This paper is an investigation into a quantitative selection process of either a mechanical or electrical system architecture for the transmission of propulsion power in naval combatant vessels. A database of historical naval ship characteristics was statistically analyzed to determine if there were any predominant ship parameters that could be used to predict whether a ship should be designed with a mechanical power transmission system or an electric one. A Principal Component Analysis was performed to determine the minimum number of dimensions required to define the relationship between the propulsion transmission architecture and the independent variables. Combining the results of the statistical analysis and the PCA, neural networks were trained and tested to separately predict the transmission architecture or the installed electrical generation capacity of a given class of naval combatant.

This thesis presents a number of GIS based landscape analyses that together aim to explore aspects of the social development in Iron Age Västmanland, central Sweden. From a perspective where nature and culture are seen as integrated in the landscape, differences in the relations to the physical landscape are interpreted as reflecting social organisation. Thus, hydrological modelling of watersheds is used for understanding the development of territories and regions that are recognisable in the outlay of the medieval hundare districts. Statistical modelling of burial grounds together with variables describing their situation in the landscape is used to calculate an estimated chronology for sites that have not yet been excavated. This information is used to analyse differences in how the setting in the landscape can tell of different trends in claims to land and property rights. An extensive renegotiation of property rights is suggested to have taken place after climatic catastrophe in AD 536 and the years after. This is interpreted as having caused a substantial population decline in parts of Scandinavia. The social development after this includes an increasingly stratified social hierarchy in the Late Iron Age, which is reflected in the construction of grave monuments. New GIS methods for analysing how to interpret the perception of different locations of the landscape, in terms of local topography and soil are discussed in relation to this.   How to make the best use of large datasets of archaeological information in combination with other sources of geographical information is a central theme. Geographically Weighted Regression is used to predicting the representativity of the registry of graves for the whole landscape. It is suggested that the increasing availability of archaeological information in digital format, together with new analytical techniques has the potential to introduce fruitful new research perspectives. This will make it increasingly rewarding to work with the large amount of data produced from rescue archaeology, and it is important that this information is managed in a structured manner. / Appendices see http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-111310

The thesis is focused on testing of the cutting tools for machining on five axis machine tools and possibility of implementation of designed experiments in this area. The theoretical section focuses attention on analysis of specific features during five axis machining, including chip cross section and particularity of tool testing under high speed cutting conditions with consideration of dynamic stability of cutting tools. In the thesis force loading of the tool is discussed as well as its measurement process, considering force development caused by tool wear and data analysis. Description of designed experiment and its application to the area of tool testing is included as well. All theoretical predictions are followed by experimental verifying by extensive number of experimental tests, including evaluation of cutting tool condition, influence of hard coatings on cutting power of the tools, etc. For each of testing conditions are designed specific methods of processing of gathered data as well as evaluation of power of the cutting tools. Gathered data were processed by means of statistical evaluation and by statistical methods of designed experiments. The thesis contains also the extensive number of records and analysis, documented by means of light microscopy as well as electron microscopy.

Tous les systèmes biologiques sont formés d’atomes et de molécules qui interagissent et dont émergent des propriétés subtiles et complexes. Par ces interactions, les organismes vivants peuvent subvenir à toutes leurs fonctions vitales. Ces propriétés apparaissent dans tous les systèmes biologiques à des niveaux différents, du niveau des molécules et gènes jusqu’aux niveau des cellules et tissus. Ces dernières années, les physiciens se sont impliqués dans la compréhension de ces aspects particulièrement intrigants, en particulier en étudiant les systèmes vivants dans le cadre de la théorie des réseaux, théorie qui offre des outils d’analyse très puissants. Il est possible aujourd’hui d’identifier deux classes d’approches qui sont utilisée pour étudier ces types de systèmes complexes : les méthodes directes de modélisation et les approches inverses d’inférence. Dans cette thèse, mon travail est basé sur les deux types d’approches appliquées à trois niveaux de systèmes biologiques. Dans la première partie de la thèse, je me concentre sur les premières étapes du développement des tissus biologiques des plantes. Je propose un nouveau modèle pour comprendre la dynamique collective des transporteurs de l’hormone auxine et qui permet la croissance non-homogène des tissu dans l’espace et le temps. Dans la deuxième partie de la thèse, j’analyse comment l’évolution contraint la diversité́ de séquence des protéines tout en conservant leur fonction dans différents organismes. En particulier, je propose une nouvelle méthode pour inférer les sites essentiels pour la fonction ou la structure de protéines à partir d’un ensemble de séquences biologiques. Finalement, dans la troisième partie de la thèse, je travaille au niveau cellulaire et étudie les réseaux de signalisation associés à l’auxine. Dans ce contexte, je reformule un modèle préexistant et propose une nouvelle technique qui permet de définir et d’étudier la réponse du système aux signaux externes pour des topologies de réseaux différentes. J’exploite ce cadre théorique pour identifier le rôle fonctionnel de différentes topologies dans ces systèmes. / All biological systems are made of atoms and molecules interacting in a non- trivial manner. Such non-trivial interactions induce complex behaviours allow- ing organisms to fulfill all their vital functions. These features can be found in all biological systems at different levels, from molecules and genes up to cells and tissues. In the past few decades, physicists have been paying much attention to these intriguing aspects by framing them in network approaches for which a number of theoretical methods offer many powerful ways to tackle systemic problems. At least two different ways of approaching these challenges may be considered: direct modeling methods and approaches based on inverse methods. In the context of this thesis, we made use of both methods to study three different problems occurring on three different biological scales. In the first part of the thesis, we mainly deal with the very early stages of tissue development in plants. We propose a model aimed at understanding which features drive the spontaneous collective behaviour in space and time of PINs, the transporters which pump the phytohormone auxin out of cells. In the second part of the thesis, we focus instead on the structural properties of proteins. In particular we ask how conservation of protein function across different organ- isms constrains the evolution of protein sequences and their diversity. Hereby we propose a new method to extract the sequence positions most relevant for protein function. Finally, in the third part, we study intracellular molecular networks that implement auxin signaling in plants. In this context, and using extensions of a previously published model, we examine how network structure affects network function. The comparison of different network topologies provides insights into the role of different modules and of a negative feedback loop in particular. Our introduction of the dynamical response function allows us to characterize the systemic properties of the auxin signaling when external stimuli are applied.

A absorção é a etapa determinante da recuperação de acetona no Filter Tow, por reduzir a emissão de acetona e trazer melhorias à economia. Por isso, ela constitui o objeto deste estudo, que inclui desde a revisão dos conceitos fenomenológicos, considerando a escolha do melhor modelo de equilíbrio líquido-vapor, passando pela execução dos balanços coerentes de massa e o estabelecimento da Fotografia da situação original, relatando um caso complexo de transposição de pratos para recheios. Contudo, a operação das colunas de absorção é influenciada por outras variáveis de caráter desconhecido, ruídos em relação à fenomenologia, o que se pretende avaliar, justificando-se desenvolver estudo para avaliar seus efeitos. Com o objetivo geral de otimizar absorção, uma análise estatística foi executada a partir do levantamento de dados operacionais, utilizando todas suas variáveis, sejam as fenomenológicas, como os ruídos, com o objetivo específico de obter modelos empíricos que complementem as simulações fenomenológicas, aumentando sua abrangência. Para a execução da análise estatística, os conjuntos de dados históricos foram levantados e validados pelos balanços coerentes de massa e pela Fotografia, o que tornou possível sua evolução, desde a seleção das variáveis, até estabelecer os modelos de regressão, com os quais pode-se obter um novo modo de controle, que estabiliza a operação, possibilitando a otimização. Em termos ambientais, a utilização destes modelos resulta em redução de até 15% das perdas de acetona para o ambiente, como também de consumo energético, com uma economia da ordem de 1 milhão de reais por ano, sem quaisquer custos adicionais. / Absorption is the key step of the acetone recovery at Filter Tow production, for reducing the acetone emission and improving economics. For this reason it is the subject of this study, including the revision of phenomenological concepts, considering the choice of the best vapor liquid equilibrium model, passing by the improvement of coherent mass balances and establishing the Photography of the original situation, detailing a complex case of transposition of sieve trays to structured packing. However, the operation of the absorption columns is influenced by other variables, with unknown impacts, noises in relation to the phenomenology, justifying the development of this study, for evaluating them. With the general objective of optimizing the absorption, a statistical analysis is performed from collecting operating data, considering all variables, phenomenological and noises, with the specific objective of getting empirical models complementing the phenomenological simulations, increasing their comprising. For performing the statistical analysis sets of historical data have been collected and validated by coherent mass balances and the Photography, making possible its evolution, from the selection of the variables till establishing the regression models, and with them getting a new control way, which stabilizes the operation, allowing the optimization. In environmental terms, the use of these models results in up to 15% decrease in acetone losses to the environment, as well as power consumption with a saving of approximately 1 million reais per year, without any additional costs.

Der Pendelsensor “Crop-Meter” misst indirekt die oberirdische Biomasse von Getreide, um Stickstoffdünger (N) teilflächenspezifisch auf heterogenen Ackerflächen auszubringen. In On-Farm-Versuchen wurde eine variable N-Düngung mit „Crop-Meter“ gegenüber der praxisüblichen, einheitlichen N-Düngung in Wintergetreide getestet. Im Gegensatz zur klassischen Anlage von Parzellenversuchen war eine Bestandsheterogenität zum Sensoreinsatz im Getreide ausdrücklich gefordert. Prüfmerkmal war der Kornertrag. Auf Grund der georeferenzierten Ertragskartierung lagen die somit pseudo-wiederholten Daten vermutlich räumlich autokorreliert vor. Daher wurden zwei Ansätze zur statistischen Analyse gewählt. Im ersten Ansatz wurden die Ertragsdaten auf Basis der Biomasse post-stratifiziert, um die Biomassevariabilität einzugrenzen. In jedem Stratum wurden Autokorrelationsmodelle für die Residuen (räumliche Modelle) mit der Annahme nicht korrelierter Residuen (Nullmodell) verglichen. Stets wurden räumliche Modelle als beste statistische Modelle ausgewählt. Im Gegensatz zu den Nullmodellen waren die Ertragsdifferenzen räumlicher Modelle sehr häufig nicht signifikant. Dieses Ergebnis wurde auch durch verschiedene Stratifikationen und N-Einsparungen nicht verändert. Im zweiten Ansatz wurde jeweils der gesamte Ertragsdatensatz eines Versuchs zusätzlich zu den räumlichen Modellen mit Kovariablen (Trendmodelle) modelliert. Für jeden Versuch wurden individuell verschiedene Kombinationen aus Trend- und räumlichen Modellen selektiert. Die meisten Mittelwertdifferenzen waren trotz N-Reduktion in den variablen Varianten nicht signifikant (7…24 kg N ha-1). Diese Ansätze bilden eine Grundlage zur Ableitung fundierter Auswertungsmethoden von On-Farm-Versuchen mit georeferenzierten Daten. / A pendulum sensor (Crop-Meter) measures cereal aboveground biomass in order to apply nitrogen (N) fertilizers site-specifically on heterogeneous agricultural fields. In on-farm trials, common N application practice (constant) was compared to site-specific (variable) N application with the sensor to assess grain yields as response. Unlike the classic design of small-plot trials, cereal crop heterogeneity was explicitly desired to use the Crop-Meter. Simultaneously, spatial yield data provided pseudo-replications and possible autocorrelation. Therefore, two approaches were selected for statistical analysis. In the first approach, yield data were post-stratified on the basis of biomass measures to confine total biomass variability. For each stratum, spatial co-variance structures were assumed for residuals (spatial models) opposed to the assumption of non-correlated residuals (null model). Spatial models were selected as best statistical models. Very often, yield differences were not significant when selecting spatial models in contrast to null models. However, this was not due to different stratifications and stratum-dependent N savings. In the second approach, trend models were fitted for total yield datasets with covariates in addition to spatial models. For each on-farm trial, distinct combinations of trend and spatial models were selected. Most mean differences were not significant despite site-specific N reduction (7…24 kg N ha-1). These approaches provide basics to derive profound methods for analysis of on-farm trials with spatial data.

Essa tese tem como objetivo o desenvolvimento de métricas para a mensuração dos fatores determinantes da competitividade da economia de países. Parte-se de uma noção estrutural e sistêmica da competitividade, baseada nos estudos de autores relacionados à teoria evolucionária do desenvolvimento econômico, para conceituar competitividade nacional como uma capacidade de os países gerarem competências que darão suporte a seu processo competitivo dinâmico. O debate sobre a criação de métricas de competitividade nacional vem sendo travado nas ciências econômicas e de gestão, e indicam a necessidade de incorporar a mensuração de fatores relacionados à dinâmica da competição no mercado internacional e, principalmente, seus determinantes. Dessa forma, esse trabalho se insere no debate sobre a dinâmica da competitividade nacional baseada em competências para a emergência de vantagens competitivas nas economias nacionais e setores industriais. A proposta aqui desenvolvida consiste na construção de um painel de métricas de indicadores organizado em dimensões de fatores que afetam o desenvolvimento de competências nos países. Metodologias de análise estatística multivariada de dados serão utilizadas para a análise dos dados e, por fim, análises comparativas baseadas em correlações canônicas serão feitas para testar sua validade. / This thesis aims to develop metrics to measure the determinants of competitiveness of national economies. It is based on a structural and systemic notion of competitiveness, based on the studies of authors related to the evolutionary theory of economic development, to conceptualize national competitiveness as the capacity of countries to generate capabilities that will support its dynamic competitive process. The debate on the creation of national competitiveness metrics has been caught in fields of economics and management, and indicates the need to incorporate the measurement of factors related to the dynamics of competition in the international market and especially its determinants. Thus, this work is part of the debate on the dynamics of national competitiveness based on capabilities for the emergence of competitive advantages in the domestic and industrial sectors of economies. The proposal developed here involves the construction of a spreadsheet of indicators organized into dimensions of factors that affect the development of capabilities for competitiveness in countries. Multivariate statistical methods are used to analyze the data and finally comparative analysis based on canonical correlations are made to test their validity. s, multivariate statistical analysis.

Nous nous proposons d’étudier, dans cette thèse, une question essentielle et relativement peu traitée dans les recherches françaises en sciences de l’éducation, elle concerne la genèse des acquisitions des élèves et leur évolution au cours de la scolarité. En nous appuierons sur la mobilisation des données longitudinales (panel 1997) ainsi que sur la mise en œuvre d'une expérimentation musicale à l'école maternelle, nous chercherons à répondre à ces questions : Comment se structurent et évoluent les premiers apprentissages des élèves dans le contexte scolaire et socioéconomique ? En quoi les capacités cognitives des élèves ont un impact sur leurs performances scolaires ? Est-ce que des activités spécifiques peuvent avoir un effet positif sur les compétences scolaires, via un accroissement des capacités cognitives ? Des analyses implicatives menées sur les données du panel ont mis en évidence la hiérarchisation des compétences des élèves et l’importance des capacités cognitives sur leur rendement scolaire. La revue de littérature regorge d’exemples probants qui attestent qu’il est possible d’accroitre les performances scolaires des élèves en développant certaines de ces capacités cognitives, et que la musique est un outil particulièrement efficace en ce sens. Nous avons donc cherché à tester empiriquement l’impact de la musique sur les capacités cognitives et sur les performances scolaires des élèves en effectuant une recherche expérimentale. Elle repose sur une méthodologie robuste qui garanti la validité des résultats qui en sont issus. Si les résultats des analyses de différence de différences, confirmés par les modèles de réponse à l’item, sont peu concluants quant à l’impact de la musique sur les progressions des capacités cognitives, nous avons montré et vérifié via le modèle d’Heckman que le traitement expérimental a un effet sur les performances scolaires des élèves. / We propose to study in this thesis, a key issue and relatively little discussed in the French research in educational sciences, it concerns the genesis of pupil learning and their evolution during the tuition. We mobilize a longitudinal data (Panel 1997) and the results of a musical experimentation in kindergarten to answer to these questions: How are structured the first acquisitions of pupils and how is it linked to the school context and socio-economic variables? How the cognitive abilities of students affect their academic performance? Are specific activities can improve academic skills through an increase in cognitive abilities? Implicative analysis conducted on panel data has revealed a hierarchical structure of students' skills and the importance of cognitive skills on academic performance. The review of the literature demonstrates that it is possible to increase the academic performance of students by developing some of these cognitive abilities, and that music is a particularly effective tool in this sense. Therefore, we sought to empirically test the impact of music on cognitive ability and academic performance of students by our experimental research. It relies on a robust methodology which guarantees the validity of results derived from it. The result of difference in differences analyzes, confirmed by item response theory, is inconclusive for the impact of music on the progression of cognitive abilities. However, we have shown and verified via Heckman model that the experimental treatment has an effect on the academic performance of pupils.

Ce manuscrit présente les travaux de recherche réalisés au cours de ma thèse, dont le but est de développer des algorithmes de correction d'erreurs dans un décodage numérique d'images et d'assurer un haut niveau de la qualité visuelle des images décodées. Nous avons utilisé des techniques d'analyse statistique pour détecter et dissimuler les artefacts. Une boucle de contrôle de la qualité est implémentée afin de surveiller et de corriger la qualité visuelle de l'image. Le manuscrit comprend six chapitres. Le premier chapitre présente les principales méthodes d'évaluation de la qualité des images trouvées dans l'état de l'art et introduit notre proposition. Cette proposition est en fait un outil de mesure de la qualité des vidéos (OMQV) qui utilise le système visuel humain pour indiquer la qualité visuelle d'une vidéo (ou d'une image). Trois modèles d'OMQV sont conçus. Ils sont basés sur la classification, les réseaux de neurones artificiels et la régression non linéaire, et sont développés dans le deuxième, troisième et quatrième chapitre respectivement. Le cinquièmechapitre présente quelques techniques de dissimulation d'artefacts présents dans l'état de l'art. Le sixième et dernier chapitre utilise les résultats des quatre premiers chapitres pour mettre au point un algorithme de correction d'erreurs dans les images. La démonstration considère uniquement les artefacts flou et bruit et s'appuie sur le filtre de Wiener, optimisé sur le critère du minimum linéaire local de l'erreur quadratique moyenne. Les résultats sont présentés et discutés afin de montrer comment l'OMQV améliore les performances de l'algorithme mis en œuvre pour la dissimulation des artefacts. / This report presents the research conducted during my PhD, which aims to develop an efficient algorithm for correcting errors in a digital image decoding process and ensure a high level of visual quality of decoded images. Statistical analysis techniques are studied to detect and conceal the artefacts. A control loop is implemented for the monitoring of image visual quality. The manuscript consists in six chapters. The first chapter presents the principal state of art image quality assessment methods and introduces our proposal. This proposal consists in a video quality measurement tool (VQMT) using the Human Visual System to indicate the visual quality of a video (or an image). Three statistical learning models of VQMT are designed. They are based on classification, artificial neural networks and non-linear regression and are developed in the second, third and fourth chapter respectively. The fifth chapter presents the principal state of art image error concealment technics. The latter chapter uses the results of the four former chapters to design an algorithm for error concealment in images. The demonstration considers blur and noise artefacts and is based on the Wiener filter optimized on the criterion of local linear minimum mean square error. The results are presented and discussed to show how the VQMT improves the performances of the implemented algorithm for error concealment.

INTRODUÇÃO: Indicadores de qualidade em terapia nutricional (IQTN) são importantes ferramentas de avaliação e monitoramento de qualidade da terapia nutricional (TN). No Brasil, além da escassez de recursos humanos e materiais, a aplicação dos IQTNs,disponíveis para prática clínica, tem sido limitada devido ao seu elevado número. O presente estudo procurou identificar os dezIQTNs mais pontuados, dentre aqueles disponíveis no Brasil, através da avaliação da opinião de especialistas em TN. MÉTODOS: Todos os IQTNs disponíveis para aplicação clínica no Brasil (n=36) foram avaliados em duas fases distintas. Na fase 1 (seleção), especialistas em TN (n=26) pontuaramos IQTNs de acordo com quatro atributos (utilidade, simplicidade, objetividade, e baixo custo), utilizando a escala de Likert com 5 pontos. Os IQTNs foram classificadosem ordem da maior para menor pontuação e a confiabilidade da opinião de especialistas para cada indicador foi avaliada poralfa de Cronbach. Na fase 2, os dez IQTNs selecionados com maior pontuaçãoforam submetidos ànova análise dos especialistas, por meio de duas perguntas fechadas. RESULTADOS: Os dez IQTNs selecionadoscom maior pontuação, em ordem do mais para o menos pontuado, foram 1.) Frequência de realização de triagem nutricional em pacientes hospitalizados, 2.) Frequência de diarreia em pacientes em Terapia Nutricional Enteral, 3.) Frequência de saída inadvertida de sonda de nutrição em pacientes em Terapia Nutricional Enteral, 4.) Frequência de obstrução de sonda de nutrição em pacientes em Terapia Nutricional Enteral, 5.) Frequência de jejum digestório por mais de 24 horas em pacientes em Terapia Nutricional Enteral ou Oral, 6.) Frequência de pacientes com disfunção da glicemia em Terapia Nutricional Enteral e Parenteral, 7.) Frequência de medida ou estimativa do gasto energético e necessidades proteicas em pacientes em Terapia Nutricional, 8.) Frequência de infecção por Cateter Venoso Central em pacientes em Terapia Nutricional Parenteral, 9.) Frequência de conformidade de indicação da Terapia Nutricional Enteral, 10.) Frequência de aplicação de Avaliação Subjetiva Global (ASG) em pacientes em Terapia Nutricional. As opiniões dos especialistas entrevistados foram significantemente consistentes. Durante a fase 2, 96% dos especialistas informaram estar satisfeitos com os 10 IQTNs selecionados, e 100% manifestaram que esta seleção refletiu a mesma opinião anteriormente emitida,na primeira fase do estudo. CONCLUSÃO: A avaliação da opinião de especialistas em TN, com o uso de técnicas psicométricas e ferramentas estatísticas, possibilitou a identificação dedezIQTNsmais pontuados,com consistência e representatividade de opiniões entre eles.A redução do número de trinta e seis IQTNs para os dez presentemente identificados pode contribuir para sua aplicação clínica / BACKGROUND: Quality indicators in nutritional therapy (QINT) are central tools to evaluate and monitor the quality of nutritional therapy. In addition to the scarcity of human and material resources, the application of the QINT available for clinical practice in Brazil has been limited also due to its elevated number. This study attempted to identify the ten more scored QINT that suit in the clinical practice, among those available in Brazil, through evaluating experts in Nutritional Therapy (NT). METHODS: All the 36 available QINTs to the clinical application in Brazil were evaluated in two distinct phases. In the phase 1 (selection), 26 experts in NT rated the QINTs following four attributes (utility, simplicity, objectivity and low cost), on a 5- point Likert scale. The top 10 QINTs were identified from the top 10 scores; and the reliability of the experts opinion to each indicator were evaluated by Cronbachs alpha. In phase 2, the top 10 selected QINTs were subjected in a new experts analysis following two closed questions. RESULTS: The top 10 selected QINTs, from the biggest to the least scored order, were: 1) Frequency of carrying out nutrition screening of hospitalized patients, 2) Frequency of diarrhea in patients on Enteral Nutrition (EN), 3) Frequency of involuntary withdrawal of enteral feeding tubes, 4) Frequency of tube feeding occlusion in patients on EN, 5) Frequency of digestive fasting for more than 24 hours in patients on oral nutrition or EN, 6) Frequency of patients with glycemic dysfunction on NT, 7) Frequency of measurement or estimation of energy expenditure and protein needs in patients on NT, 8) Frequency of Central Venous Catheter infection in patients on Parenteral Nutrition, 9) Frequency of indication compliance of NT 10) Frequency of application of Subjective Global Assessment in patients on NT. The opinions of the experts interviewed were significantly consistent. During the phase 2, 96% of the experts were found to be satisfied with the top 10 selected QINTs, and 100% expressed that the selection of the top 10 QINTs interfered the same opinion in the first phase of the study. CONCLUSION: The evaluation of the experts opinion in NT using psychometrics techniques and statistical tools, allowed the identification of the 10 most scored QINTs, with good applicability in NT and representativeness of opinions among them. The reduction of QINT number from 36 to ten, may contribute to their clinical application