The purpose of this research is to evaluate the performance of the emerging stock markets in three regions. The regions chosen as our testing targets are Europe, The Middle East, and Asia. Performance for 2002 to 2004 will be compared to the U.S. stock market.

Asset securitization is one of the most important financial innovations recently. With an impressive growth in terms of volume of issuance, from almost zero to five trillion USD, in a period of 15-20 years, it is one of the most rapidly growing markets in the financial world. Yet, little is known about this, literally invisible market. Companies engage in asset securitization for a variety of reasons and numerous advantages and disadvantages of asset securitization can be found throughout the literature. Asset securitization has an impact on a number of stakeholder groups: shareholders, managers, employees, investors, the financial markets and ultimately the overall economy and society. Asset securitization is one of the reasons for the financial crisis that started in mid 2007. Since the recent financial turmoil, it became clear the asset securitization was the primary funding source for companies in the financial industry and it was the primary supplier of credit in developed economies. Because of its importance and impact, it is very important that we study the reasons, the motivations, the consequences and the effects from this so powerful financial innovation. And it is important to study it from as many different aspects as possible. Many questions surrounding asset securitization are unanswered and it is important to answer them sooner. This study investigates the wealth effects from asset securitization on the shareholders of the securitizing companies. We study whether the announcement about a pending securitization transaction has any impact on the stock price of the securitizing company. That way we can discover whether asset securitization creates wealth, destroys wealth or has no impact on wealth at all. Not many studies have been done on this topic so far. The existing seven studies are focused mainly on the US and the EU market and report contradicting results. In this study, for the first time, data from Australia is being used. The Australian securitization market is the second, single most active securitization market in the world, after the US market. We conduct quantitative analysis on a sample of 98 securitization transactions during the period 2000-2006. With this sample, we cover almost 29% of the number of securitization transactions during that period and almost 39% in terms of volume of issuance. To analyze the data we use standard event study methodology, common for this type of studies.    Our analysis reveals that investors in Australia do not perceive asset securitization favorably. Securitizing companies’ stock price decreases in the 10 days around the securitization announcement day, resulting in statistically significant wealth losses for the originating companies’ shareholders. Furthermore, the wealth losses are significant for less frequent securitizers, for securitizers that engage in small volume securitization transactions and for securitizing companies with low asset quality.    With this study we make theoretical and practical contribution. We lend empirical support to the previous theories and we help managers, shareholders and investors shape their forecasts.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to examine whether or not a winning performance within professional cycling influences the stock exchange. It looks at the impact a win has on a team’s main sponsor through the effect on said sponsor’s company stock price. Methodology: This study has a positivistic and deductive approach when testing the theory of market efficiency. It uses event study methodology to measure the effect of new information on a company’s stock price. The event period lasts from the last working day before the event to the first working day after the event. The study examined 99 winning performances in the UCI World Tour, from January 1, 2005, to April 30, 2016. Normal return before the event window was calculated from an estimation period of 250 working days. A T-test was used to assess if the results were significant. Results: The study found, based on the complete samples including all cycling races, that there is no significant effect on a main sponsor’s stock price. The Average Abnormal Return came out as 0,04 percent. 46 one day races were examined, resulting in an AAR of -0,1 percent. This means that there was no significant effect on the sponsor’s stock price. For the stage races, on the other hand, the 44 measurements resulted in an AAR of 0,38 percent with a positive 5 percent significance level. Nine measurements derived from the Grand Tours resulted in an AAR of -0,96 percent and a negative 5 percent significance level. Conclusions: The conclusion of this study is that there is no significant effect on the main team sponsor’s stock price, regardless of categorisation. While single day races generated no significant effect, the stage races did have a positive significant effect. Based on the study, The Grand Tour races resulted in a negative effect but the samples for this category were too few to draw a final conclusion from.

Thesis (MBA (Business Management))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this report is to investigate whether the returns of five different trading systems applied is able to outperform the return of a Buy & Hold (B&H) strategy when applied to the Johannesburg Stock Exchange/Financial Times Stock Exchange (JSE/FTSE) Top 40 Index future contract (ALSI). The study starts with an overview of theoretical and empirical studies regarding technical trading systems as well as the application of these technical trading systems in various strategy formats. Five common trading systems were selected for the test. They include the Volatility Channel, the Bollinger Channel Breakout, the Donchian Channel, the Dual Moving Average and the Triple Moving Average systems. The trading systems were applied in three different types of strategies. In the first test the systems were employed using randomly selected parameters to generate trading signals. In the second test the systems were optimised to select the parameters that would yield the most profitable returns over the test period. Finally in the third test a stop loss was added to the systems to investigate whether it would improve returns. In virtually all tests the systems outperformed the B&H approach. This was primarily due to the collapse of world financial markets in 2008 that caused the systems, which are all trend following by nature, to generate large returns. If it had not been for this event, the trend-following systems would all have underperformed the total return generated by the B&H strategy over the duration of the test period. The tests revealed that the selection of the parameters that generate the trade signals for the trading systems can drastically influence the profitability of a trading system. Furthermore the implementation of stop-loss strategies does not necessarily improve the return or drawdown that a system displays, as several of the systems were negatively influenced by the implementation of the stop-loss strategy. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie verslag is om te ondersoek of die opbrengs van vyf verskillende verhandelingstelsels die opbrengs van die Koop-en-Hou-strategie kan klop soos toegepas op die JSE/FTSE Top 40 Indeks termynkontrak (ALSI). Die studie begin met ’n oorsig oor teoretiese en empiriese studies oor tegniese verhandelingstelsels, asook die toepassing van hierdie tegniese stelsels in verskeie strategiese formate. Vyf algemene verhandelingstelsels is gekies vir die ondersoek, naamlik die Volatiliteitskanaal (Volatility Channel), die Bollinger Kanaal Uitbreek (Bollinger Channel Breakout), die Donchian Kanaal (Donchian Channel), die Tweeledige Bewegende Gemiddelde (Dual Moving Average) en die Drieledige Bewegende Gemiddelde (Triple Moving Average). Die stelsels is op drie verskillende tipes stategieë toegepas. In die eerste toets was die stelsels geïmplementeer deur lukraak gekose parameters te gebruik om verhandelingseine voort te bring. In die tweede toets was die stelsels geoptimaliseer deur die parameters te kies wat die mees winsgewende opbrengs oor die toetsperiode sou voortbring. In die derde toets was ’n staakverlies (stop loss) geïmplementeer om te ondersoek of dit die opbrengs sou verbeter. Feitlik al die toetse het getoon dat die verhandelingstelsels die Koop-en-Hou-benadering geklop het. Aangesien al die stelsels die algemene tendens in die mark volg, het hulle hoë opbrengste getoon hoofsaaklik as gevolg van die beermark wat die wêreld se finansiële markte in 2008 gekenmerk het. As hierdie gebeurtenis nie plaasgevind het nie, sou hierdie stelsels swakker gevaar het as die Koop-en-Hou-strategie gedurende die tydperk van die toetsperiode. Die toetse het aangedui dat die keuse van die parameters wat verhandelingseine vir die stelsels gegenereer het, die winsgewendheid van ’n verhandelingstelsel drasties kan beïnvloed. Die implementering van ’n staakverlies- (stop-loss) strategie verbeter nie noodwendig die opbrengs van ’n stelsel nie, aangesien verskeie stelsels negatief beïnvloed was deur die staakverlies-strategie.

隨著1997的亞洲金融風暴、1998下半年陸續發生的台灣上市公司財務危 機事件，以及2001年底美國大型公司企業弊案的層出不窮，除了一再地打擊投資人的信心，擾亂資本市場秩序外，也使投資者與證券主管機關體認到，完善的公司治理機制（corporate governance），是健全資本市場與吸引國際資金的關鍵因素之一。 公司組織的代理關係衍生出盈餘操縱與公司治理的相關問題，本研究在 第一個部分所欲探討的是公司治理的機制是否能抑制管理階層進行盈餘操 縱?另外，一般投資大眾所關心的是他們的投資標的是否為其帶來優異的報酬，而公司股價報酬率是否能提高，除了外在總體經濟的因素外，不外乎是公司本身的變數，因此本研究以董監事特性、經理人特性、關係人特性及股權結構四個構面之公司治理變數，以及盈餘操縱程度為控制變數，探討公司治理與投資人的股價報酬二者間之關係。 研究結果顯示：當董事長兼任總經理時，公司盈餘操縱程度較高。超額 關係人資金往來比例越高，盈餘操縱幅度越高。董事會規模越大，盈餘操縱程度越低。監察人總人數、董監事質押比例、控制權與盈餘分配權的偏離程度、董事會獨立程度、超額關係人進銷貨比例、機構投資人持股比例、大股東持股比例與盈餘操縱的幅度都沒有顯著相關性。 董事會規模與公司公司股價報酬率呈負相關。監察人總人數與公司股價 報酬率成正相關。董監事質押比率與公司股價報酬率呈負相關。董事會獨立程度與公司股價報酬率呈正相關。超額關係人進銷貨比例與股價報酬率呈正相關。控制權與盈餘分配權偏離程度、經理人是否由董事長兼任、超額關係人資金往來比例、機構投資人持股比例、外部大股東持股比例均與股價報酬率無顯著相關性。 / Along with Asia monetary crush in 1997, Taiwan business financial crisis happened one after another in 1998 and American large enterprise fraud cases appeared again and again in 2001, not only to beat investors’ confidence and to disturb capital market order, but also make investors and the authorities concerned recognize that a complete corporate governance mechanism is a key factor of healing capital market and attracting international capital. The agency relation of business organization derives problems about earnings manipulation and corporate governance. The first part of this research is want to discuss if corporate governance mechanism can restrain management level from manipulating earnings. The most concern of common investors is that whether their invest target can bring them well return. If we want to raise the stock-price return of a company, in addition to macro economic factors, the condition of business itself is really important. The second part of this research set broad characteristics, management characteristics, related party transaction and equity structure as research variables and earnings manipulation degree as control variables to discuss the relation between corporate governance and stock-price return. The result of the first portion of research shows that when CEO simultaneously serves as Chairman of the board and exceed-ratio of related party capital intercourse is higher, the firms have higher earnings manipulation. There is a negative relation between broad size and earnings manipulation. Total number of supervisors, the rate of directors’ and supervisors’shareholdings that are pledged, the deviation between cash-flow right and seating right, broad independence, exceed-ratio of related party purchase and sales, institutional investor holding rate, outside blockholders holding rate have no relation with earnings manipulation. The result of the second portion of research shows that total number of supervisors, broad independence and exceed-ratio of related party purchase and sales have positive relation with stock-price return. There is a negative relation between stock-price return and broad size and the rate of directors’ and supervisors’ shareholdings that are pledged. CEO simultaneously serves as Chairman of the board, the deviation between cash-flow rights and seating rights, exceed-ratio of related party capital intercourse, institutional investor holding rate, outside blockholders holding rate have no relation with stock-price return.

隨著國際競爭壓力增加及國內金融環境開放，國內企業運用併購策略已成為企業成長之重要方法。其中併購支付方式決策由於受到許多企業內外在因素左右，諸如稅法規定、法令限制、外部監督力量要求、企業的資本結構及股東結構等因素，而對企業財務結構及股價有重大影響，進而牽動併購的效益。本文乃欲檢驗併購支付方式的各項決定因素，以及支付方式對股價的效果，以供企業作為決策之參考。 本文之研究係以民國86年至95年間宣告併購的國內上市櫃企業為對象，同時排除行業性質特殊之金融業，以Logit模型及複迴歸模型從事實證模型分析。 本文研究議題有二： 一.探討影響併購支付模式之決定因素為何?本文以支付方式之虛擬變數為應變數，以每股現金流量等為自變數。 二.探討併購支付模式對公司股價之影響為何? 本文以累積異常報酬率為應變數，以支付方式之虛擬變數為自變數。 本研究實證結果發現，支付方式之決定因素方面，相對規模、併購地點、外資持股比例、併購宣告時間及負債權益比達到顯著水準。其中作為風險分攤因素之代理變數中負債權益比及相對規模之實證結果，均顯示與預期相符，即併購風險愈大，主併公司傾向選擇以股票支付，而併購地點卻與預期相反；另外資持股比例越高，傾向採現金支付，亦與預期相符。又併購宣告時間在企業併購法公布以後者，併購企業傾向採用股票支付。在支付方式對公司股價影響方面，實證結果雖與預期相符，即現金支付之累進異常報酬較股票支付方式佳，但其結果並不顯著。 / With the increasing pressure from international competition and opening domestic economic environment, the strategy to Business Combinations has become a more and more important way to promote enterprise and economy progress. The strategy of payment for Merger & Acquisition depends much on the various internal and external enterprise factors, and it has an significant impact on the capital structure of enterprises and the price of Stock. It also influences the effectiveness of merging. The present study was designed to investigate the possible deterministic factors of the mode of payment for Merger & Acquisition and how the mode of payment affected the price of stock, which might provide a good reference for planning enterprise strategies. The data were collected from the domestic enterprises which declared to merge other enterprises between 1997 and 2006. The financial industry with special marketing characteristics was excluded. The Logit and multiple linear regression models were used for the analyses. The aims of the present study were: 1. To investigate the possible deterministic factors of mode of payment for Merger & Acquisition. A dummy variable regarding mode of payment was used as the dependent variable, and variables such as per cash flow were used as the independent variables. 2. To determine how mode of payment for mergers affected the price of stock. Cumulative abnormal return ratio (CAR) was used as the dependent variable, and a dummy variable regarding mode of payment was used as the independent variable. The results showed that RS, CROSS, FRG, Dyear and DE significantly determined the mode of payment. The results were in accordance with the concept of risk-sharing. The higher the risk of merging, the more tendencies that the main enterprise chooses to pay by stocks. The higher percentage of FRG, the more tendency that the main enterprise chooses to pay by money or cash. The main enterprise also tends to choose to pay by stocks when the time of merging was declared after the publication of the law. For the results of the effect of mode of payment on the stock price, the results were also under expectation. The CAR for payment by cash or money is better than that by stocks. However, this result was not statistically significant.

Denna kandidatuppsats testar förmånsredovisningen IAS 19 på marknadens observerade aktiepris för företag listade på OMX30. Syftet är att analysera effekten av IAS 19R på tre absoluta aktievärderingsmodeller, diskonterade kassaflödesmodellen, utdelningsdiskonteringsmodellen och residualvinstmodellen. Dessutom, om löner och annan ersättning samt avsättningar till pension inom IAS 19 har haft en positiv effekt på de observerade aktiepriserna. Metoderna som har använts för att testa precisionen av modellerna är reella och absoluta prognosfeltermsberäkningar. Vidare, för att testa effekten av anställningsförmåner, aktievärderingsmodellerna och IAS 19 på det observerade aktiepriset genomförs en multipel regressionsanalys med paneldata mellan åren 2009–2017. Regressionsmodellen inkluderar 22 företag listade på OMX30 per den 1a juli 2009. Inom det ekonometriska ramverket, har fyra stycken regressioner, med fasta effekter testats. Resultaten tyder på att förmånsredovisningen, IAS 19, inte har någon signifikant påverkan på det observerade aktiepriset. Däremot, i motsats med tidigare forskning, visar resultaten att löner och bonusar har en positiv effekt på de observerade aktiepriserna för företag listade på OMX30. / This Bachelor thesis examines the employee benefits accounting IAS 19 on market share prices for companies listed on OMX30. The purpose is to analyze the effect of IAS 19R on three absolute valuation methods, Discounted Cash Flow, Dividend Discount and Residual Income valuation models. Also, what effect salaries, wages and defined benefits obligations in firms consolidated financial statements have had a positive effect on the market share price. The models which have been used to examine the predictability in the stock price valuations in the thesis are estimated using signed and absolute prediction errors. Furthermore, to examine the effect of employee benefits, share valuation models and IAS 19 on market share price a panel data between 2009-2017 have been used. The model includes 22 listed companies on OMX30 as of the 1stof July 2009. Within the econometric framework, four regressions have been applied, all with fixed effects. The results suggest that the employee benefits accounting have no significant impact on market share prices. However, in contrast to previous research, results show that salaries and wages have a positive impact on market share price for companies listed on OMX30.

Over the past decade of accounting and finance research, the Ohlson (1995) model has been widely adopted as a framework for stock price prediction. While using the accounting data of 391 companies from SP500 in this paper, Bayesian statistical techniques are adopted to enhance both the estimative and predictive qualities of the Ohlson model comparing to the classical approaches. Specifically, the classical methods are used for the exploratory data analysis and then the Bayesian strategies are applied using Markov chain Monte Carlo method in three stages: individual analysis for each company, grouping analysis for each group and adaptive analysis by pooling information across companies. The base data, which consist of 20 quarters' observations starting from the first quarter of 1998, are used to make inferences for the regression coefficients (or parameters), evaluate the model adequacy and predict the stock price for the first quarter of 2004, when the real observations are set as the test data to evaluate the predictive ability of the Ohlson model. The results are averaged within each specified group categorized via the general industrial classification (GIC). The empirical results show that classical models result in larger stock price prediction errors, more positively-biased predictions and have much smaller explanatory powers than Bayesian models. A few transformations of both classical and Bayesian models are also performed in this paper, however, transformations of the classical models do not outweigh the usefulness of applying Bayesian statistics.

Social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter have enormous amounts of data that can be extracted and analyzed for various purposes. Stock market prediction is one of them. Previous research has shown that there is a correlation between Twitter sentiment – the proportion of positive, negative and neutral tweets – and the changes in companies’ stock prices. The present study investigates if categorizing tweets into a bigger number of categories – anger, disgust, joy, surprise, none - results in stronger correlations being found. In total, 5985 tweets in English about American Airlines, American Express, AstraZeneca and ExxonMobil were extracted and analyzed with the help of sentiment and emotion classifiers trained. Tweet sentiment showed stronger correlations with stock returns than emotion did, although the type of correlation found differed between the companies considered. It is suggested that dividing tweets into fewer categories results in semantically more distinct labels that are easier to distinguish between and that therefore show stronger correlations. Furthermore, the results indicate that the pairs of values showing the strongest correlations depend on the characteristics of each individual company.

本研究主要是在探討成長機會與股價變動的關係，並檢視考慮各公司間成長機會差異與盈餘特續性變數後，是否會增加盈餘資訊內涵之解釋能力。一般而言，盈餘資訊確具資訊內涵，唯解釋能力不高(Lev, 1989)。本研究首先分析成長機會與股票報酬的關聯性；同時透過分析成長機會與盈餘間關係的推演，亦可進一步確定盈餘與成長機會對股票報酬真正的影響程度。 本研究分析民國 81 年至 85 年股票上市公司資料（排除金融、保險、百貨、觀光及變更交易方式的公司），經由模式建立與假說驗證，得到下列幾項發現： 一、由二種不同會計盈餘衡量的實證結果來看，“以期股價平減的會計報酬率”是股票報酬的解釋變數，且其 t 值檢定均達 0.01 的顯著水準。 二、代表成長機會的權益市價淨值比、營收成長率及經常淨利成長率是股票報酬的解釋變數，且其 t 值檢定達 0.05 或 0.01 的顯著水準。 三、關於成長機會與盈餘關係之測試，結果顯示，代表會計盈餘的每股稅後經常淨利與成長機會具有顯著正相關；代表會計盈餘的每股營運現金流量與成長機會的關係不顯著或是呈現負相關。 四、另外，關於成長機會與盈餘兩者對股票報酬關係之測試，結果顯示，代表交互作用變數之係數時而為顯著負相關，時而不顯著，故成長機會與盈餘兩者對股票報酬具有正向關聯的假設，未獲實證資料的支持。 / The major purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between growth opportunities and variance of stock price. and to indicate that the inclusion of impact of different growth opportunities in addition to earnings persistence among firms, whether the results can improve the explanatory power of information content. Lev(1989) demonstrated that accounting earnings is an useful information but its usefulness is quite unstable. First of all, this study is to analysize the association between growth opportunities and stock returns, and through the deduction of analysizing the reationship between growth opportunities and earnings, the true effect of growth oppotunities in addition to earnings on stock rate of returns can be identified further. To test the hypotheses, this study uses the data of Twiwanese listed companies covering the period from 1992 to 1996. The empirical fingings can be summarized as follows: 一、With regard to the empirical results for two different accounting earnings measures, including taxs adjusted operating profit and cash flow from operation, which we can find that the factor related to stock price deflated accounting earnings has significant association with stock returns. 二、The growth opportunities regression coefficients are 0.05 or 0.01 in the regression of proxies for growth oppotunities, including book-to-market equity, sales growth ratio, and operating profit growth rate on stock rate of returns. 三、The tests regarding the relationship between growth opportunities and earnings show that the coefficients based on the stock price deflated operating profit are positive significance; and those based on the stock price deflated cash flows from operation are insignificant or negative significance. 四、The tests regarding the relationship between the interaction of growth opportunities in addition to earnings and stock rate of returns show that the coefficients of the variable proxies for interaction are unstable. The hypothesis that the interaction response coefficients of growth opportunities in addition to earnings and stock rate of returns are positive relations is not supported by empirical evidence.