this kind of locality? What are the perspectives and concepts that characterise the planning of these localities, and what is the significance of these suburban areas for the urban development as a whole? The purpose of this thesis is to examine the peri-urban localities, their role in, and their significance to, the development of cities. The thesis is made up of three empirical parts. Some of the main results are that the peri-urban localities can bedescribed as continuously growing, even during periods of shrinking towns and growing countryside (70s and 80s), and re-urbanisation (90s and 00s). Other results from the study are that layers of peri-urban localities with partially separatesocioeconomic profiles become apparent. Together these localities are, in various ways, part of the city’s socioeconomic differentiation. Finally, the result from the study indicates that the development of localities is shaped by a series of structures, and actors operating in relation to these. The development of the peri-urban localities can, theoretically, be seen as an urban counter- urbanisation, but perhaps primarily as a Swedish periurbia, and thus as an extension of the city, often described as an urban sprawl. This study also discusses the role of the peri-urban locality in the city’s social geography, where it among other things can be described as the ”hidden” space of the segregated city. Another aspect of the peri-urban locality is that it can be seen as a place which is important in an intermunicipal competition in population growth.

Increasing criticism by a number of professional fields, including planning, indicates that there is a decline in public health because of poor urban planning practices cannot be ignored. This research examines to what extent urban planning has contributed to the current health level of citizens, and explores how development policies address the criticism that urban planners are encouraging developments with limited opportunities that promote an inactive lifestyle. The findings show policy tools currently available for planners in Winnipeg to use are inadequate to ensure that all new developments conform to the healthy communities philosophy, and despite the limited guidance from planning legislation, the community of Seven Oaks has succeeded in implementing several healthy community initiatives. These initiatives are successful because of partnerships created between agencies, communication with the public, and most importantly, the passion by the stakeholders to develop healthier living opportunities within their community…

Urban sprawl är ett problem i hela världen. Ekonomi, hälsa, miljö och jordbruksmark är några saker som stadsutbredningen har effekter på (Habibi, 2011). I USA började problemen med urban sprawl efter andra världskriget när möjligheter till billiga bolån skapades. Detta gjorde att fler människor hade möjlighet att flytta till enfamiljshus i förorterna och användandet av bil som transportmedel ökade (Duany, 2010). Stadsutbredningen i Sverige startade efter andra världskriget då bilismen ökade även här. Den svenska trafikplaneringen var influerade av den nordamerikanska planeringsmodellen med resultatet att boendetätheten minskade med upp emot en tredjedel (Svenska Naturskyddsföreningen, 2006).     Det finns en hel del metoder för att motarbeta och kontrollera stadsutbredningen. Exempel på metoder är förtätning och sätt att reducera och kontrollera trafik (Habibi, 2011) samt mer djupgående strategier som urban growth boundaries och green belts (Gennaoi et al, 2009).   Eftersom det finns väldigt lite information om urban sprawl i Sverige, så handlar detta arbete om att göra en fallstudie för att undersöka hur åtta svenska kommuner arbetar med att kontrollera och motverka urban sprawl. Dessa kommuner är Stockholm, Göteborg, Malmö, Uppsala, Västerås, Örebro, Linköping och Helsingborg. Kommunernas översiktsplaner har studerats med målet att påvisa fyra metoder för att motverka urban sprawl som identifieras av Habibi (2011).   Sverige är och har varit påverkat av urban sprawl (Svenska Naturskyddsföreningen, 2006). Undersökningen av översiktsplanerna i de svenska kommunerna visar också att alla arbetar mot en hållbar utveckling av sin stad genom förtätning och utbyggnad av kollektivtrafiken. Kommunerna använder sig av generella metoder som förtätning och kontroll av trafik men använder sig inte av några mer specifika och mer djupgående metoder som urban growth boundaries och green belts. Detta kan bero på flera saker, bland annat att de mer djupgående metoderna inte nämns av kommunerna i deras översiktsplaner utan istället kanske finns med i detaljplanerna.

A história do desenvolvimento das sociedades humanas produziu um espaço diferenciado a partir das relações conflitantes entre sociedade e natureza. O resultado dessa relação é o espaço geográfico, ou seja, o meio natural ocupado, organizado, modificado e transformado pelas sociedades humanas, através ação antrópica, sendo nas cidades, onde essas modificações se mostram de maneira mais visível. A ocupação e a consequente expansão urbana deixa relatos concretos que permitem a compreensão das preferências pretéritas de ocupação, favorecendo o entendimento da atual ocupação das populações sobre as formas de relevo. Essas evidências vão ao encontro do intento deste trabalho, que busca respostas para explicar a morfologia contemporânea urbana da cidade a partir das alterações impostas na morfologia original, perturbada pela ação antrópica. Desta maneira, este estudo tem como objetivo caracterizar o processo de ocupação do espaço urbano da cidade de Santa Maria – RS, avaliando o desenvolvimento da mancha urbana sobre os distintos compartimentos, evidenciando as alterações e derivações ocorridas na morfologia original, decorrentes do processo de urbanização. No sentido metodológico apostou-se na adoção de propostas metodológicas distintas que resultou no refinamento do aparelhamento deste trabalho, sobretudo com vistas à máxima integração dos fatos geomorfológicos. Deste modo, propôs-se a organização da pesquisa a partir da associação dos trabalhos realizados por Ab’Sáber (1969), como base conceitual, e os trabalhos realizados por Rodrigues (2005) no sentido investigativo na Antropogeomorfologia, para fins de satisfazer a orientação metodológica para a pesquisa geográfica recomendada por Libault (1971) e adaptada por Ross (2010). Ainda no sentido metodológico destaca-se a importância do uso das técnicas de geoprocessamento, as quais se mostraram como uma ferramenta indispensável na análise integrada da representação dos fatos e fenômenos geográficos, possibilitando o processo de síntese das informações. A urbanização desenvolveu-se, fundamentalmente, sobre as formas de relevo que compõe a Depressão Periférica, inclusive nas planícies aluviais e cabeceiras de drenagem que, atrelado à fragilidade natural do substrato, composição dos solos, condições climáticas locais e tipo de cobertura vegetal, produzem derivações ambientais distintas das originais, intensificando e alterando a dinâmica dos processos superficial. As alterações significativas no modelado do relevo, decorrentes do processo de ocupação urbana, ocorreram principalmente a partir de intervenções estruturais realizadas sobretudo após os anos de 1960. Dentre as intervenções destacam-se as relacionadas à canalização e retificação do Arroio Cadena, corte e aterro, mineração, terraplanagem, pedreiras, lavras de material de empréstimo, as quais modificaram e originaram diferentes feições no modelado do relevo. Santa Maria, não sofreu grandes alterações como os grandes centros urbanos, no entanto, se analisadas em escala de detalhe é possível verificar que as alterações já concretizadas são inúmeras e devem ser consideradas. Observa-se um contrassenso estabelecido, de um lado, pelos investimentos públicos em habitação e saneamento e, de outro, pela a falta de controle do uso do solo, conforme preconizam os planos diretores e a regularização da atividade imobiliária, os quais propendem o interesse social, orientados por normas como o Estatuto da Cidade, o Código Estadual do Meio Ambiente, o Código de Posturas do Município e o Código de Obras e Edificações. / The history of the development of human society produced a differentiated space based on conflicting relations between society and nature. The result of this relationship is the geographic space, meaning the natural environment, organized, modified and transformed by human societies, through anthropic action. Such modifications are more visible in the cities. The occupation process and the consequent urban sprawl produce concrete reports that allow us to understand the priorities on occupation in the past, promoting the understanding of the current occupation of populations over the landforms. These evidences converge to the purpose of this work, which looks for answers to explain the contemporary urban morphology of the city, starting from the changes imposed on the original morphology, disturbed by anthropic action. Thus, this study aims to characterize the urban space occupation process of the city of Santa Maria, in the Brazilian State of Rio Grande do Sul, analyzing the urban sprawl development over distinct compartments, evidencing the changes and derivations that occurred with the original morphology, stemming from the urbanization process. In the methodological aspect, different methodological approaches were employed and their combination has refined the operationalization of this work, mainly aiming the maximum integration of geomorphological facts. Therefore, the research was organized from the association of the work of Ab'Sáber (1969) as a conceptual basis, and the work carried by Rodrigues (2005) in the investigative aspect in Anthropogeomorphology, for achieving the methodological guidance to geographic search as recommended by Libault (1971) and adapted by Ross (2010). Still regarding the methodological aspect, this dissertation highlights the importance of using geoprocessing, which revealed itself an indispensable tool in the integrated analysis of the representation of geographic facts and phenomena, allowing the synthesis of information. The urbanization evolved, basically, on the landforms that compose the Depressão Periférica, including the floodplains and the headwater, that - associated with natural substrate fragility, soil composition, climatic conditions and the kind of vegetation cover - produce environmental derivations that differs from the original characteristics, which intensifies and changes the dynamic of the processes on the surface . Significant changes in the landforms, resulting from urban occupation process, occurred mainly because of structural interventions performed especially after the 1960s. Among the interventions, one group stands out: those related to Arroio Cadena's plumbing and rectification, cut and fill, mining, earthmoving, quarrying, mining of borrow material, which modified and created different features in relief patterned. Santa Maria has not suffered significant changes as in the case of bigger urban centers, however it is possible to verify that the changes already made are numerous and must be considered, if analyzed in detail scale. There is an incongruity established, on the one hand, by public investment in housing and sanitation services, and on the other, by the lack of control of the use of the lands, as advocated in the urban plans and the regulation of real estate activity, which are focused on social interest, guided by laws such as the City Statute, the State Environmental Code, the Municipal Code and the and Building Code.

Accessibility is a gateway to accessing opportunities or service sites, i.e., grocery shopping, healthcare and jobs and it has been used as a proxy to measure inequalities. The equity, in travel time or distance, to accessing of these services is vital to ensure high accessibility hence providing equality. Population increase leading to urban sprawl affects accessibility in the absence of prudent residential spatial planning and transport systems and infrastructure. Urban sprawl creates a distance between populations and centres of services such as grocery stores. This promotes the growth of car-dependency to accessing these services that are not easily reachable by non-motorised transport of walking and biking.This thesis measures accessibility to grocery stores by comparing the travel time of populations in the four neighbourhoods, of Ålidhem, Tomtebo, Carlshem and Sofiehem, by walking and biking. The measuring is done by using the ArcGIS Network Analyst to create and build a single-modal network dataset of pedestrian and bike lanes in the study area. Accessibility to grocery stores is measured using the service areas created based on the grocery store location and it highlights all the accessible streets from the centre within a time impedance. Afterwards, the populations are aggregated in each service area of each neighbourhood to compare the time difference of accessibility to a grocery store.With distance decay effects, the walking time distance restricts accessibility to grocery stores to a limited population in the neighbourhoods. The bike time distance, however, increased the residents in the study area who can access the grocery stores. The new location for a Coop grocery store provides the highest accessibility to grocery stores compared to the Ålidhem Centre grocery store.From the results of the analysis, the bike travel is the most equitable hence equal mode of active transport for all the four neighbourhoods. / <p>The best time to build walk and cycle paths was 20 years ago. The second best time is now! This publication is my first and very close to my heart as it shows how land use and transport are related to reduce travel times and also promote more non-motorised transport usage. </p>

Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-04-10T16:08:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Santana Santosseg.pdf: 11132826 bytes, checksum: 2ea8d1c335a229b535da6973b7d64c90 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-04-13T19:51:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Santana Santosseg.pdf: 11132826 bytes, checksum: 2ea8d1c335a229b535da6973b7d64c90 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-04-13T19:51:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carlos Santana Santosseg.pdf: 11132826 bytes, checksum: 2ea8d1c335a229b535da6973b7d64c90 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Com o acelerado processo de expansão urbana, o conjunto da vegetação natural contido nas grandes cidades vem sofrendo, a cada ano, significativas reduções. Em Salvador, os remanescentes de vegetação natural foram drasticamente reduzidos e em algumas áreas do município a floresta urbana é completamente ausente. Atualmente a maior parte destas se encontra em áreas da cidade protegida pelo poder público. A área de estudo abriga um dos últimos remanescentes florestais de grande porte em propriedade particular no município de Salvador. Inserida entre as regiões Administrativas de Itapuã (RA X) e Pau da Lima (RA XIII) é recortada transversalmente por uma das mais importantes avenidas de Salvador, a Av. Luis Viana Filho. Sofre intensa pressão por ocupação, tanto por parte de movimentos populares, quanto por pelo capital imobiliário. É neste cenário que o presente trabalho objetiva mensurar os impactos da expansão urbana frente aos remanescentes florestais, nos períodos de 1989 – 2002 – 2006. O programa de geoprocessamento ArcView versão 3.3 foi escolhido para o desenvolvimento do trabalho. Fotos aéreas da área de estudo foram digitalizadas e georreferenciadas para posterior composição de um fotomosaico. O programa de geoprocessamento permitiu a delimitação de ilhas de vegetação sobre as fotos digitalizadas. Esta operação foi feita para todos os mosaicos de imagem nos períodos estudados. Para uma melhor classificação dos fragmentos e uma análise mais detalhada do objeto de estudo foi realizada uma subdivisão da área estudada. Assim, foram criadas as sub-áreas Nordeste, Noroeste e Sul. Uma vez encerrada a fotointerpretação, as feições foram classificadas e conferidas nos três períodos estudados. Os dados referentes à área e à classificação das tipologias foram sistematizados em um banco de dados para posterior análise. Por fim, os mapas resultantes da classificação foram elaborados, de forma a auxiliar na análise da evolução urbana nos períodos pré-estabelecidos. O cenário atual da área de estudo é de constante transformação, onde tem ocorrido uma rápida conversão dos remanescentes florestais e áreas úmidas para ambiente construído. Em 17 anos, a área urbanizada contida na poligonal em estudo aumentou em 12,42 % no período compreendido entre os anos de 1989 a 2006, ao passo que as áreas de remanescentes florestais recuaram 11,41 %. Em termos absolutos, no intervalo temporal total (1989 a 2002) foram perdidos 247 hectares de floresta ombrófila densa, dos quais 115 hectares em estágio médio e 132 hectares em estágio inicial. Na totalidade do intervalo temporal avaliado, a tipologia que apresentou maior retração na área estudada foi a floresta Ombrófila em Estágio inicial, com uma taxa de decréscimo de 7,8 hectares ao ano (ha/ano). / Salvador

A história do desenvolvimento das sociedades humanas produziu um espaço diferenciado a partir das relações conflitantes entre sociedade e natureza. O resultado dessa relação é o espaço geográfico, ou seja, o meio natural ocupado, organizado, modificado e transformado pelas sociedades humanas, através ação antrópica, sendo nas cidades, onde essas modificações se mostram de maneira mais visível. A ocupação e a consequente expansão urbana deixa relatos concretos que permitem a compreensão das preferências pretéritas de ocupação, favorecendo o entendimento da atual ocupação das populações sobre as formas de relevo. Essas evidências vão ao encontro do intento deste trabalho, que busca respostas para explicar a morfologia contemporânea urbana da cidade a partir das alterações impostas na morfologia original, perturbada pela ação antrópica. Desta maneira, este estudo tem como objetivo caracterizar o processo de ocupação do espaço urbano da cidade de Santa Maria – RS, avaliando o desenvolvimento da mancha urbana sobre os distintos compartimentos, evidenciando as alterações e derivações ocorridas na morfologia original, decorrentes do processo de urbanização. No sentido metodológico apostou-se na adoção de propostas metodológicas distintas que resultou no refinamento do aparelhamento deste trabalho, sobretudo com vistas à máxima integração dos fatos geomorfológicos. Deste modo, propôs-se a organização da pesquisa a partir da associação dos trabalhos realizados por Ab’Sáber (1969), como base conceitual, e os trabalhos realizados por Rodrigues (2005) no sentido investigativo na Antropogeomorfologia, para fins de satisfazer a orientação metodológica para a pesquisa geográfica recomendada por Libault (1971) e adaptada por Ross (2010). Ainda no sentido metodológico destaca-se a importância do uso das técnicas de geoprocessamento, as quais se mostraram como uma ferramenta indispensável na análise integrada da representação dos fatos e fenômenos geográficos, possibilitando o processo de síntese das informações. A urbanização desenvolveu-se, fundamentalmente, sobre as formas de relevo que compõe a Depressão Periférica, inclusive nas planícies aluviais e cabeceiras de drenagem que, atrelado à fragilidade natural do substrato, composição dos solos, condições climáticas locais e tipo de cobertura vegetal, produzem derivações ambientais distintas das originais, intensificando e alterando a dinâmica dos processos superficial. As alterações significativas no modelado do relevo, decorrentes do processo de ocupação urbana, ocorreram principalmente a partir de intervenções estruturais realizadas sobretudo após os anos de 1960. Dentre as intervenções destacam-se as relacionadas à canalização e retificação do Arroio Cadena, corte e aterro, mineração, terraplanagem, pedreiras, lavras de material de empréstimo, as quais modificaram e originaram diferentes feições no modelado do relevo. Santa Maria, não sofreu grandes alterações como os grandes centros urbanos, no entanto, se analisadas em escala de detalhe é possível verificar que as alterações já concretizadas são inúmeras e devem ser consideradas. Observa-se um contrassenso estabelecido, de um lado, pelos investimentos públicos em habitação e saneamento e, de outro, pela a falta de controle do uso do solo, conforme preconizam os planos diretores e a regularização da atividade imobiliária, os quais propendem o interesse social, orientados por normas como o Estatuto da Cidade, o Código Estadual do Meio Ambiente, o Código de Posturas do Município e o Código de Obras e Edificações. / The history of the development of human society produced a differentiated space based on conflicting relations between society and nature. The result of this relationship is the geographic space, meaning the natural environment, organized, modified and transformed by human societies, through anthropic action. Such modifications are more visible in the cities. The occupation process and the consequent urban sprawl produce concrete reports that allow us to understand the priorities on occupation in the past, promoting the understanding of the current occupation of populations over the landforms. These evidences converge to the purpose of this work, which looks for answers to explain the contemporary urban morphology of the city, starting from the changes imposed on the original morphology, disturbed by anthropic action. Thus, this study aims to characterize the urban space occupation process of the city of Santa Maria, in the Brazilian State of Rio Grande do Sul, analyzing the urban sprawl development over distinct compartments, evidencing the changes and derivations that occurred with the original morphology, stemming from the urbanization process. In the methodological aspect, different methodological approaches were employed and their combination has refined the operationalization of this work, mainly aiming the maximum integration of geomorphological facts. Therefore, the research was organized from the association of the work of Ab'Sáber (1969) as a conceptual basis, and the work carried by Rodrigues (2005) in the investigative aspect in Anthropogeomorphology, for achieving the methodological guidance to geographic search as recommended by Libault (1971) and adapted by Ross (2010). Still regarding the methodological aspect, this dissertation highlights the importance of using geoprocessing, which revealed itself an indispensable tool in the integrated analysis of the representation of geographic facts and phenomena, allowing the synthesis of information. The urbanization evolved, basically, on the landforms that compose the Depressão Periférica, including the floodplains and the headwater, that - associated with natural substrate fragility, soil composition, climatic conditions and the kind of vegetation cover - produce environmental derivations that differs from the original characteristics, which intensifies and changes the dynamic of the processes on the surface . Significant changes in the landforms, resulting from urban occupation process, occurred mainly because of structural interventions performed especially after the 1960s. Among the interventions, one group stands out: those related to Arroio Cadena's plumbing and rectification, cut and fill, mining, earthmoving, quarrying, mining of borrow material, which modified and created different features in relief patterned. Santa Maria has not suffered significant changes as in the case of bigger urban centers, however it is possible to verify that the changes already made are numerous and must be considered, if analyzed in detail scale. There is an incongruity established, on the one hand, by public investment in housing and sanitation services, and on the other, by the lack of control of the use of the lands, as advocated in the urban plans and the regulation of real estate activity, which are focused on social interest, guided by laws such as the City Statute, the State Environmental Code, the Municipal Code and the and Building Code.