Orientador: Helena Maria André Bolini / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T11:23:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Azevedo_BrunaMarcacini_M.pdf: 2064752 bytes, checksum: c91e6ab7311096719609c17b1ca94890 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O Brasil tem a maior produção de café no mundo e é o segundo mercado consumidor, atrás somente dos EUA. O consumo de café está crescendo constantemente, graças a seus efeitos fisiológicos e ao seu sabor e aroma agradáveis. Associado a este consumo, a maior preocupação com a saúde estimulou a área de pesquisa e desenvolvimento de alimentos de baixa caloria e adoçantes não calóricos. Os edulcorantes podem produzir uma variedade de características sensoriais, dependendo do alimento ou bebida ao qual foi adicionado, sendo necessário estudá-los individualmente. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar sensorialmente os cafés expressos adoçados com sacarose e diferentes edulcorantes (sucralose, aspartame, neotame, mistura de ciclamato/sacarina e estévia). A avaliação sensorial foi realizada através da determinação da Doçura Ideal, Teste de Equivalência em Doçura, Análise Descritiva Quantitativa (ADQ®), Análise de Aceitação e Análise Tempo-Intensidade para o estímulo gosto doce. A ADQ, Análise Tempo-Intensidade e Teste de aceitação foram avaliados por análise de variância (ANOVA), teste de Tukey e Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP). A doçura ideal de sacarose no café expresso foi de 12,5%. O teste de equivalência de doçura revelou que a amostra com neotame teve a maior potência edulcorante entre os cinco edulcorantes testados, enquanto que a estévia apresentou o menor poder de dulçor. Os termos descritivos do café expresso com sacarose e adoçantes diferentes foram: cor marrom escuro (bebida café), cor marrom claro (espuma), presença de espuma, viscosidade aparente, aroma de café, aroma doce, aroma de baunilha, aroma torrado, sabor de caramelo, gosto doce, gosto doce residual, gosto amargo, gosto amargo residual, sabor de café, adstringência, sabor torrado e corpo. A ACP sugeriu que a amostra com sacarose foi caracterizada principalmente pelos atributos corpo e viscosidade, a amostra com sucralose pelo aroma doce, a amostra com o aspartame por doçura, a amostra com o neotame por adstringência, a amostra com a mistura de ciclamato/sacarina por amargor e gosto residual amargo e, por fim, a amostra com estévia por gosto doce residual. Os resultados não mostraram uma grande diferença no perfil sensorial das amostras de café expresso, mas a amostra com estévia foi a que apresentou maior variação. As amostras de café expresso foram muito semelhantes em relação à aparência, textura e aroma. O teste de aceitação verificou que a amostra comaspartame apresentou maior aceitação entre os consumidores. Não houve diferença estatística significativa (p> 0,05) em relação aos atributos de aparência, aroma e textura, entre as seis amostras. A Análise Tempo-Intensidade revelou que a amostra com estévia apresentou os maiores valores de Imax (intensidade máxima), Timax (tempo em que a intensidade máxima foi registrada); Área (área da curva de tempo x intensidade) e Ttot (tempo total de duração do estímulo) / Abstract: Brazil has the biggest coffee beans production among all countries and is the second consumer market, following USA. The consumption of coffee beverages is growing steadily thanks to their physiological effects and pleasant flavor and aroma. In addition concern about health has given inputs to research and development on low calorie foods and non-caloric sweeteners. Sweeteners can produce a variety of sensory characteristics depending on the food or beverage in which they have been added, therefore it is necessary to study them individually. The objective of this study was to sensorially evaluate espresso coffee sweetened with various sweeteners (sucralose, aspartame, neotame, mixture of cyclamate/saccharin 2:1 and stevioside) and sucrose. The sensory evaluation was done through ideal and equivalent sweetness determinations, Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA), Acceptance Analysis, and Time-Intensity Analysis for stimuli sweet taste. The QDA, time intensity analysis and acceptance test data were evaluated by the analysis of variance (ANOVA), Tukey's Test and the principal component analysis. The statistical analysis was carried out using the SAS program. The ideal sweetness of sucrose in espresso coffee was 12,5%. The equivalent sweetness determinations showed that neotame had the greatest potency amongst the five intensity sweeteners tested, while stevioside exhibited the smallest. The descriptive terms of the coffee espresso with sucrose and different sweeteners were: dark brown color, light brown color, foam, viscosity, coffee aroma, sweet aroma, vanilla aroma, roasted aroma, caramel flavor, sweetness, sweet aftertaste, bitterness, bitter aftertaste, coffee flavor, astringency, roasted flavor and body. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) suggested that the sample with sucrose was mainly characterized by the body and viscosity, the sample with sucralose by the sweet aroma, the sample with aspartame by the sweetness, the sample with neotame by astringency, the sample with cyclamates/saccharine (2:1) blend by bitterness and bitter aftertaste, and, finally, the sample with stevioside by sweet aftertaste. The results did not show a great difference in the sensory profile of espresso coffee samples, however the sample with stevioside showed more variation. The samples were very similar in relation to appearance, aroma, and texture. The acceptance test showed a greater acceptance for the sample with aspartame. No statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) were observed for appearance, aroma and texture, between all the samples. The Time-Intensity Analysis showed that the sample with stevioside presented highest Imax (maximum intensity), Timax (time in which the maximum intensity was recorded); Area (area of the curve time×intensity) and Ttot (total duration time of the stimulus) of the all samples / Mestrado / Consumo e Qualidade de Alimentos / Mestra em Alimentos e Nutrição

Según el Ministerio de Salud (MINSA), el consumo excesivo de azúcar contribuye al sobrepeso e incrementa el riesgo de sufrir enfermedades cardiovasculares, obesidad y diabetes . Además, el Instituto Nacional de Salud (INS), menciona que el sobrepeso y la obesidad son grandes males que afectan al Perú, tal es así que cerca del 70% de adultos, entre mujeres y varones, lo padecen; por lo que es necesario fomentar hábitos alimentarios y estilos de vida saludables, lejos del consumo excesivo de las grasas saturadas, grasas trans, azúcar y sodio. Por ello, el proyecto de miel de açaí nace como una oportunidad que busca endulzar alimentos de manera saludable en un mercado con una oferta y variedad limitada. En el mercado peruano existen distintos productos sustitutos y las personas suelen consumirlos porque pueden sen comprados más fácilmente y son más accesibles a su bolsillo. Con el presente proyecto, se buscará validar diversas variables que nos permitan tener mejor visibilidad de una potencial aceptación del mismo en la población limeña. Además, se realizará una investigación de mercado para conocer al público objetivo. Con estos resultados se definirán puntos de partidas, se analizarán potenciales ventas estratégicas para asegurar una respetable participación dentro del mercado al cual buscaremos dirigirnos. Mielaí, es una empresa cuyo objetivo inicial es ofrecer miel a base de açaí. Dicho producto busca posicionarse en el mercado como una alternativa saludable para endulzar bebidas y alimentos. Antes de iniciar el proyecto, se realizarán degustaciones para evaluar la viabilidad del mismo. / According to the Ministry of Health (MINSA), excessive consumption of sugar contributes to overweight and increases the risk of suffering from cardiovascular diseases, obesity and diabetes . In addition, the National Institute of Health (INS), mentions that overweight and obesity are great evils that affect Peru, so much so that about 70% of adults, women and men, suffer from it; so it is necessary to promote healthy eating habits and lifestyles, away from excessive consumption of saturated fats, trans fats, sugar and sodium. For this reason, the açaí honey project was born as an opportunity that seeks to sweeten food in a healthy way in a market with a limited supply and variety. In the Peruvian market, there are different substitute products and people usually consume them because they can be bought more easily and are more accessible to their pocket. With this project, we will seek to validate various variables that allow us to have better visibility of a potential acceptance of it in the Lima population. In addition, a market research will be carried out to know the target audience. With these results, starting points will be defined, potential strategic sales will be analyzed to ensure a respectable participation in the market to which we will seek to target. Mielaí, is a company whose initial objective is to offer açaí-based honey. This product seeks to position itself in the market as a healthy alternative to sweeten beverages and foods. Before starting the project, tastings will be held to assess its viability. / Trabajo de investigación

The aim of this diploma thesis is the determination of selected organic pollutants with a focus on artificial sweeteners in waste water from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) Modřice and the subsequent degradation of the thus obtained concentrations in model water using advanced oxidation processes (AOP). Two sweeteners were determined, namely sucralose and saccharin found in waste water. Synthetic sweeteners are not sufficiently cleaned in the WWTP and penetrate the environment. Effective processes for removing organic substances, including alternative sweeteners, are AOP processes. These processes are based on reactions of highly reactive hydroxyl radical (OH·), which is produced by many chemical reactions. Generally, they use ozone (O3) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). On sampling, wastewater samples were treated with Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) and then evaluated by HPLC/MS (High Performance Liquid Chromatography). In observing the degradation of selected sweeteners, three AOP methods were used: O3/UV, H2O2/UV and O3/H2O2. For each of these methods, the efficiency of degradation of sucralose and saccharin was investigated. From the evaluated data it was found that the most efficient AOP process for removing artificial sweeteners from water is the O3/H2O2 method.

M. Tech. (Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Applied and Computer Sciences), Vaal University of Technology. / Obesity has steadily increased and represents a major public health problem worldwide, reducing quality of life and causing a range of health problems. Obesity has emerged as the fifth leading risk of global deaths. Annually, 2.8 million adults die as a result of being overweight or obese. The increase of obesity remains inexplicable in terms of genetic susceptibility to obesity. The genetic loci identified by genome-wide association studies (GWASs) explains about 2% of the heritability for obesity. Perhaps other factors such as epigenetics may be involved in the increase of obesity and may offer solutions for the management of obesity. Epigenetics is defined as a heritable change in gene expression without altering the genome sequences. It may help in providing a logical explanation between the genome and environment which shapes obesity risk and may help to explain the "missing heritability". Epigenetics may affect two mechanisms, namely: i) DNA methylation,and ii) histone modifications. DNA methylation might give scientists a link to the rise in obesity.The study aimed to investigate the effect of sugars used as sweeteners in sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) on DNA methylation in a Caco-2 cell line in vitro. Four major objectives were pursued in the study which were to:(1) stimulate the Caco-2 cells with varying concentrations of sugar sweeteners and assess the morphological changes of the cells; (2) evaluate the cytotoxicity of different concentrations of the sugar sweetener on the Caco-2 cell line using the Alamar blue and LDH assay; (3) obtain genomic DNA from the treated Caco-2 cell line and perform bisulfite conversion and rest; and (4) amplify the WT1, MEG3, TNFRSF9, ATP10A, and CD44 obesity-associated genes and ascertain their degree of methylation. Caco-2 cells were stimulated with sugar sweeteners at varying concentrations (low, medium and high) for an incubation period of 62 days,and images of the cells were captured for morphological characterisation. The incubation condition entailed cells plated in a 12 or 96 well plate, incubated in a humidified 5% CO2 incubator at 37 °C and there is nutrient renewal every three days.Alamar blue, a cell proliferation colourimetric assay and lactate dehydrogenase assays (LDH), a homogenous membrane fluorimetric assay were used for the cytotoxicity studies. The results of the characterisation showed that different concentrations of sugar sweeteners affected the morphology of the cells as the incubation period progressed. The cytotoxicity results of both LDH and Alamar blue depicted low concentration of sweeteners that had low-to-moderate toxicity and the medium and high concentration of the sweeteners had a moderate to high toxicity on the Caco-2 cells. DNA from the Caco-2 cells was extracted. Techniques used to study DNA methylation such as bisulfite conversion, PCR amplification and restriction enzymes that have differential sensitivity to 5-methyl-cytosine were performed. The quality of DNA extracted was good. The bisulfite conversion was conducted andno amplification was observed, as a contingency plan Normal PCR was performed to amplify the CpG islands, and there was amplification. In conclusion, the study showed that a low concentration of a sugar sweetener (fructose: glucose) used in beverages had low toxicity to the Caco-2 cell line and prolonged exposure of the low concentration might have an adverse effect on the cells' morphology. At medium concentrations, the sugar sweetener used in beverages had medium toxicity to Caco-2 cells; prolonged exposure may lead to morphological changes. These findings indicated that control of dietary glucose intake is an important strategy in combating the development of obesity and type-2 diabetes. DNA methylation could not be established.

This study employs Michel Foucault's conceptualization of governmentality, or dispersed rationalities that seek to calculate and maximize the health of the population, to study how eating regimes of truth influence how individuals relate to their bodies and each other. Importantly, the study of eating regimes elucidates how food rules are portrayed in the discourses, institutions, philosophical and moral propositions, administrative measures, and technologies (what Foucault refers to as societal apparatuses of power, or dispositifs) that address what and how to eat. In this dissertation, I specifically analyze dispositifs that promote certain foodstuffs as devotional objects that can be utilized as forms of pleasure and/or self-control. I conceptualize artificial sweeteners as ingestible stores of self-control and biopower, arguing that they provide a lens through which to view how mealtime rituals, temporalities of eating, and the intersubjective perceptions of the relationship between food consumption and the ideal healthy body have transformed in the face of discourses that emphasize the need to strip food of carbohydrate- and calorie-loaded consequences. The dissertation analyzes how contemporary dietary discourses in the United States encourage individuals to view freedom of food choice as a binary selection between binge and restrict eating practices. I argue that this notion of dietary balance is part of what I refer to as the neoliberal binge-restrict eating regime. I analyze the binge-restrict eating regime on three different yet supplementary registers: 1) that of neoliberal discourses of dietary balance, which are premised on logics and technologies of rigid, machine-like correction and anticipatory compensation through carefully planned periods of restriction and healthy eating followed by food binges, or periods where an individual indulges in seemingly unhealthy foodstuffs; 2) that of discourses that encourage the individual to consume endlessly but not allow signs of "excessive" consumption to develop in the body; 3) and that of edible instantiations of the binge-restrict eating regime, with a particular emphasis on artificial sweeteners. The dissertation concludes that the contemporary notion of dietary balance as "binge-restrict" is informed by a popular interpretation of food rules as rigid, algorithmic truths and contributes to a loss of embodied knowledge regarding how to eat well. / Doctor of Philosophy / This study provides an analysis of forms of dietary advice and food rules that problematize the use of individual dietary discretion, prompt individuals to rely on systems of dietary advice, and present certain foodstuffs, such as artificial sweeteners, as ingestible stores of self-control. I argue that certain accepted ways of understanding, categorizing, and portraying food knowledge mold and shape how individuals experience reality, and that these ways of understanding can be referred to as regimes of truth. The study examines how eating regimes of truth, or ways of portraying food knowledge that influence how individuals define and categorize normal and abnormal eating behaviors, can be discerned across diet manuals, advertisements for diet products, life insurance pamphlets, governmental documents, and weight loss technologies from the 17th century to the present in Western Europe and the United States. More specifically, I analyze how food rules are increasingly shaped by advertising media that portray food knowledge as an object of expert control since food selection is perceived to be an increasingly risky activity. Given the extensive ingredient lists on food labels, along with the shifting regulatory and scientific statements that characterize how foodstuffs are grown or produced, prepared, packaged, labeled, and sold, embodied relationships to food remain difficult to cultivate given that the lines between natural, artificial, toxic, and safe ingredients and foodstuffs have been blurred. Even the consumption of seemingly "natural" products must constantly be monitored, since grocery store produce items often contain lead, arsenic, cadmium, and other synthetic materials that are portrayed as being dangerous to the health of consumers. Through advertising and digital technologies, food rules are portrayed as rigid algorithms that must be rigorously and rigidly applied to one's food selection and eating habits.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T12:51:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 marceloalexandrematos_dissert.pdf: 295732 bytes, checksum: b602897faf078224a99d93671326e504 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-05-24 / Objective: To evaluate the effects of sodium cyclamate on the rat placenta by its administration in the period of embryogenesis. Method: The sodium cyclamate was administered by intraperitoneal route in rats of the treated group at the dose of 60 mg/kg, from the tenth to fourteenth day of gestation, while the equivalent volume of saline solution was given to the control group, by the same route. On the twentieth day of pregnancy, 10 fetuses (5 from each group) were chosen at random for study. The technique of cariometry was utilized for evaluation of nuclear parameters of cells in deciduous and spongy layers, and of chorionic villi in the rat placenta. Results: The weights of treated fetuses and their placentas were less than those of the control group, while umbilical-cord length in the treated group was shorter than that in control fetuses. There were no alterations in the deciduous layer. In the placental spongy layer were found alterations of the following parameters: major diameter, mean diameter, perimeter, area, volume, the volume/area ratio and eccentricity. The altered parameters in chorionic villi were the following: mean diameter, perimeter, area, volume, the volume/area ratio. Conclusions: This study demonstrated placental alteration with the use of cyclamate by the pregnancy rat, and its repercussion in fetal weight and umbilical-cord length. / Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos do ciclamato de sódio na placenta de ratas com sua administração no período da embriogênese. Método: Foi administrado por via intraperitoneal nas ratas do grupo tratado a dose de 60 mg / Kg de ciclamato de sódio, do décimo ao décimo quarto dia de gestação, e volume equivalente de solução salina no grupo controle, pela mesma via. No vigésimo dia de prenhez, 10 fetos (5 de cada grupo) foram escolhidos ao acaso para estudo. Foi utilizada a técnica de cariometria para avaliação dos parâmetros nucleares das células das camadas decídua, esponjosa e das vilosidades coriônicas da placenta de ratas. Resultados: O peso dos fetos tratados e de suas placentas foi menor que os do grupo controle, assim como o comprimento do cordão umbilical do grupo tratado foi mais curto que o dos fetos controles. Não houveram alterações na camada decídua. Na camada esponjosa placentária ocorreram alterações dos seguintes parâmetros: diâmetro maior, diâmetro médio, perímetro, área, volume, relação volume / área e excentricidade. Os parâmetros alterados nas vilosidades coriônicas foram os seguintes: diâmetro médio, perímetro, área, volume e relação volume / área. Conclusões: Este estudo demonstrou alteração placentária com o uso de ciclamato pela rata grávida, e sua repercussão no peso fetal e comprimento do cordão umbilical

Il a été largement démontré que la saveur sucrée était la saveur la plus appréciée chez les nouveau-nés et que cette attirance demeurait élevée tout au long de l’enfance et de l’adolescence. Il semble primordial de mieux caractériser le comportement alimentaire des enfants pour cette saveur en s’intéressant au rôle joué par les expériences alimentaires et aux apprentissages qui en découlent dans la mise en place de l’attirance pour les aliments et boissons sucrés. Pour répondre à cette problématique nous avons allié une approche comportementale et une approche en imagerie cérébrale (IRMf) chez les enfants de 7-12 ans afin de caractériser leur comportement alimentaire envers la saveur sucrée. Les résultats montrent peu de liens entre expositions à la saveur sucrée et attirance pour la saveur sucrée. Cependant, l’attirance pour la saveur sucrée est fortement associée à la quantité de glucides simples consommés en situation de libre choix. De plus, les sucres caloriques jouent un rôle renforçateur dans l’apprentissage de l’appréciation d’une flaveur nouvelle et l’exposition répétée à des boissons sucrées et édulcorées permet aux enfants d’apprendre à compenser l’énergie consommée aux repas suivants l’ingestion des boissons. La compensation n’est cependant que partielle. Enfin, les analyses en IRMf suggèrent que plus les enfants sont exposés aux boissons sucrées moins il y a d’activation en réponse aux sucres au niveau de régions du circuit de la récompense. Par une approche originale, ces travaux ont permis de mieux caractériser l’attirance des enfants pour la saveur sucrée et soulignent le rôle des apprentissages dans la mise en place des préférences alimentaires. / It has been widely demonstrated that infants have a higher preference for sweetness than for any other tastes and that sweetness attraction remain high throughout childhood and adolescence. Therefore, better characterizing children’s eating behavior toward sweetness by evaluating the role of food experiences and learning in the development of children’s attraction toward sweet foods and drinks seems essential. To better address this issue behavioral and brain imaging (fMRI) protocols were combined in 7 to 12 year-old children in order to characterize in different ways their eating behavior toward sweetness. Results showed few links between early and current sweetness exposure and attraction toward sweet taste. However, attraction toward sweet taste is strongly associated with simple carbohydrate intake in a free choice buffet. Moreover, nutritive carbohydrates play a reinforcing role in food learning in terms of children’s food liking. Children’s capacities to compensate the calories consumed in a preload drink are learned after repeated exposures to caloric and non-caloric drinks. However, caloric compensation remains uncomplete. Furthermore, fMRI data suggest that sweet drink exposure could lead to decreased activations in regions involved in food reward. Using an original methodological approach, the present work resulted in a better characterization of children’s attraction toward sweetness. Moreover, these results give an interesting insight regarding the role of experiences with sweet foods and drinks during childhood in the development of children’s food preferences.

This master´s thesis is focused on simultaneous determination of sweeteners and preservatives in energy drinks by liquid chromatography coupled with DAD and ELSD detection. The method was optimized for determination of aspartame, acesulfame K, saccharin, sucralose, steviol glycosides, benzoic acid and sorbic acid. Analyses were carried out on the Poroshell 120 EC-C18 column (4.6 x 150 mm, 2.7 m, Agilent) using mixture of methanol, acetone and water with formic acid and trimethylamine as a gradient mobile phase at a flow rate 0,5 mL•min-1. Validation parameters were determined (limit of detection, limit of quantification, repeatability and recovery). The validated method was applied on real samples.

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Obesity is a serious health concern in modern society. One way to reduce caloric intake is with nonnutritive sweeteners (NNS). However, recent research suggests they may be compounding the obesity problem. Nonnutritive sweeteners have been linked to increased body mass in a few studies and may be a barrier to effective weight management for some individuals. Under the framework of the health belief model, the research question was: Does this pattern of NNS-BMI covariance exist in young adults at the University of North Florida and, if so, are there other dietary or activity differences that might partially explain this relationship? A sample of 113 students completed an online survey based on the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey to answer this question. Their responses quantified BMI, activity level estimates, NNS intake, and produce consumption. There was a no trend of covariance between BMI and NNS intake overall. However, there was a significant relationship between length of NNS usage and both BMI (p<0.01) and NNS intake (p<0.05). A positive correlation also existed between NNS usage and fruit and vegetable intake (p<.005). Weight variability was positively related to NNS due to the maintenance of previous weight loss (p<0.005). There was no correlation between NNS and activity. There is a tendency to have a higher BMI the longer NNS is consumed. This pattern does not appear to be explained by nutrient intake or activity. However, it may be due to increased tolerance towards sweets over time. Nurse practitioners can make recommendations that facilitate healthy behaviors amongst their patients. Therefore, this is an important issue for advanced practice nursing.