The Master's thesis deals with work-related stress in its context; preventing and managing it; and compares approaches to preventing and managing work-related stress in the Czech Republic and the Nordic countries. Work-related stress may have a negative impact on physical and mental health or overall quality of life of an individual and it may bring negative implications for an organization. The thesis follows theoretical basis for work- related stress, its factors and consequences from the point of view of an individual as well as an organization. The attention is concentrated on the approaches to preventing and managing work-related stress in organizations in regard to the nature of a work activity, the management level or particular activities carried out by human resources management. It is focusing on stress management precautions taken on the European and national level and describes the process conducted during the development of a programme for preventing and managing work-related stress and its effectivity evaluation. The thesis deals with an analysis of the approaches to preventing and managing work-related stress in the Czech Republic in comparison to those employed in the Nordic countries. The analysis and the follow-up comparison pursues situation in handling the matter in the Czech...

The thesis with title „Stress Evaluation, Coping and Reduction“ is dealing with this nowadays and often discussed problems focused on possibly purposes of work stress, influence of stress on health and techniques of stress coping. The theoretical part concerns on stress and relate topics. In the practical part I have made an analysis of stress load on some employees of dm drogerie markt limited liability company. In conclusion I have suggested proposals leading to stress reduction on this workplace.

The diploma thesis concentrates on the stress that the vast majority of employees face today. The thesis analyzes the various types of stress, its indication and manifestation. Furthemore, the factors that contribute to stress, their identification and elimination are also discussed. The focus of the thesis is on the theoretical analyzis of the problems. Moreover, it measures the stressors on the workplace, too. Specifically, it evaluates the level of stress in P&L spol. s.r.o. In the conclusion, the recommendations that decrease the detected stress factors are given.

En 1996, la conscription universelle est remplacée par une nouvelle forme d'organisation militaire, l'engagement volontaire. On assiste alors à la professionnalisation des institutions militaires, puisque les soldats qui les composent ne sont plus appelés, mais ont choisi de s'engager dans l'armée, la considérant comme une voie professionnelle possible. Dès lors, la question de l'appréhension de l'activité militaire en tant que métier comme les autres se pose. Peut-on vraiment considérer le métier de militaire comme ceux qui peuvent être exercés dans le monde civil ? Et peut-on procéder à une analyse des conditions de travail et à une prévention des risques psychosociaux potentiellement présents de la même façon que dans le monde civil ? Cette dernière interrogation va constituer tout l'enjeu de notre recherche. Pour répondre à ces questions, nous nous sommes intéressés à la spécificité militaire, que nous avons définie et examinée au cours d'une étude sur les représentations sociales du métier de militaire. Les résultats de cette étude permettent alors de comprendre qu'il existe un certain nombre d'éléments caractéristiques du métier de militaire qui, s'ils sont coprésents, ne caractérisent que le métier de militaire, autrement dit, le rendent spécifique par rapport aux autres métiers. Nous nous sommes ensuite concentrés sur les raisons de l'engagement dans l'Armée de Terre et l'implication des militaires une fois engagés. Une nouvelle étude a été menée et nous a permis de distinguer différentes raisons à l'engagement en fonction l'époque à laquelle se sont engagés les militaires interrogés. Des différences d'implication dans le travail ont également été observées. Les résultats observés lors des deux premières études nous ont permis de conclure que le métier de militaire ne pouvait pas être appréhendé de la même façon que les autres métiers. Pour prévenir les risques psychosociaux spécifiques à ce métier, il fallait donc des outils de détection qui soient propres aux caractéristiques de l'institution. En dernière partie de cette recherche, nous avons donc créé un outil de détection des risques psychosociaux militaires, autour des éléments caractéristiques mis en évidence lors des précédentes études. L'outil a été testé et un premier diagnostic sur une population de plus de 2000 militaires a été réalisé. / In 1996, the universal conscription has been replaced by a new form of military organization: the voluntary enlistment. Then, the professionalization of the military institutions appears, soldiers are not conscripted anymore, but choose to enlist in the French Land Army, considering it as a possible career path. Therefore, the apprehension of the military profession as a common profession may be questioned. Can we really consider the military profession as a profession practiced in the civilian sphere? Can we analyze work conditions and prevent the psychosocial risks in the same way as for the other professions? This last question constitutes the real challenge of our research. In order to answer these questions, we took an interest in the military specificity that we defined and examined during the course of a study about social representations of the military profession. The results are useful to understand that a set of elements characterizing the military profession exists, and these elements, if they are co-present, could characterize only the military profession and thus make it specific compared to the other professions. Then, we focused on the soldiers' reasons to enlist in the French Land Army and their involvement once they are enlisted. Another study has been conducted and allowed us to distinguish different reasons for enlistment depending on the time the soldiers enlisted themselves. Differences in terms of involvement have also been observed. The results we have observed in the two first studies made us conclude that the military profession cannot be apprehended in the same way as for the other professions. To prevent the psychosocial risks that are specific to the military profession, we needed detection tools that were particular to the military institution. In the last part of this research, we created a detection tool for the military psychosocial risks, using the elements highlighted in the previous studies. The tool has been tested and a first diagnostic in a population of 2000 militaries has been realized.

近年來由於世界性的經濟持續低迷，再加以各項自然資源的日益稀少與枯竭，以及面臨外在環境快速變遷與科技不斷推陳出新的衝擊，無論企業組織或政府部門莫不積極尋求降低人事費用、控制成本支出以及維繫組織目標發展的可行策略，而在各種策略當中，「精簡」(downsizing)常被認為是一項能促使組織重建、更新，降低成本費用、提高收益、增加競爭優勢及增進顧客滿意度的有效管理工具、故廣被國內外公私組織採用。在此同時，有關組織精簡對留任人員所造成的影響, 以及留任人員對於精簡方案的感受、反應與留任人員的感受、反應對精簡後組織運作績效之間的關聯性等方面的問題也逐漸受到討論重視。本研究乃以訂有人員精簡計畫，並已裁減部分人員的台汔、台鐵、中興、高硫、農工等五家省營事業機構為對象，探討其所實施的人員精簡方案與留任員工之組織行為的關係。本研究經由問卷調查分析後獲致下列結果：1.雖然受測的留任員工認為實施精簡使其工作職責加重，不安全感增加，對於精簡方案的規劃內容及實施過程方面也不甚滿意，但是他們對於人員精簡方案的整體評價仍較趨於正面；2.在實施人員精簡方案之後，受測的留任員工其組織承諾並未降低，在工作壓力及工作滿足方面也無明顯變化，而工作績效表現則較精簡前更為良好；3.受測者對人員精簡方案的認知與其精簡前後的組織承諾、工作壓力、工作滿足及工作績效變化情形之間存有顯著相關；4.不同年齡、婚姻狀況、教育程度、服務機關、服務年資、職務性質、職務等級的留任員工對人員精簡方案的認知有顯著差異；不同性別、年齡、婚姻狀況、教育程度、服務機關、服務年資、職務等級的留任員工在精簡後之組織行為變化上有顯著差異。

La recherche vise à recueillir les représentations que les conseillers en missions locales ont de leurs métiers, des jeunes, de leurs pratiques professionnelles, de l’utilisation de l’Internet et des outils numériques de gestion au quotidien. Il s’agit d’identifier les relations entre l’utilisation des technologies de l’information et le stress perçu au travail. A partir des modèles et des travaux sur le stress professionnel (le stress perçu, les sources de stress au travail), 46 conseillers ont été rencontrés dont 35 ont été interrogés par entretiens semi-directifs. La recherche est complétée par une approche quantitative qui a permis de dresser une typologie des conseillers selon leur niveau de stress perçu, les éventuelles sources de leur stress au travail, leurs attentes pour le futur, leurs pratiques professionnelles et leur utilisation des technologies de l’information et de la communication au quotidien. Les résultats mettent en évidence que l’utilisation des technologies de l’information au travail contribue à l’évolution des pratiques professionnelles, à la transformation des représentations que les conseillers ont de leur métier, à une reconstruction de leurs identités professionnelles, à l’augmentation du niveau de stress perçu chez les conseillers les plus conservateurs et à l’épanouissement au travail des conseillers les plus innovateurs. / The study aims to collect the perceptions that the counselors working at career counseling have of their job, of the young people, of their professional practices and of their use of the Internet and the digital tools of management on a daily basis. The aim is to identify the relationship between the use of information technologies and perceived stress at work. Based on models and studies on work stress (perceived stress, sources of stress at work), 46 counselors were met, 35 of whom were interviewed through semi-directive interviews. The research is complemented by a quantitative approach that has helped us to develop a typology of counselors according to their level of perceived stress, to their perceived sources of stress at work, to their expectations for the future, to their professional practices and to their use of the information technologies at work. The results of our research show that the use of the information technologies at the workplace contributes to the evolution of professional practices, to the transformation of the perceptions that counselors have of their job and to a reconstruction of their professional identities. It seems that the use of information technologies at work increases the level of perceived stress of the most conservative counselors and it increases the feel of well-being at work of the most innovative counselors.

Depuis quelques années, et après que la catégorie de « souffrance » a occupé l’espace public français, de nouveaux mots occupent le devant de la scène pour décrire et souvent dénoncer les maux du travail. « Fatigue » « Stress », « burn out » ou encore « Risques psycho-sociaux » sont autant de nouvelles catégories aujourd’hui mobilisées pour nommer les maux des travailleurs. Alors que le débat sur les maux du travail revient régulièrement dans l’espace public, la question de l’origine de ce nouveau répertoire utilisé pour nommer les maux du travail interroge. Ces mots reflètent-ils réellement les conditions sociales des travailleurs? A quels enjeux discursifs et épistémologiques leurs usages peuvent-ils renvoyer ? Pour répondre à ces questions, cette thèse propose une analyse généalogique des répertoires sémantiques des maux du travail, en portant intérêt aux trajectoires sociales de ceux qui les ont promus. En identifiant les causes historique et épistémique possibles de ce répertoire, cette thèse apporte des outils méthodologique et théorique pour stabiliser et harmoniser notre pensée commune du travail. Elle contribue aussi, de cette manière, à éclairer les conditions d’émergence de la sociologie du travail en particulier, et celle des sciences des hommes et des femmes au travail de façon plus générale. / In recent years, following a period during which suffering occupied a predominant space as a category shaping French public debate, new words have begun to move to the fore when it comes to denouncing workplace ills. Fatigue, stress, burn out, and phsycho-social risks are examples of new categories used today to name worker-experienced harm. While public debate over worker suffering is regularly revisited, the question of the origin of this new repertoire of concepts is problematic. Do these words really reflect the social conditions in which people work? What is at stake discursively and epistemologically when these concepts are used ? To answer these questions, this thesis endeavors to analyze the genealogy of the semantic repertoire of workplace suffering, by bringing particular focus upon the social trajectories of the people who promoted some of its different constituent concepts. By identifying some of the different possible historical and epistemological causes of this repertoire, this thesis offers new methodological and theoretical tools to stabilize and harmonize our commun thinking about work. In this way, it also helps shed light upon the conditions under which a peculiarly sociological approach to work, along with a more general social-science approach, have been able to emerge.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between the perception of organizational justice and job stress on employees of public and private banking sector in Santa Maria. Therefore, the theoretical background focused on organizational justice and stress, with emphasis on work. A survey was conducted on 339 bank employees - 224 from public sector and 115 from private. A questionnaire was structure with sociodemographic questions and the instruments used were the Perception of Organizational Justice Scale (MENDONÇA et al., 2003), the Job Stress Scale (KARASEK, 1985; THEORELL, 1988; ALVES et al., 2004) and the reduced version of Effort-Reward Imbalance Scale (SIEGRIST et al., 1996, 2009; CHOR et al., 2008). Data were described using descriptive statistics, Cronbach alpha indicator, normality tests, Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test, chi-square test, and Correspondence Analysis. Regarding the population, the profile of the respondents is the majority is married, receives monthly compensation above 10 minimum wages, is graduate, has never received a stress diagnosis, or medications used for this purpose. Concerning organizational justice, it was found that employees of private banks perceive higher justice than employees of public banks and justice scored higher in the interactional dimension in both sectors. Analysis of the Demand-Control Model of Job Stress Scale in the data of respondents from public sector revealed that 24.55% of respondents are in the "low distress" (ideal condition) and 37.40% fit in this situation in private banks. Social support was considered low for 66.52% of the respondents from public banks, indicating the effects of stress at work, and it was assessed as high for 60% of employees in private banks, what can mitigate the damage of stress. Regarding the Model Scale Effort-Reward Imbalance, 77.23% of respondents from public banks and 57.39% from private sector showed imbalance between high effort spent at work and the reward received. However, in the public sector, the consequences of stress might be reduced, because the excess of commitment was considered low for 54.91% of the respondents, whilst in the private sector, the variable was perceived as high for 51.30 % what can maximize the damage caused by stress. Regarding the scales of Demand-Control and Effort-Reward Imbalance, individuals from the public banks were more exposed to work stress and consequently showed higher risk of mental illness. According to the results, in public sector, perceptions of distributive, procedural and interactional justice showed significant relationships with the dimensions control and social support. Moreover, in private banks, the perceptions of distributive, procedural and interactional justice were associated with the dimensions of psychological demands and social support. Furthermore, in both sectors, all three dimensions of justice were related to the size reward. High perceptions of justice (distributive, procedural and interactional), "low distress" and "low DER" showed significant associations among them. Relationships among low perceptions of organizational justice (distributive, procedural and interactional) and "high distress" and "high DER" were also identified. Solely in public sector, low perceptions of distributive, procedural and interactional justice showed relationship with "passive job". Furthermore, the results of this research reveal that the perceived justice of employees contributes to the way of dealing with work situations and the factors that lead to stress, such as psychological demands and control, effort spent and the reward received. / O objetivo dessa pesquisa foi analisar a relação entre a percepção de justiça organizacional e o estresse no trabalho em colaboradores do setor bancário público e privado de Santa Maria. Desse modo, o referencial teórico abordou os temas justiça organizacional e o estresse, com enfoque no estresse no trabalho. Realizou-se uma pesquisa descritiva, com estratégia do tipo survey. A população pesquisada foi 339 colaboradores bancários, sendo 224 do setor público e 115 do privado. Aplicou-se um questionário estruturado, contendo dados sociodemográficos. Os instrumentos utilizados foram a Escala de Percepção de Justiça Organizacional (MENDONÇA et al., 2003), a Escala de Estresse no Trabalho ou Job Stress Scale (KARASEK, 1985; THEÖRELL, 1988; ALVES et al., 2004) e a versão reduzida da Escala Desequilíbrio Esforço-Recompensa (SIEGRIST et al., 1996, 2009; CHOR et al., 2008). Os dados foram descritos por meio de estatística descritiva, indicador alfa de Cronbach, testes de normalidade, teste Mann-Whitney, teste Kruskal-Wallis, teste Qui-Quadrado e Análise de Correspondência. Pode-se verificar, em relação ao perfil dos colaboradores, que a maioria é casado, recebe remuneração mensal acima de 10 salários mínimos, possui ensino superior, não obteve diagnóstico de estresse, nem utilizou medicamentos para esse fim. Quanto à justiça organizacional, verificou-se que os colaboradores de bancos privados percebem maior justiça do que os de bancos públicos e que em ambos os setores foi identificada maior justiça na dimensão interacional. A análise do modelo Demanda-Controle da Escala de Estresse no Trabalho em bancos públicos constatou que 24,55% dos pesquisados encontram-se no baixo desgaste (estado ideal) e 37,40% enquadraram-se nessa situação em bancos privados. O apoio social foi considerado baixo para 66,52% dos pesquisados de bancos públicos, o que pode estar destacando os efeitos do estresse no trabalho, e avaliado como alto para 60% dos colaboradores de bancos privados, podendo amenizar os danos do estresse. Em relação ao modelo da Escala Desequilíbrio Esforço-Recompensa, 77,23% dos respondentes de bancos públicos e 57,39% de privados apresentaram alto desequilíbrio entre o esforço gasto no trabalho e a recompensa recebida. Contudo, no setor bancário público, as decorrências do estresse podem estar sendo reduzidas, pois o excesso de comprometimento foi considerado baixo para 54,91% dos respondentes, enquanto que, no setor bancário privado, essa variável foi percebida como alta para 51,30%, podendo maximizar os danos causados pelo estresse. Dessa forma, os indivíduos pertencentes aos bancos públicos apresentaram maior exposição ao estresse no trabalho e consequentemente maior risco de adoecimento psíquico, quando considerados os modelos Demanda-Controle e Desequilíbrio Esforço-Recompensa. De acordo com os resultados, em bancos públicos, as percepções de justiça distributiva, processual e interacional apresentaram relações significativas com as dimensões controle e apoio social. Por outro lado, em bancos privados, as percepções de justiça distributiva, processual e interacional se associaram com as dimensões demanda psicológica e apoio social. Além disso, nos dois setores pesquisados, as três dimensões de justiça se relacionaram com a dimensão recompensa. Pode-se perceber ainda que as altas percepções de justiça (distributiva, processual e interacional), o baixo desgaste e o baixo DER apresentaram significativas associações entre si. Foram identificadas também relações entre as baixas percepções de justiça organizacional (distributiva, processual e interacional) e o alto desgaste e o alto DER . Em bancos públicos as baixas percepções de justiça distributiva, processual e interacional apresentaram relações com o trabalho passivo dos colaboradores. Com isso, os resultados dessa pesquisa evidenciam que a percepção de justiça dos colaboradores contribui para a maneira de lidar com as situações de trabalho e, assim, com os fatores que levam ao estresse, como a demanda psicológica e o controle, o esforço gasto e a recompensa recebida pelo trabalho desempenhado.

Cette thèse se fonde sur une étude qualitative et comparative menée dans deux TPE de moins de 10 salariés et deux GE de plus de 5 000 salariés. L’objectif est de comprendre et d’expliquer, d’une part, comment se construit le stress professionnel selon la taille de l’entreprise et, d’autre part, les moteurs ou les freins à la prévention et gestion du stress. Je me suis donc intéressée aux représentations socio-professionnelles du stress, aux relations sociales au sein de l’entreprise, à l’expression ou non de la plainte, aux formes de gestion de toute forme de souffrance qui peut être liée au travail, à la régulation des conflits. Les attentes collectives ou individuelles ainsi que le vécu des acteurs confrontés à des réalités similaires mais qui réagissent différemment ont aussi permis de tirer des enseignements sur le rapport au mal-être. Cette recherche a montré que, contrairement à ce que l’on pourrait penser, ce ne sont pas tant les problématiques à gérer qui différent en fonction de la taille de l’entreprise mais les façons de les construire, de les vivre et de les réguler. / This thesis is based on a qualitative and comparative study carried out in two Very smallbusinesses (less than ten (10) employees) and two Big businesses (more than five thousand(5.000) employees). The objective is to understand and explain, on the one hand, howprofessional stress is built up according to the size of the company and, on the other hand, thedrivers or constraints to the prevention and management of stress in businesses. I have therefore been interested in socio-professional representations of stress, social relations withinthe company and the expression or not of grievance. I also study forms of pain management atwork and conflicts regulation. Analyzing collective and individual expectations as well as thelife stories of workers confronted with similar realities but reacting differently, made itpossible to learn lessons about workers relationship to discontent.This research has shown that, contrary to what one might think, it is not so much the problemsto be managed which differ according to the business size but the ways to build, regulate andlive with these issues.

De manière générale, avoir un emploi est un élément de satisfaction pour la plupart des personnes. En revanche, beaucoup de salariés sont sujets au stress, ce qui a une incidence non négligeable à la fois sur les individus et sur les structures. Ces dernières ne possèdent souvent pas de modèles appropriés pour évaluer de manière approfondie ce phénomène. Le manque de connaissances précises du stress au travail, et de ses origines, particulièrement les deux dimensions du statut personnel et le statut professionnel en France, nous a conduits à réaliser un diagnostic approfondi pendant plusieurs années au sein d’une grande entreprise industrielle sur plusieurs sites. L’entreprise choisie est emblématique de l’organisation du travail industriel en France. La cartographie du stress au travail, avec l’identification des populations principalement exposées, devrait être applicable à d’autres organisations afin de définir rapidement un plan d’actions anti-stress, sans avoir à réaliser préalablement un état des lieux détaillé ; pour le plus grand bénéfice des salariés, de l’ambiance de travail et de la production. Les différentes parties prenantes au déploiement d’une politique contre le stress, à savoir : les salariés, l’encadrement, les directions des ressources humaines, les psychologues du travail, les médecins du travail ont été sollicités dans le cadre de cette recherche.Après un diagnostic général, face au grand nombre de thèmes de recherches possibles et du fait de l’insuffisance d’études sur la relation entre le statut personnel et la situation de travail avec les autres facteurs déjà intégrés aux modèles classiques sur le stress au travail, nous nous sommes concentrés sur ce sujet en définissant un modèle théorique à valider expérimentalement au travers de questionnaires. Dans la recherche présente, nous expliquons comment nous avons constaté que, parmi les facteurs liés au stress professionnel, la catégorie « situation de travail » influence plus ce phénomène que la catégorie « statut personnel ». Parmi les facteurs présents dans la catégorie « situation de travail », les plus importants par ordre décroissant sont : la catégorie socioprofessionnelle, la pratique de l’anglais, et l’ancienneté. Parmi les facteurs présents dans la catégorie « statut personnel », les plus importants par ordre décroissant sont : le niveau de formation, le genre et l’âge. Ce constat est plutôt une bonne nouvelle pour les entreprises, car elles pourront diminuer le stress au travail en agissant sur la situation de travail, sachant qu’elles ne peuvent intervenir sur le statut personnel des salariés. Cette contribution devra être complétée par d’autres recherches afin de renforcer l’exhaustivité du diagnostic sur le stress au travail et de conduire des plans d’action complets couvrant tous les thèmes. / In general, having a job is a satisfactory factor for the majority of persons. However, most of the employees are stress-prone, which has an important effect both on individuals and on structures. Those structures often do not possess relevant standards to thoroughly evaluate this phenomenon.The lack of precise knowledge about stress at work and its origins, especially the two dimensions of personal status and professional status in France, has led us to conduct a thorough diagnosis for several years on several plants of a large industrial company. The chosen company is emblematic of the industrial labour organization in France. The mapping of stress at work, with the identification of mainly exposed populations, should be applicable to other organizations to quickly set an anti-stress action plan, without first making a detailed inventory; for the greatest benefit of employees and the work environment and production. The different stakeholders interested in deploying a policy against stress, the employees, the hierarchy, Human Resources Departments, occupational psychologists, occupational doctors have been solicited as part of this research. After a general diagnosis, facing the large number of possible research topics and because of the lack of studies on the relationship between staff’s personal status and "professional situation" with the other factors already integrated within conventional models about stress at work, we focused on this issue by defining a theoretical model to be validated experimentally through questionnaires. In this research we explain how we found that among the factors related to stress at work, the category "professional situation" influenced this phenomenon more than the "personal status" category.Among the factors in the category "professional situation", the most important in decreasing order are: socio-professional category, English practice, and seniority. Among the factors in the "personal status" category, the most important in decreasing order are: the level of education, gender and age. This finding is rather good news for companies because they will be able to reduce stress at work by acting on the "professional situation", knowing that they cannot interfere with the personal status of employees. This contribution should be supplemented by other researches to enhance the completeness of the diagnosis about stress at work and to conduct complete actions plans covering all topics.