The purpose of this study is to investigate what effect COVID-19 has had on the buyer-supplier relationship (BSR) in the ready-made garment (RMG) supply chain (SC) - focusing mainly on the Bangladeshi supplier point of view, but with a complementary perspective of the buyer. As the area is new and relatively unexplored, there is a gap in previous literature and research. It has not previously been studied how COVID-19 affected the relationship between buyer and supplier in the RMG SC. This study aims to narrow this gap. In this study, a qualitative research strategy was adopted, emphasizing words rather than quantification in the data collection and analysis. An inductive approach was used, starting from collecting data, where theories and literature are proposed towards the end of the research process as a result of interviews. A narrative state of the art review of literature was conducted to provide a comprehensive and unbiased review. Semi-structured in-depth interviews with Bangladeshi supplier managers were conducted over Zoom or Teams. The empirical data were coded in first-order concepts, second-order concepts, and aggregate level through the qualitative research program Nvivo. Four main second-order concepts could be identified from the interviews with the supplier side. The codes and empirical data were then analyzed through a developed analysis model based on the Conceptual Model of Social Capital. The effects that COVID-19 has had on BSR from a Bangladeshi supplier perspective are discussed and presented.

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Syfte – Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur miljöstyrning kan utformas av tillverkande företag i sina globala leverantörskedjor. För att uppfylla syftet togs två frågeställningar fram: [1] Hur används miljöstyrning i globala leverantörskedjor inom tillverkningsindustrin? [2] Vilka faktorer bör tas i beaktning vid utformning av miljöstyrning i globala leverantörskedjor inom tillverkningsindustrin? Metod – Studien är en fallstudie och består av kvalitativ datainsamling i form av intervjuer och dokumentstudier. Användandet av flera datainsamlingsmetoder bidrar till en ökad validitet av insamlade data. Resultatet av den insamlade data jämfördes sedan med teorier inom området för att möjliggöra svar på frågeställningarna och ett uppfyllande av syftet. Resultat – Miljöstyrning kan användas på flera olika sätt för att påverka leverantören. Det är vanligt att företag förbjuder användningen av vissa material eller ämnen i sina produkter genom hela leverantörskedjan. Det har däremot visat sig svårare för företag att påverka sina leverantörers förhållande till miljöaspekterna. Miljöstyrning kan användas för att hjälpa leverantörer komma igång med hållbarhetsarbete genom nära samarbete. Miljöstyrning kan också användas för att styra leverantörerna att välja mer utsläppsvänliga produktionsmetoder, använda mer hållbara material eller öka vikten av att hållbarhetsarbete genom hela leverantörskedjan. Implikationer – Studien har fokuserat på hur företag kan använda miljöstyrning i sitt arbete för hållbarhet genom sina leverantörskedjor. Studiens resultat har framhävt aspekter som bör beaktas av företag vid användning av miljöstyrning av globala leverantörskedjor. I studien framkommer också skillnader runt om i världen som kan påverka miljöstyrningen. Resultatet kan användas som vägledning och understöd till företag som arbetar eller vill arbeta med miljöstyrning genom sina globala leverantörskedjor. Begränsningar – Studien baseras på ett fall vilket kan försämra generaliserbarheten. Empirin som samlas in kommer från fallföretaget och deras leverantörer vilket begränsar tillämpningen på andra företag eller verksamheter. Insamlade data kommer från ett fåtal leverantörer vilket begränsar bredden av studien och kan påverka tillämpligheten. Då resultatet utav studien kopplas till annan teori kan en fallstudie baserat på ett fall fortfarande vara representativt. / Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate how environmental management can be designed by manufacturing companies in their global supply chains. To fulfill the purpose, two issues were raised: [1] How is environmental management used in global supply chains within the manufacturing industry? [2] What factors should be considered when designing environmental management in global supply chains in the manufacturing industry? Method – The study is a case study and consists of qualitative data collection in the form of interviews and document studies. The use of several data collection methods contributes to an increased validity of collected data. The results of the collected data were then compared with theories in the field to enable answers to the questions and a fulfillment of the purpose. Findings – Environmental management can be used in several different ways to influence the supplier. It is common for companies to prohibit the use of certain materials or substances in their products throughout the supply chain. On the other hand, it was proven more difficult for companies to influence their suppliers' relationship to environmental aspects. Environmental governance can be used to help suppliers get started with sustainability work through close collaboration. Environmental governance can also be used to guide suppliers to choose more emission-friendly production methods, use more sustainable materials or increase the importance of sustainability work throughout the supply chain. Implications – The study has focused on how companies can use environmental management in their work for sustainability through their supply chains. The results of the study have highlighted aspects that should be considered by companies when using environmental management of global supply chains. The study also reveals differences around the world that can affect environmental management. The results can be used as guidance and support for companies that work or want to work with environmental management through their global supply chains. Limitations – The study is based on one case, which may impair generalizability. The experience gathered comes from the case company and their suppliers, which limits the application to other companies or operations. Collected data comes from a few suppliers, which limits the breadth of the study and may affect applicability. By comparing the case study with previous theories, a single case study is still representative.

Introduction: The focus of this thesis is set on how green innovation can be facilitated through supplier relationships. Early supplier integration (ESI) can be defined as a collaboration between a purchasing firm and its supplier at an early stage of the product conceptualization and green innovation can be defined as the implementation of several management activities aimed at reducing environmental impact. Throughout the years researchers have examined the advantages and impact of green innovation, however, how manufacturing companies can manage early supplier integration to foster green innovation has not been explicitly studied. Purpose: The purpose of this research is to explore how early supplier integration can foster green innovation between manufacturer and supplier. Furthermore, this research proposes a conceptual model that addresses how early supplier integration can foster green innovation. Research Questions: Which are the current corporate practices for green innovation related to supplier relationships? What are the main prerequisites for green innovation in ESI? How can manufacturers manage their early supplier integration to foster green innovation?  Methodology: Based on the purpose and research questions in this thesis the authors deemed a qualitative research approach to be the most applicable research design. To gather in-depth data for the thesis, semi-structured interviews were chosen as the most appropriate data collection method. Respondents that were included based on their extensive knowledge regarding internal green integration, supplier selection, early supplier integration, co-development, and green innovation. Conclusion: This study provides knowledge regarding how early supplier integration can foster green innovation between manufacturer and supplier. It can be concluded that in order for early supplier integration to actively foster green innovation it is necessary to consider a holistic perspective by adapting four chronological concepts that are managed in the order: internal green integration, supplier selection, early supplier integration, and co-development.

The concept of industry 4.0 has long been a topic of discussion, research, and cultural impact, it has also rapidly increased effectiveness, profitability, and growth for the involved parties. At the pinnacle of industry 4.0 smart factories have emerged as a concept, describing the factories of competitive manufacturing leaders who best utilize the advanced tools of the era. The journey toward progressing conventional factories, making them smart, requires collaboration with suppliers who are well-equipped to support this transition. Therefore, this thesis aims to take on a supplier perspective through the lens of strategy to gain a deeper understanding of how suppliers should act towards original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) in the smart factory era. Specifically, investigating how suppliers can seize business opportunities in the smart factory maturity (SFM) journey of OEMs.  The study was conducted through a qualitative single case study performed with an industrial supplier towards OEMs in the motor vehicle industry (MVI). Data collection included performing semi-structured interviews with employees at the case company as well as observations such as break room discussions and visits at OEMs. Moreover, thematic analysis was carried out which resulted in three themes which deepens the understanding of the supplier’s role in the context. The discussion of the themes concludes that suppliers should: 1. Understand the state of the OEMs' smart factory journey, by identifying the OEMs SFM and what drives them forward. 2. Use the found enablers in their strategy to assist the journey, i.e. by developing strategic partnerships, expanding the software offering, establishing a smart factory vision, and changing the mindset towards solution selling. 3. Prepare for and manage the identified challenges of the smart factory era, which are factory legacy, new competency needs, cyber security, silo mindset, and change management. The research contributes to industry 4.0 maturity model literature by adding a more managerial view on the area and a supplier perspective. Furthermore, the study contributes to strategic management literature by adding onto the dynamic capabilities framework by providing a practical context on how organizations can seize business opportunities.

在近年來，產業群聚之研究逐漸風糜，Porter所著之《國家競爭優勢》開啟了產業群聚研究，並將產業群聚之概念及操作手法加以介紹，其後的許多學者承襲Porter對於產業群聚定義採用其他研究方法將產業群聚之研究發揚光大。過去臺灣對於產業群聚之研究，多停留在特定地點成功案例研究(如竹科或矽谷)或單一產業或單一地區之產業集中情形進行研究，較少以上下游關係緊密關係來做研究基礎開展，再配合產業資料進行集中之研究。 本研究則是基於產業群聚之概念，而將產業群聚分為上下游關係緊密與地理空間集中兩者，並援引Bergman 及 Feser兩位教授於1999及2000年所介紹之投入產出方法，利用主計處之《八十八年產業關聯表》中資料找出上下游關係緊密之產業群，再利用九十年工商普查產業基本資料配合上下關係緊密產業群找出其在地理空間集中之確切群聚地點。茲將研究發現整理如下： 一、臺灣地區主要有十三個上下游關聯緊密之產業群聚。 二、半導體與電子零組件產業群聚為臺灣地區為核心產業群聚。 三、北臺灣區域儼然成為臺灣地區主要產業群聚地點，臺北縣及桃園兩地成為大多數產業群聚之地點。 四、北中南區域皆各有不同之產業群聚。 (一) 北部區域為電子產業(半導體以及電子零組件)、紡織、機械、機電、印刷、汽車產業群聚之地點。 (二) 中部區域則有皮革及皮鞋、鋼鐵及機械、其他製品、自行車產業群聚。 (三) 南部區域則有石化上游、鋼鐵、鋁、機車、船舶產業群聚。

隨著資訊技術的崛起與發展，傳統的商業模式已經完全不同於以往，電子商務的興起已逐年快速蓬勃發展，這樣的新興商業模式無論是在B2B或是B2C的領域都讓企業運作變的更加有效率，並且為企業創造了更多的利潤，但除了資訊科技以外仍需其他革命性變革與創新才能造就如此欣欣向榮的環境，供應鏈管理即是極佳的例子，在供應鏈管理的運作之下的企業相互合作和共享資訊與資源，資訊科技扮演連接整個供應鏈的重要角色，並且讓供應鏈更加有效率的運作，這是B2B電子商務極致表現的一個相當好的範例，但企業之間的合作決計不僅僅只依靠資訊科技的連結而變的更有效率，企業需要的是尋找良好的廠商作為合作夥伴，本研究的目的就在於發掘出企業間建立夥伴關係中重要的因素，並嘗試將夥伴關係分級，如此一來夥伴關係管理將不只是空談，企業可以有效的評估合作的廠商並加以分級管理，夥伴關係管理的運作將為企業創造更多的價值。 在不同的產業中會有不同的夥伴關係出現，當然當中關鍵的結合力因素也將不同，在本研究中將會把目標放在處於資訊科技產業中的買與賣的關係之上，因為這個產業有著強調速度與效率的特性，而且電子商務的應用與發展也最蓬勃，本研究將採用深度的訪談分析，並讓受訪問的企業對重要的結合力因素作評比，如此一來研究者將可以分析瞭解重要的結合力並將夥伴關係做等級上的劃分，以利未來其他研究者能針對不同等級的夥伴關係做各類管理方法之研究。 關鍵字：電子商務、B2B、夥伴關係管理、結合力 / In the wake of information technology (IT), business model is taking a paradigm shift. Electronic commerce is an emerging business model that streamlines the operations of a business and results in efficiency and profitability. In addition to the increased dependency on information technology, changes in management will be needed to maximize the effects of electronic commerce. The concept of Supply Chain Management (SCM) tells management to utilize the new found capabilities of IT integration and information sharing between business partners. The concept reveals that a connection beside the tangible IT link should exist to bind a business with its suppliers and customers tightly. Businesses should have a good relationship with their business partners to increase the total revenue. In this research, we are trying to find the critical bonds between business partners. After identifying the bonds, we can use them to categorize partner relationships and differentiate the degree of integration between business partners. Keywords: EC, B2B, PRM, partner relation management, bond, buyer-supplier relationship

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T18:39:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / As operações logísticas possuem importante papel no comércio internacional. Ao mesmo tempo, as exportações têm se destacado como força motriz da política econômica brasileira. Com o aumento das exportações nos últimos anos, a busca por redução de custos, o aumento na qualidade e na satisfação das necessidades dos clientes tem recaído com grande peso sobre a área de operações. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho teve como objetivos identificar critérios competitivos e a forma de relacionamento para manutenção do serviço prestado por provedores de transporte marítimo internacional a empresas exportadoras localizadas no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Foi realizada pesquisa do tipo survey com exportadores de dois dos setores que mais exportam no estado – Máquinas & Equipamentos e Agronegócios. Os resultados indicam que os critérios competitivos pertencentes ao construto Desempenho de Serviços: agilidade de retorno, equipe capacitada, entrega no prazo, preço, disponibilidade de espaço e equipamentos foram os que mais / Logistics operations play an important role in international business. At the same time, exports are a major driver in the Brazilian economy policies. As exportation rates have increased quickly in the last years, companies have been compelled to seek cost reduction, quality improvements and client satisfaction. Thus, this study aimed to identify competitive criteria and relationship patterns in the services continuity in the international sea transport industry. The companies analyzed are located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. A survey was carried out in two of the major exporters industries in that state – Machinery and Agribusiness. The results showed that competitive criteria employed in Services Performance: feedback capacity, staff’s skills, on time delivery, price, ships’ space availability and equipment were found to be more important for the relationship maintenance in the international sea export industry and Brazilian exporters. Therefore, these criteria are key aspects for the relationship co

A proposta de um procedimento de programação da produção, estruturado a partir das particularidades do fluxo de produção de um sistema de manufatura celular, descrita neste trabalho, é resultado do processo de investigação da relação do uso de ferramentas computacionais, especialistas em programação da produção, envolvendo práticas de controle de estoque no abastecimento de um sistema de manufatura celular. Deste modo, o conteúdo deste trabalho trata das principais restrições inerentes a relação entre os diferentes parâmetros e variáveis do processo de fabricação deste tipo de sistema, os quais interferem diretamente na eficácia e eficiência de um sistema de programação da produção, além de enfatizar os resultados efetivos que podem ser alcançados com o uso de um software APS, assim como uma lógica de programação, com ênfase na minimização do Lead Time Offsetting. Neste contexto, além do resultado efetivo que este trabalho demonstra, a partir do uso de um sistema de programação da produção em um ambiente de manufatura celular, há, inerentemente, o destaque à relevância do tema de pesquisa, estudado na literatura, devido ao crescente aumento da complexidade dos sistemas produtivos e, consequentemente, da dificuldade de análises mais precisas do impacto que as variáveis de fluxo, como por exemplo, tempos de abastecimento e movimentação, tempos de setup e os respectivos roteiros de fabricação, podem causar no desempenho dos processos no chão de fábrica. Quanto ao método de pesquisa o estudo aborda o tema, quanto à aplicação de um modelo de programação da produção estruturado, com base no escopo da proposta, através de um estudo de caso de uma empresa fornecedora de componentes do setor de automotivo, envolvendo pesquisa de campo com acesso a documentos do processo de fabricação e da estrutura de materiais do mix de produtos relacionados, além do contato direto com os atores do processo de fabricação a partir de reuniões periódicas durante o processo de concepção do procedimento. A partir da construção do modelo de programação, cenários são gerados de modo a comparar a performance dos mesmos em um ambiente produtivo real, sendo realizadas alterações de variáveis no fluxo produtivo, a fim de obter resultados interessantes e satisfatórios, utilizando-se de parâmetros como tamanho de lote e makespan como indicadores de performance. / The proposal of a production programming procedure, built from the particularities of a cellular manufacturing system\'s production flow, described in this work, is the result of a investigation process about the relation of using computational tools, specialized in production programming, involving practices of inventory control in a supply system of a manufacturing cell. Thus, the content of this work deals with the main constraints inherent in the relationship between different parameters and variables of the manufacturing process, regarding this type of production system, that directly interferes in the efficiency of a production scheduling system, emphasizing the effective results that can be achieved through the use of an APS software and programming logic, with emphasis on minimizing Lead Time Offsett. Thereby, in addition to the effective result that this work demonstrates about the use of a production programming system, in a cellular manufacturing environment, we should also emphasize the topic reserchead, and studied, in this work due to the increasing complexity of manufacturing systems and environments as well as the difficulty of more precise analyzes regarding the impact of production flow variables, such as supply and movement times, setup times and the variability offered by manufacturing routes, which can cause underperformance of production processes in a factory. About the research method, this study approaches the subject, regarding the application of a programming model, based on the scope of the initial proposal, through a case study of a company that supplies automotive componentes, in the brazilian automobile sector. This study encompasses field research with access to documents of the manufacturing process as well as the bill of materials of related products, also, direct contact with the actors of the manufacturing process through periodic meetings during the procedure design process. Regarding the results achieved by this work, it is important to highlight the creation of different cenarios and comparisons that were made, regarding the use of different parameters and variables, such as makespan and lot sizing, so that the optimal experience could be achived, through the use of a customized programming model developed, exclusively, for this research.

A proposta de um procedimento de programação da produção, estruturado a partir das particularidades do fluxo de produção de um sistema de manufatura celular, descrita neste trabalho, é resultado do processo de investigação da relação do uso de ferramentas computacionais, especialistas em programação da produção, envolvendo práticas de controle de estoque no abastecimento de um sistema de manufatura celular. Deste modo, o conteúdo deste trabalho trata das principais restrições inerentes a relação entre os diferentes parâmetros e variáveis do processo de fabricação deste tipo de sistema, os quais interferem diretamente na eficácia e eficiência de um sistema de programação da produção, além de enfatizar os resultados efetivos que podem ser alcançados com o uso de um software APS, assim como uma lógica de programação, com ênfase na minimização do Lead Time Offsetting. Neste contexto, além do resultado efetivo que este trabalho demonstra, a partir do uso de um sistema de programação da produção em um ambiente de manufatura celular, há, inerentemente, o destaque à relevância do tema de pesquisa, estudado na literatura, devido ao crescente aumento da complexidade dos sistemas produtivos e, consequentemente, da dificuldade de análises mais precisas do impacto que as variáveis de fluxo, como por exemplo, tempos de abastecimento e movimentação, tempos de setup e os respectivos roteiros de fabricação, podem causar no desempenho dos processos no chão de fábrica. Quanto ao método de pesquisa o estudo aborda o tema, quanto à aplicação de um modelo de programação da produção estruturado, com base no escopo da proposta, através de um estudo de caso de uma empresa fornecedora de componentes do setor de automotivo, envolvendo pesquisa de campo com acesso a documentos do processo de fabricação e da estrutura de materiais do mix de produtos relacionados, além do contato direto com os atores do processo de fabricação a partir de reuniões periódicas durante o processo de concepção do procedimento. A partir da construção do modelo de programação, cenários são gerados de modo a comparar a performance dos mesmos em um ambiente produtivo real, sendo realizadas alterações de variáveis no fluxo produtivo, a fim de obter resultados interessantes e satisfatórios, utilizando-se de parâmetros como tamanho de lote e makespan como indicadores de performance. / The proposal of a production programming procedure, built from the particularities of a cellular manufacturing system\'s production flow, described in this work, is the result of a investigation process about the relation of using computational tools, specialized in production programming, involving practices of inventory control in a supply system of a manufacturing cell. Thus, the content of this work deals with the main constraints inherent in the relationship between different parameters and variables of the manufacturing process, regarding this type of production system, that directly interferes in the efficiency of a production scheduling system, emphasizing the effective results that can be achieved through the use of an APS software and programming logic, with emphasis on minimizing Lead Time Offsett. Thereby, in addition to the effective result that this work demonstrates about the use of a production programming system, in a cellular manufacturing environment, we should also emphasize the topic reserchead, and studied, in this work due to the increasing complexity of manufacturing systems and environments as well as the difficulty of more precise analyzes regarding the impact of production flow variables, such as supply and movement times, setup times and the variability offered by manufacturing routes, which can cause underperformance of production processes in a factory. About the research method, this study approaches the subject, regarding the application of a programming model, based on the scope of the initial proposal, through a case study of a company that supplies automotive componentes, in the brazilian automobile sector. This study encompasses field research with access to documents of the manufacturing process as well as the bill of materials of related products, also, direct contact with the actors of the manufacturing process through periodic meetings during the procedure design process. Regarding the results achieved by this work, it is important to highlight the creation of different cenarios and comparisons that were made, regarding the use of different parameters and variables, such as makespan and lot sizing, so that the optimal experience could be achived, through the use of a customized programming model developed, exclusively, for this research.