Parmi tous les thèmes explorés par la Préhistoire, le mégalithisme constitue un volet à part entière de l'histoire des peuples préhistoriques. Au sein des multiples manifestations mégalithiques dans le monde, la thématique des pierres dressées est l'une des plus obscures. Pour cette raison, l'étude de ce phénomène est relativement délicate. La forte disparité des données disponibles ne constitue toutefois pas une limite essentielle à l'élaboration de synthèses régionales sur le phénomène. Le phénomène mégalithique des pierres dressées de l'aire corso-sarde est le sujet d'un intérêt croissant depuis le XIXe siècle. Les recherches les plus récentes effectuées sur le sujet en Corse et en Sardaigne témoignent de modifications importantes des approches et des méthodes d'analyse. Le présent travail peut être partiellement placé dans la lignée de ces nouvelles approches. L'analyse de ce phénomène en Corse et en Sardaigne requérait l'appréhension de tous les contextes archéologiques (habitats et sépultures) d'un point de vue géographique, c'est-à-dire l'étude des territoires préhistoriques et protohistoriques. Les liens existants entre les pierres dressées et les sociétés de « constructeurs mégalithiques » constituent l'une des clés de la compréhension de ce type de pratiques. Les aspects territoriaux des pierres dressées et par extension du mégalithisme constituent un des éléments les plus importants des questionnements actuels. La présente thèse propose donc d'aborder le phénomène des pierres dressées selon divers points de vue inter-sécants : territorial, environnemental et chrono-culturel. / Among the themes explored by Prehistory, megalithism is a full-fledged part of the history of prehistoric peoples. Among the multiple megalithic events in the world, the theme of standing stones is one of the most obscure. For this reason, the study of this phenomenon is relatively delicate. The large disparity of available data, however, is not an essential limit to the development of regional syntheses of the phenomenon. The megalithic phenomenon of standing stones of the Corsica and Sardinia area is the subject of an increasing interest since the nineteenth century. The latest researches done on the subject in Corsica and Sardinia demonstrate significant changes in approaches and methods of analysis. This work can be partially placed in line with these new approaches. The analysis of this phenomenon in Corsica and Sardinia required the apprehension of all archaeological contexts (settlements and funeral sites) from a geographical point of view, that is to say the study of prehistoric and protohistoric territories. The existing links between the standing stones and the megalithic builders' communities are one of the keys to understanding this type of practice. The territorial aspects of standing stones and by extension of megalitism are one of the most important actual questions. This thesis proposes to approach the standing stones phenomenon from different intersecting points of view: territorial, environmental and chrono-cultural. To do this, a specific methodology has been developed through the complementary association of Cartesian and Systemic precepts.

Title: Differences in postural activity during quiet standing when breathing abdominally. Aim and purpose: Aim of this study was to examine the effects of abdominal breathing on selected muscles and stability during quiet standing to find empirical evidence if it can reduce the strain and change the activity pattern, which erect standing demands from the muscles. Methods and materials: This thesis begins with an introduction to theoretical part in which we gathered all the already existing and written information needed to form the knowledge base for our experiment. Continuing in 9th chapter, methodology and experiment procedure are described where we measured muscle activity using surface EMG and to monitor changes in stability we used force- plate for posturography where only linear parameters were acquired. Both devices were used simultaneously while the subject was in quiet stance for a period of 90 seconds. Results: Results shown decrease in most of the muscles, with a higher increase in body sway in medio- lateral than in antero-posterior direction. Signal didn't change to a more distinct wave-like pattern of rhythmic oscillations, as we had thought it would. Keywords: Posture, quiet standing, abdominal breathing, diaphragm, system interrelation, EMG, posturography

In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden Wachstum und Entwicklung von 10 Schilfklonen (Phragmites australis) verglichen, um die genotypische Determinierung verschiedener Eigenschaften sowie den Einfluss der Standortfaktoren auf diese Eigenschaften zu untersuchen. Dabei sollen Aussagen zum Bestehen unterschiedlicher Ökotypen beim Schilf abgeleitet werden. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten auf sechs Pflanzfeldern, die im Rahmen von Renaturierungsmaßnahmen an den Ufern der Berliner Gewässer Seddinsee, Langer See und Havel im Frühjahr 1995 angelegt wurden. Die Anpflanzung erfolgt am Land, das Schilf wuchs in das Wasser vor. Die Herkunftsorte der Schilfklone unterschieden sich in der Nährstoffversorgung, der Substratqualität und der Exposition. Die Ergebnisse ließen deutliche Unterschiede in der Morphometrie der Halme (Halmlänge, Halmdurchmesser, Blattfläche pro Halm), der Halmbiomasse und der Balance zwischen Halmdichten und Halmlängen (bzw. Trockenmassen) zwischen den einzelnen Schilfklonen erkennen. Da dies beim Wachstum unter vergleichbaren Standortbedingungen gefunden wurde, kann eine genotypische Determinierung dieser Eigenschaften vermutet werden. Es konnte ebenfalls ein starker Einfluss der Umwelt auf das Wachstum des Schilfs festgestellt werden. Allgemein waren die Wachstumsbedingungen im Wasser deutlich besser als am Land. Die höchsten Halmbiomassen der einzelnen Schilfklone wurden daher im Wasser erreicht (zwischen 0,7 und 2,1 kg Trockenmasse pro m²), während die Werte am Land geringer waren (zwischen 0,6 und 1,0 kg/m²). Obwohl sich die Schilfklone an ihren ursprünglichen Standorten deutlich in den Stickstoffgehalten der Halme unterschieden, ergaben sich auf den Pflanzungen keine Unterschiede zwischen ihnen. Im Gegensatz dazu lagen die N-Werte bei jedem Schilfklon im Wasser erheblich höher als am Land. Dies lässt folgern, dass die Stickstoffgehalte der Halme in erster Linie vom Stickstoff-Angebot am jeweiligen Standort abhängen. Insgesamt deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass die Schilfklone genotypische Unterschiede in verschiedenen Merkmalen aufweisen können. Eine mögliche Nutzung zu einer Verbesserung des Erfolges von Pflanzmaßnahmen wird diskutiert. / In this study, growth and development of 10 reed clones (Phragmites australis) were compared to investigate genetically determined differences in various characteristics as well as the influence of site conditions on these characteristics. In addition, conclusions on the existence of different ecotypes were to be drawn. The study was performed on six experimental fields, established for shore renaturation on the lakes Seddinsee, Langer See and on the river Havel in Berlin in spring 1995. The plantations were established ashore, the reed expanded into the water. The sites of origin of the clones differed in nutrient supply, substrate quality and shore exposition. The results showed distinct differences between the individual reed clones regarding the morphometrics of the shoots (shoot length, culm diameter, leaf area per shoot), standing crop and the trade-off between shoot length (or dry matter) and shoot density. The fact that these results were found with clones that had grown under comparable site conditions seems to suggest a genotypic determination of these characteristics. A strong influence of the environment on the growth of the reed could also be deserved. In general, the conditions for growth were better in water than ashore. The highest standing crops of the individual reed clones were reached in water (between 0.7 and 2.1 kg drymatter pro m²), while the values ashore were lower (between 0.6 and 1.0 kg/m²). Although the reed clones at their original sites were clearly different in the nitrogen content of shoots, no differences were observed on the experimental fields. In contrast, the N-values of each clone were higher in water than ashore. This suggests that the nitrogen content of the shoots depends primarily on the nitrogen availability at the specific site. The results overall suggest that reed clones could exhibit genetically determined differences in various characteristics. A possible practical use to increase the efficiency of further reed plantations is discussed.

This thesis is divided into two main parts-theoretical and practical part. In the theoretical part I occupy myself with the essence of the financial analysis, methods of the financial analysis, bankruptcy models, models of financial standing and methods of intercompany comparison. The practical part is concentrated on the processing of the financial analysis of dm-drogerie markt, s. r. o. in the years 2008-2010 and on the comparison with competitors in the same branch-ROSSMANN, spol. s r. o. and SCHLECKER, a. s. in the same period. For the comparison I used ratio indicators, bankruptcy models (Altman Z-score, IN95), financial standing models (Kralicek Quick Test, Aspect Global Rating)), method of sequence, spider analysis. At the conclusion I evaluate all three companies with respect to their financial situation and with respect to their position on the drugstore market.

American Indian author Susan Power’s novel The Grass Dancer is often categorized as magical realism, yet Power has stated the novel is a representation of her reality and that it is not a magical realist text. The term magical realism was first applied to the work of Latin American authors such as Gabriel García Márquez whose writing depicts magical events in a matter-of-fact narrative tone. It has since expanded to include other cultures. The question is whether it is a term that can readily be applied to the literary work of all cultures. The closest Wendy B. Faris, one of the most prominent experts on magical realism, comes to discussing the term in relation to the work of American Indian authors is by simply acknowledging Ojibwe writer Louise Erdrich’s label as a magical realist author. In order to aid Power in her rejection of the association, I delve into both her Dakota heritage and her life through the lens of biographical criticism in order to obtain a working image of her reality. By locating and examining the seeds of truth in her fiction, I explain the magical qualities of her novel in a rational and logical manner.

本研究從我國立法院中院會與常設委員會之間政黨組成結構的角度出發，試圖探討兩者之間組成差異的程度以及方向對於法條審查所造成的影響。本文假設委員會與院會之間的政黨組成差異若越大，則委員會對於法案的審查結果在院會遭到修正的情況將越為明顯。研究結果顯示，在第三屆中政黨組成差異比例越大的委員會，其審查通過的法條在院會所遭到的修正程度越小，而院會多數黨若在審查委員會席次過半，則有助於減緩審查通過的條文在院會遭到修正的情況。另一方面，由於委員會組成方式改變導致院會與委員會之間的組成依政黨比例為原則，因此第六屆的部分在研究中主要僅提供參考，其中政黨組成差異比例與多數黨是否在委員會中過半皆並不對法條審查造成任何影響，而將兩屆資料合併分析則是如同第三屆所呈現的結果。換言之，本文對於院會與委員會政黨組成差異對於法案修正影響的研究假設並未能得到經驗上的支持。 / This research takes its departure from observing different percentage of party constitution between floor and standing committees in Legislative Yuan, and tries to examine how the difference affects the process and consequence of bill amendments. The main hypothesis of this research is that higher different percentage of party constitution will result in higher degree of bill amendment on the floor. Empirical evidence shows that in the third term, higher different percentage of party constitution in a committee results in lower degree of floor amendment. Nevertheless, when the majority party comes to enjoy more than a majority in a committee, lower degree of bill amendments is found. On the other hand, because the method to compose committees changed, the proportion of parties in floor and committees was similar in the sixth term. So, the data of the sixth term is just for reference; the different percentage of party constitution and majority party’s seat advantage in committees do not impact the extent of floor amendments. The combination of the third and sixth term also shows the same result with the third term. In other words, the hypothesis regarding different percentage of party constitution is not supported by empirical data.

<p>Försvarsmakten får fler och svårare uppgifter att lösa i framtiden. Internationella insatser blir en allt större del av Försvarsmaktens verksamhet. Konflikterna i insatsområdena är komplexa och kräver att Försvarsmakten har välutbildade officerare och soldater. Samtidigt strävar Försvarsmakten efter att ha förband redo att sättas in och genomföra insats på kort varsel. Detta har medfört att Försvarsmakten i framtiden kommer rekrytera soldater på frivillig grund och det innebär att värnplikten avskaffas. De blir en del av ett stående förband, där motivationen att lösa uppgift är hög. För att kunna rekrytera soldater till förbanden krävs att utbildningen som bedrivs har en hög kvalité, är utvecklande och utmanande för soldaten. Ovan presenterade förutsättningar bidrar till, enligt min mening, att kraven på den som utbildar rimligtvis borde förändras. Syftet, med uppsatsen, är att undersöka vilka krav det, i framtiden,kommer ställas på utbildaren som skall utbilda kontraktsanställda soldater? Undersökningen grundar sig i officerares syn på de nuvarande och framtida kraven på utbildaren. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att kraven på stridsutbildning, i allt väsenligt, kommer se likadant ut. Där kravet på personlig färdighet blir allt viktigare. Däremot kommer krav kopplat till ledarskap och förhållningssätt ändras jämfört med tidigare. Bland annat tror officerare att skapa förtroende och vara ett föredöme i utbildningen är viktigt, för att motivera soldaterna till att utvecklas.</p> / <p>The Swedish Armed Forces gets more task and more difficult problems to solve in the future. International efforts are becoming an increasingly larger part of The Armed Forces activities. The conflicts in the areas of action are complex and require that the Armed Forces have well trained officers and soldiers. At the same time The Armed Forces strive to have units ready to deploy and implement an effort on short notice. This has led to The Armed Forces in the future will recruit soldiers on a voluntary basis and that the compulsory military service will be abolished. The soldiers become part of a standing unit, where the motivation to solve the task is high. In order to recruit soldiers for the troops required that the training will have a high quality, is evolving and challenging for the soldier. The above-presented conditions contribute to, in my opinion that the requirements of the person who educate and train ought to change. The purpose of this paper is to investigate what the requirements, in the future, will be on the trainer to train contracted soldiers? The study is based on officer’s view of the current and future requirements for the trainer. The results of the survey show that the requirements for the combat training, in all inextricably, will be the same. Where the requirement of personal skills are important. However, the requirements related to leadership and attitude will change compared to earlier. Among other things, officers believe that building confidence and be a model of education is important, to motivate the soldiers to be developed.</p>

Försvarsmakten får fler och svårare uppgifter att lösa i framtiden. Internationella insatser blir en allt större del av Försvarsmaktens verksamhet. Konflikterna i insatsområdena är komplexa och kräver att Försvarsmakten har välutbildade officerare och soldater. Samtidigt strävar Försvarsmakten efter att ha förband redo att sättas in och genomföra insats på kort varsel. Detta har medfört att Försvarsmakten i framtiden kommer rekrytera soldater på frivillig grund och det innebär att värnplikten avskaffas. De blir en del av ett stående förband, där motivationen att lösa uppgift är hög. För att kunna rekrytera soldater till förbanden krävs att utbildningen som bedrivs har en hög kvalité, är utvecklande och utmanande för soldaten. Ovan presenterade förutsättningar bidrar till, enligt min mening, att kraven på den som utbildar rimligtvis borde förändras. Syftet, med uppsatsen, är att undersöka vilka krav det, i framtiden,kommer ställas på utbildaren som skall utbilda kontraktsanställda soldater? Undersökningen grundar sig i officerares syn på de nuvarande och framtida kraven på utbildaren. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att kraven på stridsutbildning, i allt väsenligt, kommer se likadant ut. Där kravet på personlig färdighet blir allt viktigare. Däremot kommer krav kopplat till ledarskap och förhållningssätt ändras jämfört med tidigare. Bland annat tror officerare att skapa förtroende och vara ett föredöme i utbildningen är viktigt, för att motivera soldaterna till att utvecklas. / The Swedish Armed Forces gets more task and more difficult problems to solve in the future. International efforts are becoming an increasingly larger part of The Armed Forces activities. The conflicts in the areas of action are complex and require that the Armed Forces have well trained officers and soldiers. At the same time The Armed Forces strive to have units ready to deploy and implement an effort on short notice. This has led to The Armed Forces in the future will recruit soldiers on a voluntary basis and that the compulsory military service will be abolished. The soldiers become part of a standing unit, where the motivation to solve the task is high. In order to recruit soldiers for the troops required that the training will have a high quality, is evolving and challenging for the soldier. The above-presented conditions contribute to, in my opinion that the requirements of the person who educate and train ought to change. The purpose of this paper is to investigate what the requirements, in the future, will be on the trainer to train contracted soldiers? The study is based on officer’s view of the current and future requirements for the trainer. The results of the survey show that the requirements for the combat training, in all inextricably, will be the same. Where the requirement of personal skills are important. However, the requirements related to leadership and attitude will change compared to earlier. Among other things, officers believe that building confidence and be a model of education is important, to motivate the soldiers to be developed.

No description available.

In this thesis, we present a new continuously variable high frequency standing wave oscillator and demonstrate its use in generating the phase locked clock signal of a digital IC. The ring based standing wave resonant oscillator is implemented with a plurality of wires connected in a mobius configuration, with a cross coupled inverter pair connected across the wires. The oscillation frequency can be modulated by coarse and fine tuning. Coarse modification is achieved by altering the number of wires in the ring that participate in the oscillation, by driving a digital word to a set of passgates which are connected to each wire in the ring. Fine tuning of the oscillation frequency is achieved by varying the body bias voltage of both the PMOS transistors in the cross coupled inverter pair which sustains the oscillations in the resonant ring. We validated our PLL design in a 90nm process technology. 3D parasitic RLCs for our oscillator ring were extracted with skin effect accounted for. Our PLL provides a frequency locking range from 6 GHz to 9 GHz, with a center frequency of 7.5 GHz. The oscillator alone consumes about 25 mW of power, and the complete PLL consumes a power of 28.5 mW. The observed jitter of the PLL is 2.56 percent. These numbers are significant improvements over the prior art in standing wave based PLLs.