<p>The basic principle for limited companies is that the owners are not liable for the debts of the company. To protect the creditors of the company, however, a theory of personal liability for the owners has evolved, the so called piercing the corporate veil theory. For decades there have been disagreements wether or not it would be motivated to legislate the theory of piercing the corporate veil, and what this legislation might look like. The basic problems in my essay are: Is there a need to legislate the theory of piercing the corporate veil in Sweden? What would such a legislation look like in Sweden? To answer these questions I analyzed cases regarding the piercing the corporate veil theory, examined the theory in the USA and Germany and described how authors would like to answer these questions. My results are that there is a need to increase the liability that a parent company has for the debts of its subsidiary companies. This should be done by changing the rule in 15:3 ABL.</p>

The basic principle for limited companies is that the owners are not liable for the debts of the company. To protect the creditors of the company, however, a theory of personal liability for the owners has evolved, the so called piercing the corporate veil theory. For decades there have been disagreements wether or not it would be motivated to legislate the theory of piercing the corporate veil, and what this legislation might look like. The basic problems in my essay are: Is there a need to legislate the theory of piercing the corporate veil in Sweden? What would such a legislation look like in Sweden? To answer these questions I analyzed cases regarding the piercing the corporate veil theory, examined the theory in the USA and Germany and described how authors would like to answer these questions. My results are that there is a need to increase the liability that a parent company has for the debts of its subsidiary companies. This should be done by changing the rule in 15:3 ABL.

This diploma thesis is focused on the possible forms of internationalization. The aim is to propose possible strategies of internationalization of EPRIN, spol. s r. o. company on Slovak market. Theoretical resources deal with the explanation of different approaches to internationalization and possible forms of entry into foreign markets. After the theoretical resources follow analysis of the current state, where company is described, are made analyses and is summarized its competitiveness. On the base of finding is suggested a possible strategy to reach foreign market, which should bring new customers, to help raise the profile and reach out to other markets.

La forte augmentation, depuis la fin des années 1980, des trafics transportés par les prestataires de transport (transport pour compte d'autrui) s'est traduite par une diminution de la part relative de ceux organisés par les chargeurs eux-mêmes (transport pour compte propre). Il reste cependant une part significative d'utilisateurs du transport pour compte propre. A la différence des travaux précédemment menés, cette thèse vise à étayer l'analyse de la dimension économique de l'évolution du transport pour compte propre en prenant en compte également les dimensions géographiques, sociales et juridiques. Pour appréhender les flux de transport, il s'avère nécessaire d'entreprendre une analyse des systèmes de production et de distribution et notamment les pratiques des acteurs afin de comprendre l'ensemble des mécanismes du choix modal. Cette thèse souligne l'importance de prendre en compte la dimension territoriale dans la prise de décision des entreprises.L'étude des caractéristiques de production et des organisations de transport a été permise par l'analyse quantitative des enquêtes chargeurs réalisées par l'INRETS en 1988 et 2004. La méthode qualitative a également été adoptée, en effet, des entretiens ont été réalisés auprès de responsables de transport chez les chargeurs afin de mieux saisir les conditions d'utilisation du transport pour compte propre. / The large increase, since the late 1980's, in freight carried by transport providers (for-hire transport) resulted in a decrease in the share of that handled by shippers themselves (own account transport). However, there remains a significant proportion of users of transport on own account. Unlike previous work, this thesis aims to support the analysis of the economic dimension of own account transport, taking into account also the geographical, social and legal dimensions. To understand transport flows, it is necessary to undertake an analysis of the production and distribution systems, in particular the practices of actors, to understand all the mechanisms of modal choice. This thesis underlines the importance of taking into account the territorial dimension in firms' decision-making. The study of production characteristics and of transportation systems was carried out by means of a quantitative analysis of Shippers' surveys conducted by INRETS in 1988 and 2004. A qualitative approach was also adopted: interviews were conducted with transport managers of shippers to better understand the conditions for use of own-account transport.

The thesis describes elaboration of consolidation of company financial statement and valorisation of its economical status before extending the consolidation group and afterwards. First part of the thesis consists of theoretical basis used for consolidation of financial statement, which are later used in the practical part of the thesis, where new consolidated financial statrments related to extension of consolidation group are being made. Conclusion of the thesis includes comparison of consolidated financial statements.

The master's thesis deals with the optimization of the tax burden of a concern based in the Czech Republic, which receives income from abroad. Optimization should be achieved through a change of the subsidiary's head office. Another proposal is a creation of a permanent establishment abroad. The output of the work is to decide on the most suitable structure of the concern in terms of head office and the number of its companies. The decision will be made on the basis of a comparison of the results of tax obligations calculated according to the legislation of the proposed countries and the related tax levies. The diploma thesis is focused on corporate income taxation, as the subjects of the group are limited liability companies. This issue will be explained theoretically on the basis of professional literature and practically using a comprehensive example.

La mondialisation de l’économie, le développement des moyens de transport et de communication et l’émergence des paradis fiscaux rendent la connaissance de la fiscalité d’autres pays indispensable, tant par le fiscaliste praticien que par le chercheur.La France et la Belgique ont une communauté de langue et de culture en plus de la proximité géographique. Connaître sa fiscalité et la comparer à la fiscalité française est utile à tout fiscaliste qui pourra alors se faire sa propre idée sur le statut de paradis fiscal qu’on lui attribue. Nous avons choisi de comparer l’imposition des revenus étrangers car, ceux qui changent de pays pour éviter la pression fiscale, sont souvent des personnes ayant une forte activité internationale. En l’absence de convention préventive de double imposition, l’imposition de tels revenus est plus favorable en France, quand ils sont encaissés par des personnes morales. En revanche, lorsqu’ils sont encaissés par des personnes physiques, l’imposition est plus avantageuse en Belgique.Mais les deux pays ont conclu beaucoup de conventions préventives de double imposition de sorte qu’il est difficile de trouver un pays qui ne leur est pas lié par une convention fiscale. Or, il s’avère que la Belgique, à travers ses conventions, adopte des mesures fiscales nettement plus favorables que la France et ce, afin de favoriser l’expansion économique de ses résidents et attirer aussi des capitaux étrangers.A cette situation, s’ajoute le fait que ce pays autorise des montages fiscaux qui seraient sanctionnés en France sous l’angle de l’abus de droit.On comprend alors pourquoi certains hommes d’affaires n’hésitent pas à s’y domicilier. / According to several factors such as the economy globalization, the development of transportation and communication supplies and the rising of tax heavens, tax lawyers have to reach a high expertise and knowledge of foreign tax systems.Belgium and France share common roots of language and culture in addition to the geographical proximity. To be especially aware of the Belgium tax law scheme is absolutely necessary for every tax lawyer in particular in a view to compare and have an opinion about the heaven nature of the Belgian system.As far as it is impossible to compare every point of the two systems, we decided to focus only on the taxation of foreign income, because of the international activity of the taxpayers willing to lower the tax pressure. Without an international tax treaty, foreign incomes are less taxed in France when they are received by a company but the situation is different when the receiver is a person. However it has to be noticed that Belgium and France have developed a huge international tax treaty network. The Belgium one is analyzed as being more attractive for foreign investments and national economic expansion. Besides, Belgium has a tax system which authorizes tax schemes seen sometimes as an abuse of right in France. As a consequence the exile of business men can be understood.

控制公司與從屬公司在法律面各具有獨立法人格，但在經濟面共同為聯盟經濟體。法律上允許控制公司與從屬公司不對等的控制支配關係存在，控制公司對從屬公司之財務、經營或人事具有控制支配力，可使從屬公司為或不為一定行為，當該行為不合於一般營業常規（本研究簡稱非常規交易）時，從經濟學角度，非常規交易或因集團整體運作需要，或因風險彼此瞭解或共同承擔等，致交易條件與一般常規不同，並非絕對無效率或涉有不法目的，完全禁止反有礙市場效率，故先進國家如美國、德國及我國等，對於非常規交易行為立法採不禁止，只是管制方式不同。我國公司法重視從屬公司權益之保障，制約控制公司適當補償或損害賠償責任；證券交易法則就行為致公司遭受重大損害，以刑責相繩；所得稅法基於租稅公平，按營業常規予以調整納稅，所謂不同法律立法目的所欲保護的法益不同，對於非常交易行為課以的法律效果也不同。 　　本研究以公司法第369條之4規定作為探討主軸，除認識、剖析我國公司法、證券交易法及所得稅法對非常規交易的規範目的及構成要件外，釐清控制關係、非常規交易等意涵也是很重要的，概實務案例上，非常規交易的確是不法利益輸送或掏空公司資產行為最常藉用的手法，主要原因除了控制與從屬關係外，非常規交易複雜難辨亦是原因之一。又控制公司支使從屬公司為非常規交易行為可能產生三種法律後果，一為直接損害從屬公司的權益；二為直接損害控制公司少數股東或債權人權益；三為同時損害從屬公司少數股東及其債權人權利。我國公司法、證交法及所得稅法基於不同立法目的而律定規範制約控制者責任，引進控制股東之受託義務、公司法人格否認、揭穿公司面紗原則、深石原則及代位訴訟等法理基礎與實務判例來作制約，保障受害者權益，立法意義值得肯定。但沒有一種責任機制能夠在所有情況下都發揮作用，水能載舟，亦能覆舟，加強控制公司責任，並賦予從屬公司或少數股東相對應的防衛工具，某種程度也影響了企業集團整體利益之運作，又法律正義權益平衡的設計，恐因舉證責任的關係，而難以落實。國內非常規交易規範行之有年，但商業交易行為推陳出新，以及跨境交易查證困難等，法制上及實務上面臨一些問題，本研究試著歸納並提出建議意見，希望法律正義得以伸張，經濟發展與利益保護得以衡平。 / The controlling company and the subsidiary company is independent in law, but in the economic side together for the Union economy. The law allows them to non-arm’s length transactions. From an economic perspective, it is not absolute inefficiency, so the advanced countries does not prohibit, but different control mode. Different legal legislative purpose is seeking to protect legal interests of different, so legal effect is different. 　　In this study, First, introducing and analyzing the legislative purposes and constituent elements of non-arm’s length transactions in the Company Act, the Securities and Exchange Act and the Income Tax Act. Second, understanding and clarifying the meaning of control relationship, non-arm’s length transactions, etc. Third, jurisprudencing fiduciary duty, disregard of the corporate fiction, piercing the corporate veil, doctrine of deep stone and derivative suit. Finally, summarizing cases from the substantive issues, concludes with recommendations observations.

L’étude juridique du groupe de sociétés fait apparaître une difficulté majeure qui émane de la grande différence entre le droit et le fait. En effet, bien qu’elles soient liées par un intérêt commun, les sociétés membres d’un groupe ne font toujours pas l’objet d’une réglementation détaillée qui prendrait en considération leur entité et leur unité économique et sociale distinctes. Il découle de cet antagonisme un risque de non correspondance des intérêts particuliers des sociétés membres avec la prévalence juridique de l'intérêt du groupe, lequel pourrait induire des effets préjudiciables aux différentes catégories des créanciers de ces sociétés.Toutefois, cette absence d’une loi particulière aux groupes a donné lieu à une réglementation ponctuelle qui vient modifier des règles du droit des sociétés ou qui régit certains domaines particuliers. De même, en raison d'une telle insuffisance de normes écrites, une importante partie du droit positif des groupes semble d’origine jurisprudentielle. Soutenus par la Cour de cassation, les juges du fond ne cessent de circonscrire les différents aspects de ce phénomène en vue de combler des lacunes juridiques qui heurtent l’équité. Plusieurs théories ont été instaurées en la matière, construisant ensemble une base importante pour la protection des créanciers, des salariés et des associés minoritaires liés à l’ensemble des sociétés regroupées. / Legal study of the group of companies reveals a major difficulty which emanates from the big difference between law and reality. Indeed, although they are linked by a common interest, the member companies of a group are not always the object of a detailed ruling which would take into consideration their entity and their economic unity and social distinctions. From this antagonism follows a risk of not connecting the particular member companies with the legal acceptance of the group’s interest, which might lead to prejudicial actions towards the different categories of creditors and companies.However, this absence of a special law for groups gave rise to a timely rule which modifies the rules of the rights of companies or which rules certain particular fields. In the same way, because of an insufficiency of written standards, an important part of the actual right is derived from the origins of precedent. Supported by the Supreme Court of Appeal, the the trial judges do not cease to draw a line around the different aspects of this occurrence in the light of closing a legal loop hole which goes against fairness. Several theories have indeed been established on the subject, forming together an important base for the protection of creditors, wage earners and minor partners linked to the whole of the amalgamated companies.

There is a rising number of companies, which have to face the appeals of International Markets. It is not possible to stop the economic development in many sectors of the market. When the company wants to keep it´s lasting existence and success it is not sufficient to concentrate on the National Market only. If the company wants to enter the International Market it is necessary to assure a processing of appropriate analyses. Entering the International Market brings both the business opportunities and the mature market threats as well. The submitted Master´s thesis describes the partial activities – planning, supervision, organization and human resources management.