The situation on the Swedish labour market is different in opportunities whether you are a native Swede or someone who has a foreign background. People with foreign backgrounds tend to have lower wages, higher rate of unemployment and often have temporary employment contracts. There is a conception that the Swedish culture is the standard and other foreign cultures are abnormal and different. The purpose of this study has been to investigate why there is discrimination on the labour market against ethnic minorities and how the Swedish history has contributed to the structural ethnic discrimination that we are struggling with. I have been using the right dogmatic method and a social science perspective as complement in order to answer the purpose.   The legislation forbids ethnic discrimination, although the struggle is real and people get discriminated due to their ethnic heritage. Even though there are statistics and studies that confirm the ethnic discrimination on the labour market, the court cases are low and there has only been one conviction since 2002. There is a burden of proof that is controlled in the Swedish legislation, where the one who has been exposed of discrimination must proof that it is so. Then it is up to the defendant to prove the opposite. Because of this Arbetsdomstolen must take a stand whether which party is more reliable, based on both parties ability to persuade. Regarding the two cases known as the “racist cases”, Arbetsdomstolen put importance on the fact that the working atmosphere was harsh and the dialogues between the employees were tough. Even though it clearly was not considered as wanted by all, Arbetsdomstolen went with the majority and did not consider their behavior as discriminating. This could be an indicator on the fact that the structural discrimination against ethnic minorities and the idea of your own culture as the right one and the alienation against cultures that are “divergent” are deeply rooted even in authorities.   All people no matter where you come from should as the law regulates have the same opportunities and rights. I believe the problem is not with the law itself, but with the people and the structure in society. We have to change the way we alienate foreign cultures and undermine them, your ethnicity doesn’t decide your qualifications.

Förekomsten av diskriminering av romer har påvisats i tidigare studier och rapporter från Diskrimineringsombudsmannen. Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva och förstå romers upplevelse av diskriminering. Frågeställningarna som lyfts är om romer upplever sig vara diskriminerade och på vilket sätt, hur man möter de fördomar man som grupp utsätts för och vad anser de kan identifieras som orsaken till diskrimineringen. Den empiriska delen av studien har genomförts utifrån kvalitativ metod, genom att intervjuer med romska respondenter. De teoretiska utgångspunkterna är baserade på perspektiv gällande diskriminering, stigma och utanförskap med syfte att beskriva de samhälleliga strukturer som påverkar fördomar och diskriminering. Studien visar på att romerna i undersökningen upplever sig vara diskriminerade inom flera livsområden, och de beskriver detta som en del i deras vardag. Orsakerna bottnar i, som de ser, att de fördomar samhället haft i historien lever kvar. De påvisar också att detta orsakat en känsla av att man som individ tillhörande den romska gruppen har ett lägre värde i jämförelse med majoritetssamhället. För att bryta dessa fördomar ser respondenterna att det behövs arbete från två håll, både från majoritetssamhället och romerna där begrepp som trygghet och information är väsentliga. / The existence of discrimination against the Roma has been demonstrated in previous studies and inreports from Diskrimineringsombudsmannen. The purpose of this study is to describe and understand Romaexperience of discrimination. The issues raised are if Roma perceive them to be discriminated and in what way, how they face the prejudices they as a group are exposed to and what they consider to be identified as the cause of discrimination. The empirical part of the study has been carried out using qualitative methodology, through interviews with Roma respondents. The theoretical approach is based on perspective regarding discrimination, stigma and exclusion in order to describe the social structures thatinfluence prejudice and discrimination. The study shows that the Roma in the survey feel they are discriminated in many areas of life, and they describe it as part of their everyday life. The reasons stem from, as they see, that historical prejudice in society remains. They demonstrate also that this causes a feeling that they as individuals belonging to the Roma community have a lower value in comparison with the majority society. To break these prejudices respondents see the need to work on two fronts, both from the majority society and the Roma, where concepts such as feeling of security and information are essential.

The purpose of this qualitative study was to examine how mentorships can impact women’s career development. Previous research shows that there is an inequality gap between men and women on management positions and the aim for this research paper is to see if mentorships could help close this gap and make the top-level management more gender equal.   The Swedish banking industry is interesting to research due to its overall equality in the organisation, but extreme inequality in the top of the hierarchy. Sweden is one of the most equal countries in the EU but are still struggling to eliminate structural discrimination from their organisations. Mentorships has through previous studies shown to be a helpful tool for women to progress in their careers and increase gender balance in workplaces.   To be able to answer the research questions and fulfil the purpose of this research a qualitative research approach was applied. Five semi-structured interviews was held in order to gather empirical data. The participants were women in managerial positions within one of Sweden’s largest banks. Because of a confidentiality agreement, the name of the bank will not be revealed but rather be referred to as The Bank.   The findings of this research show that both formal and informal mentorships can be used as a tool for women to progress in their career. Mentorships give women the support they need to believe in their own worth, they also get access to new parts of organisations that before has been unattainable for them and get an insight in the political games within an organisation.

<p>The main objective of the thesis is to study how people of African decent experience and deal with everyday discrimination and racism in a context where such racism is to a large degree concealed and/or denied. Everyday racism affecting people with an African background in Sweden is expressed in a number of different, often subtle and obscure, ways. It is experienced in a context of structural inequality between those who are racialized and those who are seen as the norm in society. The mystification that takes place in the public debate highly restricts the opportunities for resistance in an open and articulated manner. This is partly because silence leads to an insecurity about how to understand the racism experienced, for example, should it be defined as “racism” or as a “misunderstanding”? In addition, people who openly resist and protest tend to be discredited as exaggerating or being too sensitive. Consequently, resistance against structural discrimination in Sweden today is difficult. The findings demonstrate that interviewees deal with everyday racism in a variety of ways that can be categorized in to three broad strategies: mystifying the experiences of racism in one’s everyday life, longing for a place or context far away from Swedish racism and finally, keeping racism at a distance, including resisting and protesting within the existing limitations.</p>

The main objective of the thesis is to study how people of African decent experience and deal with everyday discrimination and racism in a context where such racism is to a large degree concealed and/or denied. Everyday racism affecting people with an African background in Sweden is expressed in a number of different, often subtle and obscure, ways. It is experienced in a context of structural inequality between those who are racialized and those who are seen as the norm in society. The mystification that takes place in the public debate highly restricts the opportunities for resistance in an open and articulated manner. This is partly because silence leads to an insecurity about how to understand the racism experienced, for example, should it be defined as “racism” or as a “misunderstanding”? In addition, people who openly resist and protest tend to be discredited as exaggerating or being too sensitive. Consequently, resistance against structural discrimination in Sweden today is difficult. The findings demonstrate that interviewees deal with everyday racism in a variety of ways that can be categorized in to three broad strategies: mystifying the experiences of racism in one’s everyday life, longing for a place or context far away from Swedish racism and finally, keeping racism at a distance, including resisting and protesting within the existing limitations.

This study examines sexual violence against women in armed conflict settings as a form of discrimination within the framework of CEDAW. Informed by Judith Butler's theory of Gender Performativity emphasizes that gender is socially constructed. This study utilizes existing literature reviews and reports; the analysis focuses on gender-based violence, revealing its structural nature. Using the Democratic Republic of Congo as a case study, it highlights the interplay of ethnic, political, and economic factors leading to extreme violence. The study emphasizes the authority of the CEDAW committee to propose an inclusive and understandable protocol, protecting women's rights universally. Overcoming barriers like structural discrimination is crucial to strengthening CEDAW's response. The study acknowledges the need to avoid generalizations and underscores the urgency of enhancing the existing framework to protect women during armed conflicts. It contributes to human rights discourse by emphasizing the inherent nature of human rights and equal protection for all individuals.

The present study discusses the political integration of immigrants in local government in the muncipality of Växjö from 1971 to 1991 in the form of representation. The main data source consists of lists of people holding local commissions of trust in the various boards and committés appointed by the municipality council, as well as in the council itself. These data are then compared to population statistics from Statistics Sweden. Main findings of the study are that immigrants are insufficiently represented in relation to their proportion of the population. It is suggested that this is a result of structural discrimination and possibly insufficient socialisation.

<p>The present study discusses the political integration of immigrants in local government in the muncipality of Växjö from 1971 to 1991 in the form of representation. The main data source consists of lists of people holding local commissions of trust in the various boards and committés appointed by the municipality council, as well as in the council itself. These data are then compared to population statistics from Statistics Sweden. Main findings of the study are that immigrants are insufficiently represented in relation to their proportion of the population. It is suggested that this is a result of structural discrimination and possibly insufficient socialisation.</p>

In recent years, Sweden has received a huge amount of immigrants and the number of people who have been granted residence permits has been record high. At the same time, the statistics show high unemployment among immigrants and many of them experience ethnic discrimination by not being called to employment interviews. The purpose of this essay is to investigate whether the active measures that oblige the employer to counter discrimination are an adequate measure to break the power structures in the workplace, or if any form of unidentification of job applications should be required to ensure the legal protection in the recruitment process for people with different ethnicity than Swedish. In order to answer the purpose of the essay, the doctrinal method has been used. This method is based on establishing the current law through a systematic and critical interpretation. The material obtained in this essay is further examined through an intersectional perspective based on the power structures in society. The result of the study shows that the method of unidentifying jobapplications can be a reliable complement to the employer’s work with the active measures,as this method ensures that discrimination does not occur during the first recruitment phase and that issues of discrimination and diversity arise through the practice of the method. From there, the employer can focus the active measures on the second phase of recruitment. Furthermore, the study has shown that both the active measures and the method are insufficient to break the power structures in society, but that they together to some extent contributes to this.

Indirect discrimination is one form of discrimination according to the Swedish diskrimineringslag (2008:567). This type of discrimination is a more abstract form than direct discrimination. The direct discrimination-form is the one where one person is intending to discriminate another person because of that person belonging to a group protected against discrimination by the law. Indirect discrimination on the other hand is when one person is discriminated because of a policy or a rule that is not intending to be discriminating. This makes this form of discrimination much harder to see and make visible, that is because the intention is not needed. In this thesis the focus is indirect discrimination and how the state have a responsibility to prevent that indirect discrimination occur. To make it easier to see the indirect discrimination and who is being subject for it, this thesis is using a structural discrimination theory to provide what is missing in the law. By using this theory, this thesis argue that the state is taking less responsibility and puts the responsibility on the single managers of institutions instead. The duty of the state is thereby hard to show and makes the law difficult to use from a structural discrimination perspective.