L’hétérogénéité des formes de travail en Afrique subsaharienne conduit à repenser ce que l’on entend ordinairement par « travail » dans la relation entre travail et développement. À la diversité des activités industrieuses répond effectivement une pluralité de cadres normatifs plus ou moins formalisés qu’on ne saurait légitimement passer sous silence. En effet, ces différents systèmes de normes façonnent dans une très large mesure la manière dont se déroule le travail réel. C’est pourquoi nous avons voulu interroger leurs articulations, leurs interférences, voire leurs contradictions que les acteurs doivent surmonter dans l’activité.Pour ce faire, nous avons examiné un projet de transfert de normes organisationnelles au sein du Ministère congolais de l’Environnement, Conservation de la Nature et Tourisme à Kinshasa, en République Démocratique du Congo. Contrairement à l’idée reçue, nous défendons la thèse que le rapport au travail dans les pays d’Afrique subsaharienne n’est pas marqué de spécificités culturelles et d’exotisme ; il est le résultat d’une expérience anthropologique tissée de choix plus ou moins conscients entre des normes vitales, sociales, juridiques, politiques ou techniques, au niveau individuel ou collectif. En tant que lieu de vives tensions normatives, le travail se révèle être une entrée féconde dans l’analyse et la compréhension des changements sociaux, et interroge ainsi les espaces politiques et scientifiques dans lesquels se construisent les savoirs sur et pour le développement. / The diversity of working situations in sub-Saharan Africa requires a re-examination of the common conception of “work” within the relation of work and development. These industrious activities respond to more or less formalized normative systems, which cannot legitimately be ignored. These different systems of norms largely shape the practice of real work. The aim of this research is to question the interferences or the contradictions between these different systems of norms, which the actors are required to cope with in their activity. To this end I examined a capacity building development project inside the Ministry of Environment, Conservation and Tourism in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo. I defend the thesis that the relation to work in Africa is not characterized by cultural specificities or exoticism. Instead, it is the result of an anthropological experience made of more or less conscious choices among vital, social, legal, political or technical norms, on an individual or collective level. As a locus of intense normative tensions, work appears then as an appropriate point of entry into a broader analysis of social change, and therefore questions the political and scientific institutions where knowledge for and on development is produced.

<p>The purpose of this BA-thesis is to identify the patterns in the HIV/AIDS communication in four Namibian newspapers and examine the causes to why it is portrayed in that manner. The newspapers, <em>The Namibian</em>, <em>New Era</em>, <em>Windhoek Observer</em> and <em>Informanté</em>, vary in ownership, funding and style; from government loyal to tabloid and the journalists themselves have different backgrounds. A combination of quantitative content analysis of issues from September and October 2009, and interviews have been used. Main theories are Thomas Tuftes version of the <em>Model for Communication</em> <em>on HIV/AIDS</em>, Denis McQuails interpretation of framing and the media’s informative role and finally Silvio Waisboards <em>Strategic communication</em>. The results found are that articles on HIV and AIDS are common in the daily range of news but that HIV/AIDS is generally not the main subject in the text. According to the journalists the reason for this is that by isolating the subject it can enhance the risk of stigmatizing the people with HIV/AIDS. None of the newspapers have a policy on how to address HIV and AIDS, <em>New Era</em> is, however, in the progress of implementing one. All newspapers have had discussions on how to report on HIV/AIDS. The most common way to report about HIV and AIDS is to write about the spread of the disease and the people affected by it. Even though they appear frequently they do not get their own voice in the texts. Instead official representatives and civil society are the most common sources. The reason for this is not only lack of resources but also, as one journalist points out, an unwillingness from the reporters side due to the sensitivity of the subject. Some of the journalists stress the importance of writing to change individual behavior but none of the journalists mention that they include the structural causes behind the disease in their reporting. Reader fatigue is mentioned as a cause for the seemingly decreasing trend of coverage on HIV/AIDS. Some of the journalists say that their own personal opinions and experiences on HIV/AIDS affect their writing. They believe that committed reporting is not in conflict with the journalistic convention of impartialness. All the reporters have a journalistic aim of creating social change in the Republic of Namibia and they believe that the media has the power to do that. </p>

<p>Urbanisation processes in developing countries are resulting in a rapidly increasing proportion of habitants living in urban slum areas. In the international development debate the lack of tenure security for slum dwellers in developing countries is considered to be an essentially important problem. Within the framework of the UN Millennium Development Programme the necessity of efforts towards increased tenure security for marginalised urban residents was agreed upon. Sub-Saharan Africa is the region where the overall progress towards improved living conditions for slum area residents is showing the least positive results. This paper investigates the occurrence of activities in the region which show an ambition of improving tenure security for people living in urban slum areas. It does so by examining cases submitted from African countries to the UN-HABITAT database of best international practices in the improvement of living conditions.</p>

<p><font face="Times New Roman"> <p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman"><b><font face="Times New Roman">Aim</font><font face="Times New Roman">: To obtain baseline data on adherence levels and the major determinants of adherence among patients on HAART at Rundu Hospital, Namibia.</font></b></font></p> </font></p>

<p>The current study aimed to describe the extent and reasons for substituting and switching HAART at the Katutura Intermediate Hospital in Windhoek, Namibia</p>

<p>Sub-Saharan Africa is home to two thirds of the 33 million HIV infected individuals worldwide. In 2007 there were an estimated 1.5 million Kenyans infected with HIV, and 166 000 new infections in 2008. The introduction of antiretroviral therapy [ART] brought new hope to HIV patients. It has transformed a fatal disease to a chronic manageable condition. Kenya has made great strides in ensuring access to ART and by 2009, 308 610 patients in the country were receiving ART - which is the second highest number worldwide. The success of ART requires a sustained adherence rate to medication of more than 95% to prevent viral replication and the development of drug resistant HIV strains. Identifying the factors that influence adherence, is essential for the long-term success of public ART programmes. The current study explored patient, socio-economic, cultural, and religious and health systems factors that influence adherence to ART at the Coast Provincial General Hospital [CPGH] in Mombasa, Kenya.</p>

The purpose of this BA-thesis is to identify the patterns in the HIV/AIDS communication in four Namibian newspapers and examine the causes to why it is portrayed in that manner. The newspapers, The Namibian, New Era, Windhoek Observer and Informanté, vary in ownership, funding and style; from government loyal to tabloid and the journalists themselves have different backgrounds. A combination of quantitative content analysis of issues from September and October 2009, and interviews have been used. Main theories are Thomas Tuftes version of the Model for Communication on HIV/AIDS, Denis McQuails interpretation of framing and the media’s informative role and finally Silvio Waisboards Strategic communication. The results found are that articles on HIV and AIDS are common in the daily range of news but that HIV/AIDS is generally not the main subject in the text. According to the journalists the reason for this is that by isolating the subject it can enhance the risk of stigmatizing the people with HIV/AIDS. None of the newspapers have a policy on how to address HIV and AIDS, New Era is, however, in the progress of implementing one. All newspapers have had discussions on how to report on HIV/AIDS. The most common way to report about HIV and AIDS is to write about the spread of the disease and the people affected by it. Even though they appear frequently they do not get their own voice in the texts. Instead official representatives and civil society are the most common sources. The reason for this is not only lack of resources but also, as one journalist points out, an unwillingness from the reporters side due to the sensitivity of the subject. Some of the journalists stress the importance of writing to change individual behavior but none of the journalists mention that they include the structural causes behind the disease in their reporting. Reader fatigue is mentioned as a cause for the seemingly decreasing trend of coverage on HIV/AIDS. Some of the journalists say that their own personal opinions and experiences on HIV/AIDS affect their writing. They believe that committed reporting is not in conflict with the journalistic convention of impartialness. All the reporters have a journalistic aim of creating social change in the Republic of Namibia and they believe that the media has the power to do that.

Urbanisation processes in developing countries are resulting in a rapidly increasing proportion of habitants living in urban slum areas. In the international development debate the lack of tenure security for slum dwellers in developing countries is considered to be an essentially important problem. Within the framework of the UN Millennium Development Programme the necessity of efforts towards increased tenure security for marginalised urban residents was agreed upon. Sub-Saharan Africa is the region where the overall progress towards improved living conditions for slum area residents is showing the least positive results. This paper investigates the occurrence of activities in the region which show an ambition of improving tenure security for people living in urban slum areas. It does so by examining cases submitted from African countries to the UN-HABITAT database of best international practices in the improvement of living conditions.

Background: The importance of tackling economic, social and health-related inequities is increasingly accepted as a core concern for the post-Millennium Development Goal framework. However, there is a global dearth of high-quality, policy-relevant and actionable data on inequities within populations, which means that development solutions seldom focus on the people who need them most. INTREC (INDEPTH Training and Research Centres of Excellence) was established with this concern in mind. It aims to provide training for researchers from the INDEPTH network on associations between health inequities, the social determinants of health (SDH), and health outcomes, and on presenting their findings in a usable form to policy makers. Objective: As part of a baseline situation analysis for INTREC, this paper assesses the current status of SDH training in three of the African INTREC countries - Ghana, Tanzania, and South Africa - as well as the gaps, barriers, and opportunities for training. Methods: SDH-related courses from the three countries were identified through personal knowledge of the researchers, supplemented by snowballing and online searches. Interviews were also conducted with, among others, academics engaged in SDH and public health training in order to provide context and complementary material. Information regarding access to the Internet, as a possible INTREC teaching medium, was gathered in each country through online searches. Results: SDH-relevant training is available, but 1) the number of places available for students is limited; 2) the training tends to be public-health-oriented rather than inclusive of the broader, multi-sectoral issues associated with SDH; and 3) insufficient funding places limitations on both students and on the training institutions themselves, thereby affecting participation and quality. We also identified rapidly expanding Internet connectivity in all three countries, which opens up opportunities for e-learning on SDH, though the current quality of the Internet services remains mixed. Conclusions: SDH training is currently in short supply, and there is a clear role for INTREC to contribute to the training of a critical mass of African researchers on the topic. This work will be accomplished most effectively by building on pre-existing networks, institutions, and methods.

Smallholder livestock keeping and agriculture systems in the sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) seem to be caught into poverty traps, in as much as they cannot any longer provide ecosystem services on which local communities depend for their survival. I used a regime shifts framework to carry out a thorough assessment of these two case studies in arid and semi-arid lands and smallholder by identifying relevant traps and alternate desirable regimes. Using systems analysis and modelling, I drew casual loop diagrams of the two case studies, which helped me to identify the feedback loops that maintain the systems in undesirable traps and the external driving forces of change. A set of interventions points or leverage points were identified to change the dynamics of the systems and shift them towards more desirable regimes. Essentially, a structural change of both systems is called for if sustainable livelihoods in the rural areas of the SSA are to be seriously envisaged. Human capital investments present the main opportunity for facilitating escape from poverty by transforming farmers to non-farmers and livestock keepers to non-livestock keepers.