Coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equations (CNLS) govern many physical phenomena, such as nonlinear optics and Bose-Einstein condensates. For their wide applications, many studies have been carried out by physicists, mathematicians and engineers from different respects. In this dissertation, we focused on standing wave solutions, which are of particular interests for their relatively simple form and the important roles they play in studying other wave solutions. We studied the multiplicity of this type of solutions of CNLS via variational methods and bifurcation methods. Variational methods are useful tools for studying differential equations and systems of differential equations that possess the so-called variational structure. For such an equation or system, a weak solution can be found through finding the critical point of a corresponding energy functional. If this equation or system is also invariant under a certain symmetric group, multiple solutions are often expected. In this work, an integer-valued function that measures symmetries of CNLS was used to determine critical values. Besides variational methods, bifurcation methods may also be used to find solutions of a differential equation or system, if some trivial solution branch exists and the system is degenerate somewhere on this branch. If local bifurcations exist, then new solutions can be found in a neighborhood of each bifurcation point. If global bifurcation branches exist, then there is a continuous solution branch emanating from each bifurcation point. We consider two types of CNLS. First, for a fully symmetric system, we introduce a new index and use it to construct a sequence of critical energy levels. Using variational methods and the symmetric structure, we prove that there is at least one solution on each one of these critical energy levels. Second, we study the bifurcation phenomena of a two-equation asymmetric system. All these bifurcations take place with respect to a positive solution branch that is already known. The locations of the bifurcation points are determined through an equation of a coupling parameter. A few nonexistence results of positive solutions are also given

This study wished to compare the same physiological responses of elite athletes to a typical intermediate term anaerobic capacity track running session with those of standing cycling of similar intensity and duration. Twelve well trained/elite male distance runners completed maximal running, standing cycling and strength testing sessions; and Intermediate Term Anaerobic Capacity Sessions (ITACS) in running and standing cycling; each comprising eight efforts of approximately 30 seconds duration at 90% maximal effort in each mode of activity, separated by 2 minutes rest. The experimental sessions took place from the end of November 1996 to the beginning of March 1997. The subjects were required to attend three maximal experimental sessions, which were performed on separate days and used for baseline data collection. On completing these they participated in both running and standing cycling ITACS, performed on separate days with at least 48 hours between each test protocol. There was complete randomisation of all test protocols. Descriptive statistics were determined for all the variables. Independent t-testing was used to determine if similar temperature and humidity readings were obtained during the maximal testing for each mode of activity. Paired t-testing was used to compare the differences in warmup heart rates between the maximal and ITACS, the differences in peak lactates obtained after each type of ITACS, draw comparisons between heart rate (HR) changes over time during the ITACS and determine if a difference existed between workloads for the two modes of activity. It was also used to draw a comparison between the peak BLa values and ascertain if pre-test creatine kinase (CK) levels were the same for each mode of activity. A repeated measures one way ANOVA was used to determine if workload reduced over time for each type of ITACS. A three way ANOVA with repeated measures on one factor (repetition) was performed on HR response. It was used to determine if there was a difference between the workload/recovery HR response; if workload/recovery HR values increased over the duration of each ITACS; and if the workload/recovery HR response over time was mode specific. A two way ANOVA with repeated measures on one factor (repetition) was performed on blood lactate (BLa) response. It was used to determine if there was a significant interaction between the mode of activity and time, if BLa increased over the duration of each ITACS and if there was an effect of mode on its own on the BLa response. A two way repeated measures ANOVA was used to ascertain whether there was a difference in CK levels between the two modes of activity, with Tukey's multiple comparison tests used in post hoc analyses to show the amount of difference. A linear regression analysis was performed to determine if BLa response was similar across the duration of each type of ITACS. The effects of temperature (22.3 ± 1.2 vs 21.1 ± 0.3 °C, run vs cycle, t = -0.94, n = 12, p = 0.36)) and humidity (57 ±4.2 vs 52 ± 1.7%, run versus cycle, t = -1.04, n = 12, p = 0.31) did not influence any of the results obtained during the ITACS. Nor did differing warmup intensities (as indicated by heart rate - HR) during the maximal (160 ± 5.7 vs 158 ± 3.1 beats per minute (bpm), run vs cycle, t = - 0.45, n = 9, p = 0.66) and ITACS (160 ± 3.6 vs 152 ± 3.1 bpm, run vs cycle, t = -2.81, n = 9, p = 0.02). An equal test preparation was confirmed by the warmup blood lactate (BLa) levels, which were not significantly different between the exercise modes for both the maximal (11.0 ±0.6 vs 11.8 ± 1.0 mmol-l1, run vs cycle, t = 2.26, ii n = 10, p =0.23) and ITACS (4.2 ± 0.7 vs 4.2 ± 0.6 mmol-1 ', run vs cycle, t = 0.27, n = 10, p = 0.796). A significantly higher workload was achieved during the running ITACS as compared to the standing cycling ITACS (105 ± 1.1 vs 89 ±2.9 %, run vs cycle, t = 10.45, n = 12, p<0.0005). The increase in workload/recovery HR response and their changes as each type of ITACS progressed was not mode specific [F(l,40) = 0.94, p > 0.05]. Those subjects who possessed high BLa concentrations performed less work on the cycle ergometer. There was a strong negative relationship for average workloads and BLa accumulation for the standing cycling exercise (Spearmans rho = -0.799, n = 11, p<0.005) suggesting that BLa accumulation was a limiting factor in work production. The increase in BLa levels was not mode specific F(l,20) = 1.36, p > 0.05]. The BLa response was comparatively similar because the rate of increase in BLa accumulation and peak BLa values (19.7 vs 16.9 mmol-l'1, cycle vs run, t = 2.1, n = 11, p = 0.06) were not significantly different between the modes of activity. Mode in conjunction with time affected standing cycling BLa response to a greater extent than running BLa levels [F(4.80) =3.929, p <. 0.05]. Standing cycling BLa concentrations were significantly negatively correlated with knee extension peak torque (Spearmans rho = - 0.771, n = 11, p < 0.01) and total work (Spearmans rho = - 0.802, n = 11, p < 0.01) measurements. In running they were negatively correlated with knee flexion total work measurements (Spearman rho = - 0.685, n = 11, p < 0.05) These findings suggest that BLa accumulation occurs from different muscle fibre recruitment patterns. Less work was performed in isokinetic knee extension following standing cycling as compared to running (2234 ± 68.4 vs 2462 ± 78.9 Nm, t = 2.23, n = 11, p < 0.05) suggesting that standing cycling is more fatiguing on the quadriceps than running. There was no difference in the knee flexion testing (1799 ± 89.6 vs 1785 ± 69.2, cycle vs run, t = 2.23, n = 11, p = 0.96). There was a significant difference in mean creatine kinase (CK) activity between the two modes 24 hours after completing the ITACS (450 ± 73.2 vs 320 ± 46.5 I/U, running vs cycle, F = 6.44, df = 1,17, p < 0.01). There was a significantly greater increase in CK activity and therefore muscle damage, following the running (mean increase of 190 I/U) as compared to the standing cycling session (mean increase of 44.0 I/U). In terms of reducing the risk of injury, achieving a similar cardiovascular response and achieving comparable BLa accumulation (even though mechanism/s of accumulation may be different) standing cycling appears to be is a satisfactory substitute for running during an ITACS. The results of this research strengthen the concept of utilising a simulated mode of activity as a substitute for the primary activity in order to maximise transfer effects, providing there is a careful balance between the specific training and the near specific training. The differing physiological responses between the exercise modes (ie- different muscle fibre recruitment patterns, different workload capacity, different CK measures) suggest that standing cycling cannot act as a total/comprehensive replacement for running. A training study is warranted to further investigate the findings of this research.

This research essay examines the emergence and development of the Joint Standing Committee on Foreign Affairs, Defence and Trade and its attempts to influence foreign policy. Established as the Joint Committee on Foreign Affairs in 1952, it was the first committee to have a specific portfolio alignment. The purpose of the committee was to ensure that a considerable number of parliamentarians could become informed about foreign affairs issues. The establishment of a committee for such a purpose was surprising in that proponents of parliamentary reform at that tune were strongly advocating that a comprehensive system of committees be created for the purposes of financial scrutiny of government expenditure and consideration of legislation. Against this background it is interesting that the new committee was not given - and indeed showed no intention of assuming - the role of scrutinising the activities of the Department of External (and later, Foreign) Affairs. It is also interesting that Prime Minister Robert Menzies instigated the committee despite the fact that the government - and particularly the Minister for External Affairs R G Casey - feared the committee might go beyond its terms of reference and attempt to exert influence on government policy. Consequently the government imposed severe restrictions on the committee's activities which resulted in the Opposition steadfastly refusing to participate in the work of the committee for 15 years. Once some of these restrictions were removed, the committee began to operate as a bipartisan committee in 1967 and promptly set about attempting to influence government policy in foreign affairs. Casey's worst fears were realised. Over the years the brief of the committee expanded into the areas of defence and trade. Eleven of the committee's reports address significant defence issues and since 1987 the committee has conducted extensive inquiries into trade matters. For the purposes of this research essay however I have focused on the development of the committee's interest and influence in the area of foreign affairs. Chapter One of this essay describes the background of parliamentary reform which resulted in the establishment of a comprehensive system of committees within the Australian Parliament. Against this background the emergence of the Joint Committee on Foreign Affairs is outlined in Chapter Two. Chapter Three identifies the major trends in the work of the committee while Chapter Four examines the influence and some of the mechanisms through which the committee has exerted pressure on foreign affairs policy. The conclusions of my research are addressed in Chapter Five. This research essay is based on an analysis of official committee documents which address foreign affairs issues from 1967 to the present. The major sources for the essay therefore are the reports of the committee, government responses to those reports and parliamentary debates. Other works consulted include academic journals and monographs. I have also gained numerous insights into the powers and limitations of committees through informal discussions with members of various committees and colleagues. To these people I am indebted for their thoughtful and provocative remarks. In particular I thank Professor John Halligan of the University of Canberra for his assistance and encouragement in bringing this research essay to its conclusion.

Genetic research has increasing power to analyse old biological remains. Biological traces of well-known historical persons can reveal personal information. The aim of this thesis is to investigate ethical concerns for the dead, within the biological, historical and archaeological sciences. In philosophy there is a long-running discussion on whether or not the dead can be wronged. The good name is proposed as a candidate of a posthumous interest. It is first of all argued that slandering per se can be wrong regardless of posthumous wronging of the dead. Secondly, the concept of change is investigated. It is argued that the property of having a reputation is a relational property. Hence a change in public opinion of a dead person, is also a change in the dead person’s reputation. The third contribution of this thesis is a constructive proposal for how a posthumous identity could be understood using narrative theory. Understanding identity through the life-story opens up the possibility of a gradual loss of identity after death, rather than absolute loss at the moment of death. Fragments of a person‘s narrative identity can persist in other peoples’ narratives, and for some historical persons, their narratives can be found long after their death. Finally, the implications of a remaining narrative identity for the dead are investigated in the area of archaeology and museumology. In the past 30 years, there has been increasing critique about present and past discriminatory handling of old human remains by archaeologists, in museums and in other institutions. Increasing numbers of requests have been made for repatriation or reburial of old human remains. Following an analysis of three current ethical guidelines in handling old human remains, changes to these guidelines are proposed based on a narrative method to a hypothetical claim of reburial.

The question of how to create communities where people altruistically care for, and look out for each other’s health and well-being is increasingly a central question in academic literature. However, altruism has long been belittled or ignored in the literature in terms of its ability to influence human behaviour. This tendency appears to have been carried over into the management of West Nile Virus (WNV), a sometimes serious disease that has spread throughout North America since first arriving in 1999. Specifically, government health educators have focused only on telling the public how what are referred to here as Community Protective Measures (CPMs) such as the elimination of standing water, can reduce personal risk or protect family members from the disease, rather than explaining how these measures can help protect others in their community as a whole. As a different approach to addressing this issue, this study sought to determine which communities and people (1) were undertaking CPMs out of an altruistic concern for others in their community, or (2) could be encouraged to engage in CPMs by making salient the benefits of these measures to the community. Study results came back positive, those that live in urban areas, and married or widowed people as opposed to singles or divorcees, those with children exhibiting significantly more concern for others about the disease. Additionally, women; married or widowed people; those who have younger children (0-18 years old); and those who had certain strong positive feelings about their community, namely knowing people better in the community, being involved in the community, and having a sense that people help each other in the community; were significantly more likely to already be willing to take action against the disease at least partly for the purposes of protecting the health of others. Additionally, albeit not significantly, a trend was noted in this regard with respect to those that rented and those who had children.. With regard to those who could be encouraged for altruistic reasons to undertake CPMs, such was found to be significantly the case for those not living in an Adult Lifestyle Communities (ALCs); those living in a city, town, or hamlet for a long (11-25 years) period of time; younger individuals (18 -35 years old), and singles or divorcees as opposed to married or widowed individuals. Although not found to be significant, a trend in this regard was found with respect to those that perceived themselves to live in a small- or medium-sized neighbourhoods, urban as opposed to suburban areas, females, renters, and those without children. A pilot study in a community with the characteristics where respondents were found to respond to learning about the community benefits of CPMs, as well as efforts to instill the characteristics of places where people already tend to be altruistically inclined, is recommended. The thesis concludes by discussing how relying upon, and encouraging altruistic tendencies could be applied to a variety of issues ranging from the control of other infectious diseases, to encouraging other health promoting behaviour such as the donation of organs, to addressing wider national as well as global matters like poverty or global climate change. By doing so, health and other planners could potentially take a more holistic, less rational, and advocacy approach to planning that seeks to build community capacity to deal with problems rather than reacting on a problem-by-problem basis.

This Master Thesis examines the possibility to apply a magnetometer developed by the Ångstöm space technology center to a small magnetic ground penetrating radar system with dimension in the order of one dm³. The magnetometer is broadband (DC-1GHz) and miniaturized. Loop antennas are used to transmit the signal.    A series of experiments have been performed in order to characterize the system, mainly examining the ability to determine distance to a target, using continuous sine wave signals and pulse trains. Standing wave patterns are formed between antenna and target and can be used for determining distance in the continuous case. When using a pulse train, the echo from the target could not be resolved using the current experiment set up, distance could therefore not be determined.

The question of how to create communities where people altruistically care for, and look out for each other’s health and well-being is increasingly a central question in academic literature. However, altruism has long been belittled or ignored in the literature in terms of its ability to influence human behaviour. This tendency appears to have been carried over into the management of West Nile Virus (WNV), a sometimes serious disease that has spread throughout North America since first arriving in 1999. Specifically, government health educators have focused only on telling the public how what are referred to here as Community Protective Measures (CPMs) such as the elimination of standing water, can reduce personal risk or protect family members from the disease, rather than explaining how these measures can help protect others in their community as a whole. As a different approach to addressing this issue, this study sought to determine which communities and people (1) were undertaking CPMs out of an altruistic concern for others in their community, or (2) could be encouraged to engage in CPMs by making salient the benefits of these measures to the community. Study results came back positive, those that live in urban areas, and married or widowed people as opposed to singles or divorcees, those with children exhibiting significantly more concern for others about the disease. Additionally, women; married or widowed people; those who have younger children (0-18 years old); and those who had certain strong positive feelings about their community, namely knowing people better in the community, being involved in the community, and having a sense that people help each other in the community; were significantly more likely to already be willing to take action against the disease at least partly for the purposes of protecting the health of others. Additionally, albeit not significantly, a trend was noted in this regard with respect to those that rented and those who had children.. With regard to those who could be encouraged for altruistic reasons to undertake CPMs, such was found to be significantly the case for those not living in an Adult Lifestyle Communities (ALCs); those living in a city, town, or hamlet for a long (11-25 years) period of time; younger individuals (18 -35 years old), and singles or divorcees as opposed to married or widowed individuals. Although not found to be significant, a trend in this regard was found with respect to those that perceived themselves to live in a small- or medium-sized neighbourhoods, urban as opposed to suburban areas, females, renters, and those without children. A pilot study in a community with the characteristics where respondents were found to respond to learning about the community benefits of CPMs, as well as efforts to instill the characteristics of places where people already tend to be altruistically inclined, is recommended. The thesis concludes by discussing how relying upon, and encouraging altruistic tendencies could be applied to a variety of issues ranging from the control of other infectious diseases, to encouraging other health promoting behaviour such as the donation of organs, to addressing wider national as well as global matters like poverty or global climate change. By doing so, health and other planners could potentially take a more holistic, less rational, and advocacy approach to planning that seeks to build community capacity to deal with problems rather than reacting on a problem-by-problem basis.

The real phenomena of sea surface are interacting by much kind of different waves.In these phenomena, the gravity standing wave is most important. The gravity standing wave is formed by two progressive waves that possessing same properties but opposite directions. Gravity standing wave can also form by the interaction of a progressive wave with it¡¦s totally reflection wave. Because of the nonlinear interaction of two waves, there must result a double-crest phenomenon of wave pressure. It is dangerous for the navigation of ship when the double-crest appears, and it¡¦s certainly to take the phenomenon into consideration when we are going to design a jetty. In this paper, it bases on the reference of Chen (1989, 1990) who obtained a third-order approximation of two-wave trains interactions in a uniform depth wave field. Further, in this paper, it checks the result that the double-crest phenomenon is formed by which one of these nonlinear terms. Furthermore, research the influences of wave steepness, wave periods, and water depths these factors will cause the crest diverges is also the purpose.

This thesis examines the luminescence properties of nanoscale silicon (Si) by using spectroscopic techniques. Since the development of new optical devices requires understanding light emission mechanism optical spectroscopy has become more important tool in the analysis of these structures. In this thesis, Si nanocrystals embedded in SiO2 matrix will be studied. Photoluminescence (PL) and Time-resolved photoluminescence spectroscopy (TRPL) have been used to detect the light emission in UV-Vis-NIR range. Experiments have been performed in the temperature range 10-300 K. PL is sensitive to impurities and defects that affect materials quality and device performance. In this context, the role of defects in limiting the luminescence of Si nanocrystals and the removal of these defects by hydrogen passivation has been investigated. v TRPL was employed to determine the time evolution of photoluminescence as function of temperature. The decay time of the PL spectra was determined by a stretched exponential function and perfectly fitted to an expression based on three excitonic levels. Carrier lifetimes associated with these three levels were determined and compared with literature. Additionally, temporal variation of PL from free-standing Si nanoparticles is studied under a strong laser illumination. The observed bleaching behavior (time dependent emission intensity), which is reversible, have discussed in terms of exciton trapping at the interface between nanocrystal and the surrounding oxide layer. The results of this thesis will provide new insight on the understanding of light emission mechanism of Si nanocrytals.

BAKGRUND: Ishockey är en stor idrott med över 80000 aktiva spelare i Sverige. SYFTE: Syftet med denna studie var att fastställa huruvida det finns korrelation mellan tester rekommenderade av Svenska Ishockeyförbundet och prestationsförmåga på is. Vidare skulle testresultaten ställas i relation till antropometriska värden. METOD: Studiepopulationen rekryterades från hockeylag i division I. Testerna 1RM knäböj, stående längdhopp samt sergants jump utfördes enligt Svenska Ishockeyförbundets rekommenderade förfarande. Prestationsförmåga på is mättes genom 17 m sprintlopp. Korrelationen mellan testerna och prestation på is beräknades med pearsons korrelationskoeffecient. P&lt;0.05 betraktades som signifikant. RESULTAT: Totalt rekryterades 34 ishockeyspelare från division 1 (100 % män, medel ± SD: ålder 22,7 ±2.24 år; vikt 85,3 ±6,4 kg; längd 182 ±6 cm). Av utförda tester var det endast 1RM knäböj/kroppsvikt-ratiot som med statistisk signifikans visades korrelera med prestationsförmågan på is (r=0,389, p=0,049). Övriga tester uppvisade ingen statistisk signifikans. SLUTSATS: Studiens resultat pekar mot att det finns en svag statistiskt signifikant korrelation mellan 1RM knäböj/kroppsvikt-ratio och sprintförmåga på is. Knäböj/kroppsvikt-ratiot svarar dock endast för en liten del av prestationsförmågan på is, varvid knäböjens starka position som grundövning utanför isen bör ifrågasättas. / BACKGROUND: Ice hockey is a large sport with over 80000 active players in Sweden. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to determine whether there are correlations between tests recommended by the Swedish Ice Hockey Federation and on-ice performance. The results were also to be examined in relation to antropometric values. METHOD: The studypopulation was recruited from Swedish tier-III teams. The 1RM squat, standing long jump sand sergants jump were performed as described by the Swedish Ice Hockey Federations guidelines. On-ice performance was measured by a 17m sprint. The correlation between off- and on-ice tests were calculated using pearsons correlation coefficient. Statistical significance was set to P&lt;0.05. RESULTS: Thirtyfour male ice hockey players from Swedish tier-III were recruited for the study (100% men, mean ± SD: age 22,7 ±2.24 years; weight 85,3 ±6,4 kg; length 182 ±6 cm). Out of the performed tests only 1RM squat/bodywight-ratio showed a statistical significant correlation to on-ice performance (r=0,389, p=0,049). The other tests did not show statistical significance. CONCLUSION: The results points towards a weak statistical significant correlation between 1RM squat/bodywight-ratio and on-ice sprinting ability. The 1RM squat/bodyweight-ratio however explained a small portion of on-ice performance, hence the squats strong position as basic exercise off-ice should be questioned.