Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-05-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:08:08Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 silva_ie_me_arafcl.pdf: 547814 bytes, checksum: b7e92a8c84d9d767a09f24764778abb4 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Thomas Hardy é um autor cuja produção se assenta no período que compreende o final do século XIX e o começo do século XX, momento que marca não apenas o fim de uma era histórica e o recomeço de novos tempos, mas caracteriza também uma ocasião de mudança na concepção literária. No caso inglês, aquele período apontava para um declínio da literatura vitoriana – com seus temas baseados na moral austera da época, ancorada na figura íntegra da rainha Vitória – e revelava os primeiros indícios de uma tendência literária voltada para o retrato do homem cindido, imerso no processo de crise existencial e destituído de muitas de suas antigas certezas. Este trabalho apresenta uma análise do romance Tess of the d‟Urbervilles com vistas a flagrar, segundo o ponto de vista de Thomas Hardy, a crise de valores que se estabelece, quando o modo de produção capitalista avança sobre as antigas instituições feudais na Inglaterra daquele tempo e deflagra um processo de reconsideração dos papéis dos indivíduos na sociedade. O estopim desta efervescência foram os desdobramentos da Revolução Industrial e as inovações nos campos científico e cultural que convulsionaram os padrões de comportamento e colocaram em questionamento a própria conduta humana. Com ironia, a sociedade vitoriana é criticada e, seus costumes, em grande monta, são apresentados como hipócritas no romance de Hardy, que tem um desfecho fatalista e parece retratar a visão desencantada do homem daquele momento sobre o destino de sua própria espécie no mundo em ascendente ebulição. Publicado pela primeira vez em 1891 e concebido sob a forma realista, interessa à pesquisa o romance Tess of the d‟Urbervilles justamente pelo seu caráter duplo: pertence ao cânone da literatura vitoriana e, ao mesmo tempo, antecipa a temática modernista do colapso da solidez humana. Para apontar esta crise, adotamos... / Thomas Hardy‟s works are set in a time comprehending the end of nineteenth century and the beginning of twentieth century, a period that not only highlights the end of a historical era and the beginning of a new time, but also characterizes an occasion of change in literary conception. That period in England was representative of the decay of Victorian literature – with moral-based themes inspired in Queen Victoria‟s integrity – and it showed up the first signs of a literary tendency of revealing the image of the divided man, sunk into the process of existential crisis and void of many of his previous certainties. This study presents an examination on Tess of the d‟Urbervilles in order to depict, according to Thomas Hardy‟s point of view, the crisis of values installed in the social order, when capitalism advances over the old feudal institutions in England at that time and sets forth a process of reconsideration of the roles of the individuals in society. The starting point of all this effervescence was the Industrial Revolution and its implications that brought innovation to scientific and cultural realms, disrupting old standards of behaviour and putting human conduct in check. The Victorian society is criticized with irony and many of its habits are taken as hypocrisies in Hardy‟s novel, which ends fatalistically, seeming to portrait man‟s disappointed view about his own destiny in the disturbed world in that time. Tess of the d‟Urbervilles, written under the realist form, was published for the first time in 1891 and it is important to this research because of its double character: it belongs to the canon of Victorian literature and, at the same time, anticipates the modernist theme of the collapse of human solidity. To point out this crisis, we take Raymond Williams‟s position that considers Hardy not simply a regionalist writer exclusively worried with... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

The purpose of this research was to study in depth the relationships of individuals in the three social classes in England during the Victorian Age. Since original documents and research material were scarce I used two novels by Thomas Hardy to illustrate the conflicts between representatives of the social classes. In 1891 England was prosperous and many people believed there was no conflict between the classes. Thomas Hardy believed this was untrue and, by method of comparison, wrote Tess of the d’Urbervilles and Jude the Obscure to prove his point. This thesis includes research on the two novels, Thomas Hardy’s life, and last but not least is a study of the Age of Victoria.

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Shoulder arthroplasty surgery has shown remarkable progress during the last few decades. A number of factors affect postoperative range of motion, pain and prosthetic durability. Among these factors, the length of the lever arm and joint stability is the ones that can be altered by the selected prosthetic component. It is uncertain how much of the normal anatomy needs to be re-established. Stemless prostheses with total reliance on metaphyseal fixation were introduced in France in 2004 (TESS, Zimmer Biomet). The goals were to avoid stem-related complications. Stemless implants have other potential benefits, including the ability to restore shoulder anatomy. Study I: This is a prospective cohort study of 49 patients with one of two versions of the TESS prosthesis (anatomical or reverse) with clinical and radiological follow-up ranging from 9–24 months. The TESS prosthesis showed short-term results that were comparable with other shoulder prosthetic systems. Study II: This is a prospective comparative non-randomised study of 37 patients (40 shoulders) who underwent TESS reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) with a follow-up ranging from 15–66 months. We found a significant improvement in functional outcome and reduction of pain in both stemmed and stemless groups. Glenoid overhang influenced the occurrence of scapular notching (SN). Study III: This is a radiological study showing that CT had a good reliability and reproducibility in estimating LHO. Study IV: This is a prospective radiological study of 69 patients (70 shoulders) with primary osteoarthritis (OA) who had undergone stemless total anatomical shoulder arthroplasty (TSA). This study showed that stemless anatomical TSA could be useful in restoring shoulder anatomy. Study V: This is a prospective study of 44 patients with OA who had undergone stemless anatomical TSA with a clinical and radiological follow up ranging from 12 – 50 months. Our study showed that LHO reconstruction close to the anatomy of a healthy contralateral shoulder improved shoulder function. Stemless anatomical TSA help to restore LHO. Increasing LHO may have a negative effect on shoulder function at three months but had no effect at 12 months. The main conclusions of this thesis are: 1. TSA (anatomic and reverse) using stemless humeral components is reliable if bone quality is adequate. The complication rate is comparable with other shoulder prosthetic systems. 2. Glenoid overhang decreased complications in RSA. 3. LHO measurement on AP radiographs is less reliable and underestimates the distance when compared with CT. 4. Stemless TSA could be of help in reconstructing shoulder anatomy. 5. Shoulder reconstruction close to the anatomy of a healthy contralateral shoulder improves shoulder function. / Axelprotes kirurgi har visat avsevärd utveckling under de senaste decennierna. Ett antal faktorer påverkar postoperativt rörelseomfång, smärta och proteshållbarhet. Bland dessa faktorer utgör längden av hävarmen och ledstabilitet de faktorer som kan ändras genom val av proteskomponent. Det är osäkert om den normala anatomin måste återupprättas. Oskaftad protes med eliminering av humerusstamm och tillit till metafysär fixering introducerades i Frankrike år 2004 (TESS, Zimmer Biomet). Målen var att undvika stam relaterade komplikationer. Oskaftat implantat har andra potentiella fördelar, inklusive möjligheten att återställa axelnsanatomi. Syftet med denna avhandling var: (1) Att undersök radiologisk stabilitet av oskaftade axelproteser. (2) Att studera effekten av protes placering vid omvänd axelartroplastik både radiologiska och kliniskt utfall. (3) Att studera tillförlitlighet av mätningen av den laterala humeral offset (LHO), avståndet mellan processus coracoideus till laterala kanten av tuberkulum majus, med användning av CT eller röntgen. (4) Att studera oskaftad axelprotes förmåga att återställa axelnsanatomi. (5) Att studera den kliniska betydelsen av LHO återställning i för det funktionella resultatet efter axelartroplastik. Studie I: Detta är en prospektiv kohortstudie av 49 patienter med en av de två versionerna av TESS (anatomisk eller omvänd) med klinisk och radiologisk uppföljning från 9-24 månader. TESS protes visade lovande resultat på kort sikt med komplikationer som var jämförbar med andra axelprotessystem. Studie II: Detta är en prospektiv jämförande icke-randomiserad studie av 37 patienter (40 skuldror) som opererades med TESS omvänd axelartroplastik med en uppföljning från 15-66 månader. Vi fann en signifikant förbättring av funktion och minskning av smärta i både skaftad och oskaftad grupper. Glenoid overhang bedöms påverka risken för scapular notching (SN). Studie III: Detta är en radiologisk studie som visade att CT hade god tillförlitlighet och reproducerbarhet att mäta LHO. Studie IV: Detta är en prospektiv radiologisk studie av 69 patienter (70 skuldror) med primär artros som hade genomgått oskaftad total anatomisk axelprotes. Denna studie visade att oskaftad axelprotes kan vara till hjälp att återställa axelnsanatomi. Studie V: Detta är en prospektiv studie av 44 patienter med unilateral primär artros som hade genomgått oskaftad total axelprotes med en klinisk och radiologisk uppföljning från 12 - 50 månader. Vår studie visade att LHO rekonstruktion till den friska axeln förbättrar axelfunktion. Oskaftat implantat kan vara av hjälp till att återställa LHO. Ökad LHO kan ha en negativ effekt på axelnsfunktion vid tre månader, men denna effekt påvisade ej vid 12 månader. De viktigaste slutsatserna i denna avhandling är: 1. Oskaftad total axel artroplastik (anatomisk och omvänd) är tillförlitlig om benkvalitén är god med komplikationer som var jämförbar med andra axelprotessystem. 2. Glenoid overhang minskar komplikationer vid omvänd axelartroplastik. 3. LHO mätningen på röntgen är mindre tillförlitlig och underskattar avståndet jämfört med CT. 4. Oskaftad axelprotes skulle kunna vara till hjälp för att rekonstruera axelnsanatomi. 5. Axel rekonstruktion inom anatomi till att efterlikna anatomi på den friska kontralaterala axeln förbättrar axelfunktion.

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La découverte d’exoplanètes a connu une croissance quasi exponentielle au cours des trois dernières décennies. Nous savons désormais que les systèmes d’exoplanètes sont la norme dans la galaxie et qu’il existe une variété d’archétypes de planètes qui ne correspondent pas à notre propre système solaire. Ces progrès rapides sont dus en grande partie aux missions spatiales qui utilisent la méthode des transits pour trouver et caractériser de nouvelles exoplanètes. Kepler et, plus récemment, le Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) ont contribué à la majorité des exoplanètes confirmées ou candidates connues à ce jour. Les exoplanètes découvertes par TESS sont particulièrement prometteuses, car TESS a délibérément ciblé des étoiles hôtes brillantes pour faciliter l’analyse spectroscopique détaillée de l’atmosphère de leurs planètes. Bien que TESS soit très efficace pour identifier de nouveaux signaux de transit, un effort de suivi substantiel est nécessaire pour valider chaque nouvelle candidate et le succès global de la mission TESS dépend fortement de l’obtention de ce suivi de la part d’observatoires externes. Une attention particulière est souvent requise pour les planètes à longue période qui souffrent fortement des biais impliqués dans les recherches de transit. Si l’on peut surmonter les défis observationnels supplémentaires, ces planètes constituent des bancs d’essai rares et précieux pour étudier la physique et la chimie des atmosphères plus froides. Dans cette thèse, j’ai collaboré avec la communauté de suivi des exoplanètes TESS sur plusieurs fronts en apportant des instruments précédemment inutilisés, en contribuant à l’effort général de vérification des candidates, ainsi qu’en menant des études de validation et de confirmation de cibles difficiles à longue période. Nous avons adapté le réseau de téléobjectifs Dragonfly (alias "Dragonfly"), conçu pour les cibles de faible luminosité de surface, à l’observation des transits d’exoplanètes. J’ai développé un nouveau mode d’observation adapté aux transits et créé des pipelines de planification, de traitement des données et d’analyse. Nous avons atteint une précision photométrique d’environ 0,5 ppt dans des intervalles de 4 à 5 minutes sur la plage 9 < mV < 13, compétitive avec d’autres observatoires au sol de classe 1–2 m. Nous avons également développé un vaste programme d’observation avec le satellite de surveillance des objets proches de la Terre (NEOSSat) couvrant 3 ans et 6 cycles d’observation pour observer les transits d’exoplanètes de longue durée, qui représentent un défi majeur à capturer avec des observatoires au sol. En utilisant ces deux instruments, nous avons fourni des observations pour le programme d’observation de suivi des exoplanètes TESS (ExoFOP). Grâce à mon travail dans ExoFOP, j’ai dirigé une publication de validation pour TOI-1221 b, une planète sub-neptunienne de 2,9 rayons terrestres sur une orbite de 92 jours. Non seulement nous avons écarté les scénarios de faux positifs pour cette planète tempérée à longue période, mais grâce à notre analyse détaillée de 6 transits TESS et 2 détections au sol, nous avons trouvé des preuves de variations de synchronisation de transit qui pourraient indiquer une autre planète cachée dans le système. Nous avons également utilisé NEOSSat pour rechercher un deuxième transit de TOI-2010 b, qui n’en montrait qu’un seul dans les données TESS. En surveillant l’étoile hôte sur une fenêtre d’incertitude de 7 jours, nous avons capturé le transit et amélioré considérablement notre connaissance de l’éphéméride de la planète. J’ai dirigé l’article de confirmation sur cette planète semblable à Jupiter avec une orbite de 142 jours, ajoutant une cible de faible insolation à la petite collection d’exoplanètes connues avec des périodes supérieures à 100 jours et des étoiles hôtes suffisamment brillantes pour un suivi spectroscopique. En plus de diriger ces deux projets spécifiques, mes observations avec Dragonfly et NEOSSat ont jusqu’à présent contribué à 10 autres publications dont je suis co-auteur. / Exoplanet discovery has undergone near-exponential growth over the last three decades. We now know exoplanet systems are the norm in the Galaxy and that a variety of planet archetypes exist that do not necessarily match our own Solar System. This rapid advancement is due in large part to space-based discovery missions utilizing the transit method to find and characterize new exoplanets. Kepler, and more recently, the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) have contributed the majority of confirmed or candidate exoplanets known today. The exoplanets discovered by TESS show particular promise, as TESS has deliberately targeted bright host stars to facilitate detailed spectroscopic analysis of their planets’ atmospheres. While TESS is highly efficient at identifying new transit signals, substantial follow-up effort is required to validate each new candidate and the overall success of the TESS mission heavily depends on attaining this follow-up from external observatories. Special attention is often required for long-period planets that suffer heavily from the biases involved in transit searches. If one can overcome the added observational challenges, these planets provide rare and valuable testbeds to investigate cool-atmosphere physics and chemistry. Through this thesis, I engaged with the TESS exoplanet follow-up community on several fronts by bringing previously unused instrument options to the endeavour, contributing to the general effort of candidate verification, as well as leading validation and confirmation studies of challenging long-period targets. We adapted the Dragonfly Telephoto Array (a.k.a. “Dragonfly”), designed for low-surface brightness targets, to the observation of exoplanet transits. I developed a new transient-appropriate observing mode and created scheduling, data processing, and analysis pipelines. We achieve a photometric precision floor of 0.5 ppt in 4–5-minute bins over the range 9 < mV < 13, competitive other 1–2 m class ground-based observatories. We also developed an extensive observing program with the Near-Earth Object Surveillance Satellite (NEOSSat) spanning 3 years and 6 observing cycles to observe long-duration exoplanet transits that provide a major challenge to capture with ground-based observatories. Using these two instruments, we provided follow-up observations for the TESS Exoplanet Follow-up Observing Program (ExoFOP). Through my work with ExoFOP, I led a validation publication for TOI-1221 b, a 2.9 Earth-radii sub-Neptune planet on a 92-day orbit. Not only do we rule out the false-positive scenarios for this long-period temperate planet, but through our detailed analysis of 6 TESS transits and 2 ground-based detections, we find evidence of transit timing variations that may indicate an additional hidden planet in the system. We also used NEOSSat to hunt for an elusive second transit of TOI-2010 b. By monitoring the host star over a 7-day uncertainty window, we caught the transit and vastly improved our knowledge of the planet’s ephemeris. I led the confirmation paper on this temperate Jupiter-like planet with a 142-day orbit, adding a low-insolation target to the small collection of known exoplanets with periods above 100 days and host stars bright enough for spectroscopic follow-up. Beyond leading these two specific projects, my observations with Dragonfly and NEOSSat have thus far contributed to 10 other publications for which I am co-author.

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L’unitarienne Elizabeth Gaskell rejetait les doctrines anglicanes qui aliéneraient Thomas Hardy de sa religion. Elle était aussi championne de plusieurs penseurs qui exerceraient une forte influence sur les convictions d'Hardy. La continuité de la religion de Gaskell avec la vision du monde d'Hardy est évidente dans leurs écritures personnelles et aussi dans leurs romans. L'authenticité de voix que tant Gaskell que Hardy donnent aux caractères marginalisés, et spécialement aux femmes, provient aussi de leurs valeurs chrétiennes communes. Les convictions religieuses des deux auteurs et l'influence de la religion sur leurs travaux ont été abondamment étudiées, mais une comparaison entre elles doit encore être entreprise. Après avoir examiné les liens entre la foi de Gaskell et les convictions d'Hardy, je compare les attitudes des deux auteurs envers la classe dans North and South et The Woodlanders et leurs sympathies envers la femme tombée dans Ruth et Tess of the d’Urbervilles. / As a progressive Unitarian, Elizabeth Gaskell rejected the Anglican doctrines that would later alienate Thomas Hardy from his religion. She also championed many of the thinkers who would exert a strong influence on Hardy’s beliefs. The connection between Gaskell’s religion and Hardy’s worldview is evident in their personal writings and in their novels. The authenticity of voice that both Gaskell and Hardy give to marginalized characters, specifically to women, also springs from their common Christian-based values. Both authors’ religious convictions and the influence of religion on their works have been extensively studied, but a comparison between them has yet to be undertaken. After examining the links between Gaskell’s Unitarianism and Hardy’s beliefs, I compare the two authors’ attitudes towards class in North and South and The Woodlanders and their sympathies with the fallen woman as expressed in Ruth and Tess of the d’Urbervilles to demonstrate their intellectual and artistic affinities.