O estudo do sistema visual de macacos-prego representa importante questão devido ao aspecto evolutivo que a espécie apresenta. Foram utilizados cinco macacos-prego, 2 kg. Foi efetuda injeção intra-ocular de 100 <font face=\"symbol\">ml de solução aquosa de toxina colérica subunidade B (CTb) a 1%, sendo a perfusão realizada 15 dias após a injeção intra-ocular. As retinas intactas e os encéfalos foram submetidos à procedimento de imunoistoquímica para análise. A caracterização da retina evidenciou dois tipos distintos de células bipolares, além disto, subunidades de receptores gabaérgicos co-localizam em retinas de macacos-prego, diferente dos resultados apresentados em outras espécies. As projeções retinianas foram observadas em todas as estruturas do sistema visual primário, óptico acéssório e de temporização circadiana, além de projeções para áreas adicionais. Os resultados evidenciam diferenças interespecíficas sugerindo que a extrapolação dos resultados adquiridos em diferentes espécies devam ser extrapolados com cautela. / The diurnal habits and its complex SNC, make the tufted capuchin monkey an important subject for the study of the visual system. In the present study, five tufted capuchins received a single intraocular neuronal tracer subunit B of cholera toxin (CTb) injection and perfused 15 days later. The retina and brain were removed from the animals and processed with immunohistochemical techniques. The CTb analysis showed that the retina send projections to several structures, such as primary visual, optical accessory and circadian control systems. The immunohistochemical characterization also showed two different types of bipolar cells in the retina. These cells, differently from other species, were co-localized with gabaergic receptors. Overall our results showed several interspecies differences suggesting that comparison of the visual system between species must be undertaken with great caution.

O Streptococcus pyogenes (Grupo A de Lancefield) é uma bactéria Gram positiva e beta-hemolítica, responsável por infecções, tais como Faringite, Sepse, Fasciíte Necrotizante e Síndrome do Choque Tóxico Estreptocócico. Indivíduos suscetíveis podem desenvolver sequela não supurativa auto-imune pós-estreptocócica, como a Febre Reumática, Doença Reumática Cardíaca e a Glomerulonefrite Aguda. A proteína M é o principal antígeno bacteriano. Consiste em aproximadamente 450 resíduos de aminoácidos dispostos em quatro regiões (A, B, C e D), contendo alguns blocos de repetições. As regiões C e D são conservadas e a N-terminal (regiões A e B) é polimórfica. Atualmente, existem mais de 250 genótipos de emm conhecidos em todo o mundo, de acordo com o Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Há vários anos, o desenvolvimento de uma vacina contra S. pyogenes (StreptInCor - identificação médica) foi iniciado, com base na região conservada da proteína M, com o objetivo de proteger o indivíduo vacinado contra infecções estreptocócicas, sem causar reações autoimunes. No presente estudo foi analisada a capacidade \"in vitro\" de anticorpos anti-StreptInCor neutralizarem/opsonizarem as cepas de S. pyogenes mais freqüentes em São Paulo, através da análise do reconhecimento das cepas por soros de camundongos imunizados com StreptInCor. Também foi avaliada por Western blotting a presença de anticorpos de reação cruzada dirigidos ao tecido cardíaco valvular humano. Anticorpos anti-StreptInCor foram capazes de neutralizar/opsonizar, pelo menos, cinco diferentes cepas mostrando que a imunização com StreptInCor pode ser eficaz contra várias cepas de S. pyogenes, assim como prevenir a infecção e sequelas subsequentes, sem causar reações auto-imunes. / Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A) is a Gram positive and beta-hemolytic bacteria, responsible for infections such as Pharyngitis, Sepsis, Necrotizing Fasciitis and Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome. Susceptible individuals may develop post-streptococcal non-suppurative autoimmune sequelae such as Rheumatic Fever, Rheumatic Heart Disease and Acute Glomerulonephritis. The M protein is the major bacterial antigen. It consists of approximately 450 amino acid residues arranged in four regions (A, B, C and D), containing some repeated blocks. C and D regions are conserved and the N-terminus (regions A and B) is polymorphic. Currently there are over 250 known emm genotypes worldwide, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Several years ago the development of a vaccine against S. pyogenes (StreptInCor - medical identification) was initiated, based on the M protein conserved region, aiming to protect against streptococcal infections without causing autoimmune reactions. In the present study we analyzed the \"in vitro\" ability of anti-StreptInCor antibodies to neutralize/opsonize the most frequent S. pyogenes strains in Sao Paulo by examining the strains recognition by sera from StreptInCor immunized mice. We also evaluated the presence of cross reactive antibodies directed to the human heart valve tissue by Western blotting. Anti-StreptInCor antibodies were able to neutralize/opsonize at least 5 strains, showing that the immunization with StreptInCor can be effective against several S. pyogenes strains as well as preventing infection and subsequent sequelae, without causing autoimmune reactions.

Orientador: Ricardo Della Coletta / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T21:07:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bufalino_Andreia_D.pdf: 2552060 bytes, checksum: 9156e1c08764322bea090809a2b166d5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Ativina A é um membro da família dos fatores de crescimento transformante-? e sua expressão têm sido associados ao desenvolvimento tumoral. Contudo, sua expressão, função e mecanismos de regulação, por exemplo, via folistatina, no carcinoma espinocelular (CEC) oral é parcialmente conhecida. Diante disto, nosso estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a participação de ativina A na tumorigênese dos CECs orais. Para alcançar este objetivo, a expressão imuno-histoquímica de ativina A foi analisada em 115 amostras de CEC oral e sua expressão foi correlacionada com características clínico-patológicas e de sobrevida. In vitro a influência de ativina A sobre os principais eventos biológicos relacionados à tumorigênese oral foi verificada por 3 abordagens: 1) exposição da linhagem celular HaCAT a ativina A recombinante nas concentrações de 0, 1, 10 e 100 ng/ml, 2) tratamento das linhagens tumorais LN2 com folistatina recombinante nas concentrações de 0, 1, 10 e 100 ng/ml e 3) silenciamento estável da expressão de ativina A na linhagem LN2 com RNA de interferência (shINHBA). A expressão aumentada de ativina A em CECs orais foi significantemente correlacionada com a presença de metástases regionais (estádio N, p=0,034), tumores classificados como pobremente diferenciados (p=0,013) e demonstrou ser preditiva de um menor período de sobrevida livre de doença em 5 anos (HR: 1,74; 95% CI: 1,39-2,97; p=0,016). Os resultados dos estudos in vitro revelaram que ativina A apresenta um efeito pleotrópico no controle dos principais eventos associados à tumorigênese oral. A exposição das células HaCAT a ativina A resultou em um significante bloqueio da morte celular por apoptose e necrose, promoveu alteração do padrão de expressão dos marcadores da transição epitélio mesenquimal (TEM), aumentou a adesão celular aos componentes da matriz extracelular (MEC) e induziu a invasão e migração celular. Por outro lado, o tratamento das células LN2 com folistatina foi capaz de induzir significantemente a apoptose e a morte celular por necrose, reduzir a proliferação celular, alterar o padrão de expressão dos marcadores da TEM, além de reduzir a adesão celular aos componentes da MEC e os potenciais invasivo e migratório. O bloqueio de ativina A com a transdução estável de shINHBA na linhagem tumoral LN2 promoveu significantemente a apoptose e a morte por necrose, alterou a expressão dos marcadores da TEM de maneira similar aos efeitos da folistatina e reduziu a proliferação, invasão, migração e motilidade celular, que foi avaliada por formação de filopódios e lamelipódios. Interessantemente, o bloqueio com shINHBA significantemente facilitou a adesão das células LN2 aos componentes da MEC, diferente do que foi observado no tratamento com folistatina. Em conclusão, os resultados deste estudo sugerem que a ativina A regula eventos biológicos essenciais para a tumorigênese oral e é um fator prognóstico independente de sobrevida livre de doença em pacientes com CECs orais / Abstract: Activin A is a member of the transforming growth factor-? family and its deregulated expression has been described in different cancers. However, its expression, function and regulatory mechanisms, particularly via follistatin, in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) are partially known. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of activin A in the promotion of oral tumorigenesis. To achieve this goal, immunohistochemical expression of activin A was analyzed in 115 samples of OSCCs and its expression was correlated with clinicopathological features and outcome. In vitro, the influence of activin A on oral tumorigenesis was determined by 3 different approaches: 1) exposition of HaCaT cells to recombinant activin A in different concentrations (0, 1, 10 and 100 ng/ml), 2) treatment of LN2 tumor cells with recombinant follistatin in different concentrations (0, 1, 10 and 100 ng/ml) and 3) stable knockdown of activin A expression in the LN2 tumor cells by using interferencing RNA (shINHBA). Increased activin an expression in OSCCs was significantly correlated with the presence of regional metastases (stage N, p=0.034), poorly differentiated tumors (p=0.013), and shown to be predictive of a shortened disease-free survival (HR: 1.74, 95% CI: 1.39-2.97, p=0.016). In vitro studies showed a pleotropic effect of activin an on control of key events associated with oral tumorigenesis. Activin A resulted in a reduction of cell death by apoptosis and necrosis, promoted changes in the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, increased cell adhesion to extracellular matrix (ECM) components and induced cell invasion and migration in HaCAT cells. On the other hand, the inhibition of activin a using follistatin induced apoptosis and cell death by necrosis, reduced cell proliferation, changed the expression of EMT markers, reduced cell adhesion to ECM components and reduced the cell invasion and migration in LN2 cells. The activin a knockdown with shINHBA stable transduction in the tumor cell line LN2 significantly promoted death by apoptosis and necrosis changed the expression of EMT markers, and decreased cell proliferation, invasion, migration and motility evaluated by lamellipodia and filopodia formation. Interestingly, knockdown with shINHBA significantly promoted the adhesion of cells to ECM components in LN2 cells, different to the results observed in the treatment with follistatin. In conclusion, our results suggest that activin A regulate biological events essential for oral tumorigenesis, and is an independent prognostic factor for disease-free survival in patients with OSCCs / Doutorado / Patologia / Doutora em Estomatopatologia

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T13:32:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_vanessa_galli.pdf: 1411317 bytes, checksum: f2cb4b3ef71fd9550e04ca13f65ab510 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-28 / Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the causative agent of Porcine Enzootic Pneumonia (PEP), one of the most common respiratory diseases in swine industry worldwide. Commercially available vaccines are inactivated whole-cell preparations (bacterin), which provide only partial protection and do not prevent microorganism colonization. In this context, it is necessary to search new alternatives prophylaxis. Potential antigens are being tested in different vaccination strategies; however none was more efficient than commercial bacterins for PEP control. This work aimed the production and evaluation of antigenicity and immunogenicity of M. hyopneumoniae antigens delivered as naked DNA and/or recombinant subunit vaccines, aiming the development of a vaccine against PEP. Recombinant subunit vaccines were obtained by the expression of eleven M. hyopneumoniae recombinant proteins in E. coli and purification by affinity chromatography, whereas the DNA vaccines were obtained by cloning four M. hyopneumoniae genes in pcDNA3 vector. Recombinant proteins antigenicity was verified against convalescent pig serum. The humoral and cellular immune response elicited by these vaccines was evaluated in mice immunized intramuscularly. All recombinant proteins evaluated were recognized by convalescent pig serum, in ELISA and/or Western blot assay, especially MHP0418, indicating that they are expressed during disease. These recombinant proteins, as well as P37, P42, P46 and P95 showed immunogenic capacity, eliciting both Th1 and Th2 immune response. The P37, P42, P46 and P95, and the DNA vaccine pcDNa3/P46 were also able to elicit INFγ expression, the cytokine associated with cellular immune response, and decrease TNFα and IL1 expression, both associated with pig lesions, during M. hyopneumoniae infeccion, suggesting their potencial as candidate vaccines. The immunization strategy using proteins combinated potencialized the immune response, and the MHP0443 and MHP0372 proteins were the main responsable for the Mix1 and Mix2 immunogenicity, respectivally. Moreover, MHP0107, MHP0418 and MHP0372 elicited antibodies that react against proteins from M. hyopneumoniae strains 7448, 4722 and J, and did not show cross reaction with M. hyohinis and M. flocculare. Thus, these proteins could be used in imunodiagnosis assay. / Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae é o agente etiológico da Pneumonia Enzoótica Suína (PES), uma das doenças respiratórias de maior incidência na criação de suínos no mundo. As vacinas disponíveis comercialmente consistem de células inteiras inativadas (bacterina), as quais proporcionam apenas uma proteção parcial e não previnem a colonização pelo microrganismo. Neste contexto, faz-se necessária a busca de novas alternativas para a profilaxia da PES. Alguns antígenos vêm sendo testados em diferentes sistemas de vacinação, porém nenhum deles foi mais eficiente que as bacterinas comerciais no controle da PES. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a produção e avaliação da antigenicidade e imunogenicidade de antígenos de M. hyopneumoniae administrados como vacinas de DNA e/ou subunidade recombinante, visando o desenvolvimento de uma vacina contra a PES. As vacinas de subunidade recombinante foram obtidas através da expressão de onze proteínas recombinantes de M. hyopneumoniae em E. coli e purificação por cromatografia de afinidade, enquanto que as vacinas de DNA foram obtidas pela clonagem de quatro genes de M. hyopneumoniae no vetor pcDNA3. A antigenicidade das proteínas recombinantes foi verificada confrontando-as com soro de suínos convalescentes. A imunidade humoral e celular destas vacinas foi avaliada em camundongos imunizados intramuscularmente. Todas as proteínas recombinantes avaliadas foram reconhecidas pelo soro de animais convalescentes, em ensaios de ELISA e/ou Western blot, em especial a proteína MHP0418, indicando serem expressas durante o processo infeccioso. Estas proteínas recombinantes, bem como P37, P42, P46 e P95 apresentaram capacidade imunogênica, induzindo ambas as respostas imune Th1 e Th2. As proteínas P37, P42, P46 e P95, e a vacina de DNA pcDNa3/P46 também foram capazes de induzir a expressão de INFγ, citocina associada a resposta imune celular e reduzir a expressão de TNFα e IL1, relacionadas com as lesões em suínos, durante infecção por M. hyopneumoniae, sugerindo o potencial destas como candidatas vacinais. A estratégia de imunização utilizando proteínas combinadas potencializou a resposta imune, sendo que as proteínas MHP0443 e MHP0372 foram as principais responsáveis pela imunogenicidade induzida pelos Mix1 e Mix2, respectivamente. Além disso, MHP0107, MHP0418 e MHP0372 induziram anticorpos que reagiram especifiamente contra proteínas das cepas 7448, 4722 e J de M. hyopneumoniae, não apresentando reação cruzada com M. hyohinis e M. flocculare, podendo, portanto, serem utilizadas em ensaios de imunodiagnóstico.

Le syndrome de Brugada (BrS) est une cardiopathie héréditaire à transmission autosomique dominante, se manifestant par une anomalie de l'ECG et un risque accru de mort subite. Les mutations retrouvées dans la sous-unité α du canal sodique cardiaque Nav1.5 chez certains patients entraînent un défaut d'adressage membranaire de ces canaux. Ceux-ci restent alors séquestrés dans des compartiments intracellulaires. L'étude de ces mutants se réduisant souvent à l'utilisation de traitements correcteurs, les mécanismes de rétention impliqués restent encore méconnus. L'objectif de ce travail est d'étudier des mutants Nav1.5 présentant un défaut d'adressage en tenant compte non seulement de l'hétérozygotie des patients BrS mais également de la présence de la sous unité régulatrice β1 prédominante dans le cœur. Des études fonctionnelles et biochimiques mettent en évidence un effet dominant négatif exercé par les mutants R1432G, L325R et S910L sur la densité de courant INa sauvage (WT). Cet effet nécessite la présence de la sous-unité β1 et passe par l'altération de l'adressage membranaire des formes WT. Ceci est la conséquence d'une interaction physique entre des sous-unités α mutantes et WT. D'autre part, les mutants étudiés présentent un profil de maturation lié aux N-glycosylations qui différent de celui des canaux WT. Nos données suggèrent que ces canaux peuvent emprunter (i) la voie classique d'adressage dans leur forme mature (ii) la voie dite non conventionnelle lorsqu'ils sont partiellement glycosylés. En conclusion, ces travaux mettent en évidence le rôle de la sous-unité β1 ainsi que l'implication des N-glycosylations dans la modulation de l'adressage des canaux Nav1.5 / Brugada syndrome (BrS) is an inherited autosomal dominant cardiac channelopathy characterized by abnormal ECG pattern and an increased risk of sudden cardiac death. Several mutations on the cardiac sodium channel Nav1.5 which are responsible for BrS lead to misfolded proteins that do not traffic properly to the plasma membrane and are instead retained in intracellular compartments. Although pharmacological rescue is commonly used to characterize misfolded mutants, underlying cellular retention mechanisms remain unclear. The aim of this work is to investigate trafficking defective Nav1.5 mutants considering BrS patient heterozygosity and the presence of the regulatory β1-subunit which is largely expressed in cardiac tissue. By combining electrophysiology and biochemical approaches, we show that three distinct mutants, R1432G, L325R and S910L, exert a strong dominant negative effect upon wild-type (WT) sodium current density. Our data indicate that this effect requires the presence of the β1-subunit and is mediated by disruption of membrane trafficking of WT channels. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrate a physical interaction between mutant and WT α-subunits occurring only when the β1-subunit was present. Furthermore, we investigate the maturation pattern of Na channels. Our data show distinct N-glycosylated states between WT and mutant channels, suggesting that Nav1.5 α-subunits traffic (i) via unconventional secretion pathway as a partially glycosylated product, (ii) through the classical secretory pathway for mature fully-glycosylated form. This work highlights that β1-subunit and N-linked glycosylation process play key roles in modulating Nav1.5 trafficki

Eukaryotic ribosome synthesis is a complex process that consumes a lot of energy and involves several hundreds of trans-acting factors that transiently associate with nascent ribosomes. Biogenesis of ribosomal subunits (the small 40S and the large 60S) starts with transcription of a long precursor ribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA) by RNA polymerase I (Pol I) in the nucleolus. This is a key step that globally controls yeast ribosome synthesis. The pre-rRNA, ‘the 35S transcript’, encodes the mature sequence (18S, 5.8S, and 25S) rRNA constituents of both the 40S and 60S subunits. The 35S transcript is subsequently modified, cleaved (processed) and assembled with numerous structural ribosomal proteins and ribosome synthesis factors (trans-acting factors) to form various ribosomal particles (pre-ribosomes, precursors to the 40S and 60S subunits) along ribosome assembly pathway. <p>In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it has been reported recently that the processing of the 35S nascent transcript and the assembly of pre-ribosomes occur concomitantly with Pol I transcription in the nucleolus. In this process, the growing Pol I transcript gradually assembles with pre-40S structural ribosomal proteins and ribosomal synthesis factors to form the so-called ‘SSU-processome’ or ‘90S pre-ribosome’, the earliest precursor of the 40S subunit. The SSU-processome/90S pre-ribosome localizes to the nucleolus and consists of the 35S pre-rRNA, the U3 small nucleolar (sno) RNA, about a dozen of 40S ribosomal proteins and more than forty ribosome synthesis factors. The U3 snoRNA and pre-40S ribosome synthesis factors are all implicated in the processing of the 35S precursor (at sites A0, A1 and A2) and therefore in the synthesis of the 18S rRNA component of the 40S subunit. Significantly, the association of the U3 snoRNA with the growing 35S transcript is important for pre-40S assembly, whereas its dissociation from the processed transcript (following cleavage at sites A0-A2) is crucial for the overall structural remodeling of the 18S rRNA and for the formation of pre-40S ribosomes from the earliest precursor 90S particles. <p>This thesis mostly addresses the identification and functional characterization of Esf2 and Bfr2, two novel 40S synthesis factors, components of the SSU-processome/90S pre-ribosome in yeast. Both proteins localize to the nucleolus and their genetic depletions lead to failure in the production of 40S subunits. In the absence of either factor, the 35S pre-rRNA is not processed at sites A0-A2 and the 18S rRNA is not synthesized. Also, pre-ribosome assembly is affected and pre-40S ribosomes fail to mature properly. Strikingly, in the absence of either factor, the U3 snoRNA remains associated with unprocessed 35S transcript within pre-ribosomes indicating that Esf2 and Bfr2 are required to dissociate U3 from pre-ribosomes. This process also involves RNP (ribonucleoprotein particle) unwinding activities of the putative RNA helicase Dbp8. <p>La biogenèse du ribosome eucaryote est un processus complexe qui consomme beaucoup d’énergie et implique plusieurs centaines de facteurs trans qui s’associent de manière transitoire avec les pré-ribosomes en cours de formation. La biogenèse des sous-unités ribosomiques (la petite sous-unité 40S et la grande sous-unité 60S) débute dans le nucléole par la synthèse d’un long précurseur d’ARN ribosomique (le pré-ARNr, dit 35S chez la levure Saccharomyces cerevisiae) par l’ARN Polymérase I (Pol I). Ceci constitue une étape clé dans le contrôle global de la synthèse du ribosome chez la levure. Le pré-ARNr 35S renferme les séquences des ARNr matures 18S (ARNr de la sous-unité 40S) et 5.8S et 25S (deux des trois ARNr de la sous-unité 60S). Le pré-ARNr 35S subit un long processus de maturation et d’assemblage au cours duquel il est modifié, clivé (on parle du « processing » du pré-ARNr) et s’assemble avec des protéines ribosomiques (« RP », composants structuraux des sous-unités ribosomiques matures) et de nombreux facteurs de synthèse (facteurs trans) pour former différentes particules pré-ribosomiques (précurseurs des sous-unités 40S et 60S).<p><p>Chez la levure S. cerevisiae, il a récemment été montré que le processing du pré-ARNr 35S et l’assemblage des pré-ribosomes se produisent de manière concomminante avec la transcription Pol I dans le nucléole. Ainsi, le transcrit Pol I en cours de synthèse s’assemble progressivement avec des facteurs de synthèse ainsi que des RP pour former le « SSU processome » ou « pré-ribosome 90S », tout premier précurseur de la petite sous-unité 40S. Le SSU processome/pré-ribosome 90S est localisé dans le nucléole et est consisté du pré-ARNr 35S naissant, du petit ARN nucléolaire (snoRNA) U3, d’une douzaine de RP de la petite sous-unité 40S et de plus de 40 facteurs de synthèse. Le snoRNA U3 et ces facteurs de synthèse sont tous impliqués dans les clivages du pré-ARNr 35S aux sites A0, A1 et A2, et donc dans la biogenèse de l’ARNr 18S. L’association du snoRNA U3 avec le pré-ARNr 35S naissant est importante pour l’assemblage du SSU processome/pré-ribosome 90S. Par ailleurs, sa dissociation après les clivages aux sites A0-A2 permet un remodelage structural général de l’ARNr 18S et la formation du « pré-ribosome 40S » à partir de la particule précoce 90S.<p><p>Au cours de cette thèse, nous avons identifié et caractérisé fonctionnelement chez la levure deux nouveaux facteurs de synthèse de la petite sous-unité 40S et composants du SSU processome/pré-ribosome 90S: Esf2 et Bfr2. Ces deux protéines sont localisées dans le nucléole. Leur déplétion entraîne une incapacité à produire la sous-unité ribosomique 40S. En l’absence d’Esf2 ou Bfr2, le pré-ARNr 35S n’est plus clivé aux sites A0-A2 et l’ARNr 18S mature n’est plus produit. L’assemblage des pré-ribosomes est aussi affecté, notamment la formation du pré-ribosome 40S. De manière importante, en l’absence de l’un ou l’autre de ces facteurs, le snoRNA U3 reste associé au pré-ARNr 35S non clivé au sein des pré-ribosomes, indiquant qu’Esf2 et Bfr2 sont requises pour la dissociation d’U3 des pré-ribosomes. Ce processus implique aussi Dbp8, une hélicase à ARN présumée.<p> / Doctorat en sciences, Spécialisation biologie moléculaire / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

A bactéria fitopatogênica Xylella fastidiosa é o agente etiológico da Clorose Variegada dos Citros (CVC), que causa perdas anuais estimadas em US$ 100 milhões no Brasil. Durante o processo infeccioso, a geração extracelular de espécies ativas de oxigênio é um dos principais mecanismos de defesa da planta contra o patógeno. Em contrapartida, para se defender do estresse oxidativo imposto pelo hospedeiro, os fitopatógenos possuem mecanismos de defesa que incluem enzimas antioxidantes, como as peroxirredoxinas, alquil hidroperóxido redutase subunidade C (AhpC) e proteína comigratória com bacterioferritina (Bcp). As peroxirredoxinas são proteínas que utilizam suas cisteínas ativas para catalisar a redução de hidroperóxidos. Por análise proteômica, os produtos dos genes ahpc e bcp foram identificados no extrato celular protéico de X. fastidiosa (Smolka e col., 2003). Com o intuito de caracterizar funcional e estruturalmente as proteínas AhpC e Bcp de X. fastidiosa, clonamos e expressamos seus respectivos genes em Escherichia coli e purificamos as proteínas por cromatografia de afinidade a níquel. As proteínas recombinantes apresentaram atividade dependente de tiól de redução de peróxido de hidrogênio e hidroperóxidos orgânicos. A atividade peroxidase da AhpC e Bcp são dependentes, respectivamente, de alquil hidroperóxido redutase subunidade F (AhpF) e do sistema tiorredoxina. Paradoxalmente, a flavoproteína AhpF possui atividade NAD(P)H oxidase, que resulta na produção de peróxido de hidrogênio. As constantes de segunda ordem da reação das proteínas com peróxido de hidrogênio (da ordem de 107 M-1.s-1), determinadas pelo ensaio de cinética competitiva com peroxidase de raiz forte, indicam que ambas possuem atividades peroxidase equivalentes às apresentadas por glutationa peroxidases dependentes de selênio e catalases, ao contrário do descrito na literatura. Por SDS-PAGE não-redutor e pela quantificação de cisteínas livres por DTNB, verificamos que as proteínas possuem mecanismos catalíticos distintos: AhpC é uma 2-Cys Prx típica (com formação de ponte dissulfeto intermolecular), enquanto Bcp é uma 2-Cys Prx atípica (com formação de ponte dissulfeto intramolecular). Para AhpC, a atividade catalítica envolve as cisteínas conservadas (Cys-47 e Cys-165), em contraste, apenas através de estudos de mutação sítio-dirigida e espectrometria de massas conseguimos identificar os resíduos de cisteínas envolvidos na atividade catalítica da Bcp (Cys-47 e Cys-83). A caracterização estrutural de AhpC por cromatografia de exclusão molecular e espalhamento dinâmico de luz mostram que a proteína nativa é um decâmero estável, independentemente do estado de oxidação de suas cisteínas. A caracterização da estrutura cristalográfica de Bcp C47S, inédita para 2-Cys Prx atípicas que possuem as cisteínas ativas separadas por 35 aminoácidos, indica que a proteína possui o enovelamento característico das peroxirredoxinas e que as cisteínas ativas estão localizadas a uma distância média de 12,4 Å. Baseado em dicroísmo circular, apresentamos dados que indicam que a aproximação das cisteínas deve envolver um significativo rearranjo estrutural, que provavelmente se inicia com a formação do intermediário ácido sulfênico na cisteína peroxidásica (Cys-47). Assim, conseguimos elucidar o papel catalítico dessas proteínas, bem como identificar seus sistemas redutores, obtendo informações que podem ser relevantes para o entendimento do mecanismo da patogenicidade da X. fastidiosa. Os resultados apresentados neste trabalho podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de novas técnicas de controle de praga para a doença CVC em citrus e outras que envolvam a bactéria X. fastidiosa. / The phytopathogenic bacterium Xylella fastidiosa is the etiological agent of Citrus Variegated Chlorosis (CVC) that causes losses of about 100 millions dollars per year in Brazil. During infection, reactive oxygen species play a central role in plant pathogen defense. To survive under oxidative stress imposed by the host, microorganisms express antioxidant proteins, including the peroxiredoxins alkyl hydroperoxide reductase subunit C (AhpC) and bacterioferritin comigratory protein (Bcp). Peroxiredoxins are peroxidases, which rely on an activated cysteine residue to catalyze the reduction of hydroperoxides. By proteome analysis, Smolka et al. (2003) identified the products of ahpc and bcp genes present in whole cell extract of X. fastidiosa. To characterize the function and structure of AhpC and Bcp protein, their genes were cloned in Escherichia coli and the corresponding proteins purified by nickel affinity chromatography. Recombinant proteins presented thiol-dependent peroxidase activity against hydrogen peroxide and organic hydroperoxides. AhpC and Bcp peroxidase activities are dependent on alkyl hydroperoxide reductase subunit F (AhpF), and on thioredoxin system, respectively. Paradoxically, AhpF flavoenzyme possesses hydrogen peroxide-forming oxidase activity. Contrary to classical assumptions, competitive kinetics employing horseradish peroxidase assays showed that the second-order rate constants of AhpC and Bcp reaction with hydrogen peroxide are in the order of 107 M-1.s-1, as fast as the activity of selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidases and catalases. Non-reducing SDS-PAGE and cysteine quantification using DTNB indicated different peroxidasic mechanisms: AhpC is a typical 2-Cys peroxiredoxin (with intermolecular disulfide bond formation), while Bcp is an atypical 2-Cys peroxiredoxin (with intramolecular disulfide bond formation). In contrast to the well-conserved AhpC cysteines responsible for the peroxidase activity (Cys-47 and Cys-165), only through site-specific mutagenesis and mass spectrometry we could identified the cysteine residues involved in the Bcp peroxidase activity (Cys-47 and Cys-83). Structural characterization by size exclusion chromatography and dynamic light scattering revealed that AhpC native protein forms stable and redox state independent decamers. The crystal structure of Bcp C47S, the first 2-Cys Prx with a 35-residue between the active cysteines ever characterized, shows that protein contains the common fold of peroxiredoxins and that active cysteines lies ~12.4 Å away one from the other. Based on circular dichroism, we presented data indicating that disulfide bond formation may require significant conformational changes, which probably is triggered by the peroxidatic cysteine oxidation to sulfenic acid. In conclusion, we elucidated the catalytic mechanisms and reduction systems of AhpC and Bcp proteins that may help to understand the pathogenicity mechanism of X. fastidiosa. These results can contribute to the development of plague control methods against X. fastidiosa.

N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors are a class of ionotropic glutamate receptors, involved in excitatory synaptic transmission, synaptic plasticity and excitotoxicity. They form heterotetrameric complexes composed of GluN1, GluN2A-D and/or GluN3A-B subunits that are activated by glutamate and glycine. Previous reports showed that different subunits of NMDA receptors, especially the GluN2 subunits, confer different functional and pharmacological properties on the receptor complexes. However, the subunit-dependent differences in the regulation of intracellular processing and transport of NMDA receptor subtypes has not been clearly elucidated. The aim of this work was to clarify the mechanisms of regulation of the NMDA receptor transport. In our experiments we performed immunocytochemistry of receptors on heterologous COS-7 cells and cultured cerebellar granule cells (CGC), both expressing recombinant NMDA receptors. The results of my work show that the transport of NMDA receptors is regulated by presence of GluN2A and GluN2B subunits. Our results further showed that transport of the GluN1/GluN2C receptors is regulated by three specific areas of the GluN2C subunit: i) the A2 segment within the amino- terminal domain, ii.) the M3 domain, and iii.) the proximal part of the C-terminus containing the...

Homotrimeric P2X3 and heteromeric P2X2/3 receptors are present in sensory ganglia and participate in pain perception. In order to develop pharmacological antagonists for these receptors, it is important to clarify which amino acid (AA) residues constitute the agonist binding pouch as well as to learn the stoichiometry of the receptor subunits forming a heteromeric receptor. We expressed the homomeric human (h)P2X3 receptor or its mutants in HEK293 cells and measured the ATP-induced responses by the whole-cell patch-clamp method. For the binding-site mutants, all conserved and some non-conserved AAs in the four nucleotide binding segments (NBSs) of the P2X3 subunit were sequentially replaced by alanine. Especially the positively charged AAs Lys and Arg appeared to be of critical importance for the agonist effects. We concluded that groups of AAs organized in NBSs rather than individual amino acids appear to be responsible for agonist binding at the P2X3 receptor. These NBSs are located at the interface of the three subunits forming a functional receptor. We were also interested to find out, whether two heteromeric receptors (P2X2/3 and P2X2/6), where P2X2 combines with two different partners, have an obligatory subunit stoichiometry of 1:2 or whether the subunit stoichiometry may be variable. For this purpose we used non-functional P2X2, P2X3 and P2X6 subunit-mutants to investigate the composition of heteromeric P2X2/3 and P2X2/6 receptors. The subunit stoichiometry of P2X2/3 and P2X2/6 was found to be 1:2 and 2:1, respectively. Thus, recognitions sites between P2X2 and its partners rather than random association may govern the subunit compositions of the receptor trimers.:Index of contents Introductory remarks „Wissenschaftlicher Anteil des Promovenden an der Publikation“ „Bibliographische Beschreibung“ I. Introduction Pain as a sensory quality Neuronal circuitry for pain processing and sensation in the PNS and CNS Transformation of thermal, mechanical and chemical stimuli into electrical activity by nociceptors; nociceptor-targeted therapeutic approaches Release mechanisms for nucleotides and their fate in the extracellular space Nucleotide receptor-types ATP-sensitive P2 receptors and pain-sensation References II. Scientific background and aims of my thesis ATP binding-sites of P2X3 receptors; subunit composition of P2X2/3 and P2X2/6 heteromeric receptors The aims of the present work III. Publications IV. Summary and conclusions Amino acid residues constituting the agonist binding site of the human P2X3 receptor ATP binding site mutagenesis reveals different subunit stoichiometry of functional P2X2/3 and P2X2/6 receptors „Eigenständigkeitserklärung“ Curriculum vitae Acknowledgements

Higher-order genome organization is important for the regulation of gene expression by bringing different cis-regulatory elements and promoters in proximity. The establishment and maintenance of long-range chromatin interactions occur in response to cellular and environmental cues with the binding of transcription factors and chromatin modifiers. Understanding the organization of the nucleus in differentiation and cancer has been a long standing challenge and is still not well-understood. In this thesis, I explore the dynamic changes in the higher-order chromatin structure in bone differentiation and breast cancer. First, we show dynamic chromatin contact between a distal regulatory element and the promoter of Runx2 gene, which encodes the Runtrelated transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) that is essential for bone development. Next, via using a genome-wide approach, we show that breast cancer cells have altered long-range chromatin contacts among small, gene-rich chromosomes and at telomeres when compared with mammary epithelial cells. Furthermore, we assess the changes in nuclear structure and gene expression of breast cancer cells following Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) deficiency, an event frequently observed in breast cancer. Finally, I present the role of the central ATPase subunit of the SWI/SNF complex, SMARCA4 (BRG1), in mediating nuclear structure and gene expression. Taken together, the research presented in this thesis reveals novel insight and paradigm for the dynamic changes in disease and differentiation, as well as uncovers previously unidentified roles for two chromatin regulatory proteins, RUNX1 and SMARCA4.