A loan deal is often composed of several components (for example, a 3-year revolving loan, a 10-year secured senior term loan, and a 5-year subordinated term loan). The division of a deal into two or more components, each with different risk characteristics, is called tranching. This study recognizes the importance of tranching and establishes tranching as an integral component of a syndicated loan structure. In the first essay, we present a model to explain the economic value of tranching and show that riskier firms are more likely to take loans with multiple tranches. Therefore, the average credit spread on syndicated loans with multiple tranches is higher than that on nontranched loans. However, after accounting for the risk characteristics of a tranched loan, we show that a given tranche of a multi-tranche loan, on average, has a lower credit spread than an otherwise similar loan that is not part of a multi-tranche loan. We also show that the benefits of tranching accrue primarily to borrowers with speculative debt ratings. Prior studies have found an abnormal stock return of 100 to 150 basis points for firms that announce they have borrowed funds from a bank. Despite some conflicting evidence (Peterson and Rajan, 2002; Thomas and Wang, 2004; Billett, Flannery and Garfinkel, 2006), the literature tends to interpret this positive bank loan announcement effect as the markets response to the mitigation of information asymmetry regarding the borrowing firm caused by the certification role of the lending banks who act as quasi-insiders. In the second essay, we document that a strong selection bias exists in prior studies. We show that less than a quarter of the loans made by banks are ever announced by borrowing firms and the loans that are announced are systematically different from loans that are never announced by the firms. Firms with low debt ratings, firms with zero or negative profits but positive interest expense, firms that take large loans in relation to their assets base, firms with little analyst following, and firms with high forecasted EPS growth are more likely to announce their loans. We show that while there was a positive announcement effect over the period 1987 to 1995, loan announcements elicited zero or negative returns in the last ten years as the mix of companies announcing loans changed over time.

Buying a home is for many households the financially most important purchase they will make. The choice of mortgage instrument is also of importance in that it will determine a household’s financial exposure. In the aftermath of the 2007–2008 financial crisis in the United States, the potential consequences for borrowers and the financial system became apparent in many countries. Even though the choice of mortgage is described as a very complex transaction, international studies have found that borrowers are less than optimally knowledgeable about the possible future consequences of their choice. This lack of knowledge has raised concern and prompted calls for more research on differences between mortgage markets and factors affecting consumers’ mortgage choice. This thesis answers this call by empirically exploring the Swedish case and by offering an expanded knowledge about factors that influence borrowers’ mortgage choice. The thesis consists of five papers, and, in most cases, interviews and questionnaires were used to collect the data, depending on which type of data collection was considered best suited to serve the purpose of the individual paper. A close reading approach was also applied in one of the papers. The findings indicate that in a Swedish setting, there are factors affecting borrowers’ mortgage choice that have not previously been fully explored in the literature: the media and bank advisors. During the period studied, a negative correlation existed between the media and the choice of fixed rate mortgages, whereas a positive correlation existed between bank advisors and the choice of fixed rate mortgages. The study on advice given by a bank advisor also shows the advocacy of a mix of fixed and adjustable mortgage rates. Further findings corroborate those of earlier international studies, such as the impact of income, education, financial literacy and loan-to-value ratios on mortgage choice. A general conclusion that can be drawn from the findings in the Swedish context is that the most financially vulnerable borrowers—those with lower income, lower education and/or higher loan-to-value ratios—are more likely to choose higher levels of fixed rate mortgages (or lower levels of adjustable rate mortgages). In doing so, they avoid exposing themselves to liquidity problems, which can be caused by increasing mortgage rates, and make future mortgage expenditures more predictable. These findings contradict much of the concern that both scholars and financial authorities have expressed about households’ choice of mortgage instrument. Hence, these findings are of importance not only to research on mortgage choice but also to policymakers and the financial industry. / <p>QC 20130924</p>

The aim of this study is to investigate the nature, extent and impact of micro lending on the social functioning of members of Correctional Services. The negative implications and involvement of employers in micro lending often surface too late because the borrower is not well enough informed. This study is approached from a systemic perspective, which focuses on the bilateral influence of systems and their role in the individual’s everyday life. Because of the fact that a void has been identified in regard to scientific literature and evidence concerning this problem, an explorative study has been undertaken for data collection. In order to reach the goal, literature studies were undertaken, conversations with experts and individuals who have had first hand experience regarding micro lending. For the purpose of this study a questionnaire has been used with fourty respondents. This study was undertaken at the Department of Correctional Services Baviaanspoort Management Area. This study is based on quantitative and developmental research principles, within the exploratory design. From the research findings, several results and recommendations were put forward. / Dissertation (MSD (EAP))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Social Work / unrestricted

This research aims to explore the borrower-specific financial constraints that prevent black youth entrepreneurs in Tshwane from accessing finance to for their own start-ups. To achieve its goal, the research seeks to explore whether there are significant differences between black youth entrepreneurs in Tshwane in terms of their personal demographics, business information and personal factors towards business. The empirical results and theoretical literature are examined to facilitate a better understanding of the borrower-specific financial constraints preventing access to finance for start-ups by youth entrepreneurs. These learnings contributed to the body of knowledge relating to entrepreneurship development in South Africa. The literature review revealed that although youth entrepreneurial activity is vital to sustained economic growth, access to finance is the challenge that negatively impacts youth entrepreneurial activity globally. More specifically, the literature indicates that borrower-specific factors to a large extent prevent youth entrepreneurs from accessing finance for their start-ups. The borrower-specific financial constraints are described. During this research, data was obtained by way of a judgment sample using a structured questionnaire consisting of 40 questions. A total of 110 useable questionnaires were returned. The findings of the study reveal that there are no significant differences for respondents in relation to factors for personal savings, business acumen and credibility differences. There are significant differences to certain factors for borrower-specific financial constraints, such as the intention to commence business start-up, gender and the educational level of respondents in relation to their attempt to access finance. Finally, significant learnings from the research are that the poor attitude of black youth towards saving are similar to youth reviewed in the literature, and the culture of South African black youth towards entrepreneurship has improved. / Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS) / unrestricted

The final thesis is focused on type selection housing, financing this investment and suitability of the proposed. The interest rates on products that are used to invest in this activity are monitored. Interest rate developments are related to HDP development Czech republic.

Структура магистерской диссертации включает в себя введение, три главы, заключение, список использованных источников и приложения. В первой главе рассмотрен потребительский кредит как вид банковского кредита, рассмотрены методы и методики оценки кредитоспособности заемщика – физического лица; проведен анализ ситуации на рынке потребительского кредитования. Во второй главе дана финансово-экономическая характеристика АО «Альфа-Банк»; рассмотрена специфика потребительского кредитования в АО «Альфа-Банк»; проведен анализ организации потребительского кредитования в АО «Альфа-Банк». В третьей главе разработаны новые кредитные продукты для физических лиц в АО «Альфа-Банк»; разработаны рекомендации по совершенствованию методики оценки кредитоспособности физических лиц. В заключении сформулированы обобщающие выводы по результатам исследования. / The structure of the master's thesis includes an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of references and appendices. In the first chapter, consumer credit as a type of bank loan is considered, methods and techniques for assessing the creditworthiness of a borrower – an individual are considered, and the situation in the consumer lending market is analyzed. In the second chapter, the financial and economic characteristics of Alfa-Bank JSC are given; the specifics of consumer lending in Alfa-Bank JSC are considered; the organization of consumer lending in Alfa-Bank JSC is analyzed. In the third chapter, new credit products for individuals were developed in Alfa-Bank JSC; recommendations were developed to improve the methodology for assessing the creditworthiness of individuals. In conclusion, the general conclusions based on the results of the study are formulated.

Introduktion Lån- och kreditgivning är en väsentlig del av dagens samhällsekonomi både när det gäller privatpersoner och företag. Om bankerna är för restriktiva till företagskreditgivning riskerar den ekonomiska tillväxten att påverkas. Vidare anses affärsbankerna ha blivit mindre riskvilliga. Det är en problematisk trend och faktum är att företag inte heller kan vara säker på att man får en objektiv bedömning av sin kreditansökan, då kreditgivares resonemang spelar en avgörande roll i kreditbedömningen. Bankens strukturella riktlinjer som kreditgivare ska förhålla sig till påverkar också hur banktjänstemännen fattar kreditbeslut. Syfte Studiens syfte är att utforska banktjänstemäns kreditbedömning samt dennas förankring i bankens struktur kontra tjänstemannens professionella bedömning. Metod Studien genomförs med en deduktiv ansats och kvalitativ metod. Empiriinsamlingen är baserad på semi-strukturerade intervjuer. Slutsats Studiens resultat visar att kreditgivare har ett stort utrymme när det kommer till den individuella bedömningen av en kreditsökande. Där bankens hjälpmedel slutar börjar det en tydlig individuell bedömningsfråga, om hur man väljer att gå vidare och vad man väljer att prioritera. Av empiriinsamlingen framgick det tydligt att 5C-modellen var en stor del av kreditbedömningen hos alla respondenter. Det mest intressanta var hur mycket samtliga respondenter betonade vikten av det personliga mötet med kunden och dess påverkan i kreditbedömningen. / Introduction Loan and credit is an essential part of today’s economy, both in term of private individuals and corporates. If the banks are too restrictive for corporate credit, the economic growth risks being affected. Furthermore, the banks are considered to be less willing to take risk. This is a problematic trend and the fact is that corporates cannot be sure that they get an objective assessment of their credit application. Thus, a creditors’ reasoning in their assessment plays a crucial role in a credit application. The bank´s structural guidelines that creditors must relate to also affect how the bank officials make credit decisions. Purpose: The aim of the study is to explore the bank official's credit assessment and its anchoring in the bank's structure versus the official's professional judgement. Method: The study is conducted with a deductive approach and qualitative method. The empirical collection is based on semi-structured interviews. Conclusion: The result of the study show that creditors have a considerable amount of space when it comes to the individual assessment of a credit applicant. Where the bank’s assistive tools end, a clear individual assessment begins, about how to choose to continue ahead. It becomes clear that the 5C model was a large part of the credit assessment of all respondents. The most important component of the five Cs is the capacity of repayment, as it is the one that generates revenue for the bank. What we consider to be the most interesting were how much all respondents emphasized the importance of the personal meeting and its impact on the credit decision.

Tyrimo objektas – trumpalaikiai kreditai bei jų pasirinkimo kriterijai. Darbo tikslas – atlikus trumpalaikių kreditų palyginamąją analizę bei nustačius jų pasirinkimo kriterijus kredito gavėjo atžvilgiu, sukurti trumpalaikių kreditų pasirinkimo kriterijų pagal prioritetus sistemą. Tyrimo uždaviniai:  atlikus trumpalaikių kreditų palyginamąją analizę, nustatyti jų privalumus ir trūkumus kredito gavėjo atžvilgiu;  nustačius trumpalaikių kreditų pasirinkimo kriterijus, sukurti trumpalaikių kreditų pasirinkimo kriterijų pagal prioritetus sistemą;  patikrinti sukurtos trumpalaikių kreditų pasirinkimo kriterijų pagal prioritetus sistemos pritaikomumą praktikoje. Tyrimo metodai – sisteminė analizė, loginė analizė ir sintezė, palyginimo, grafinio vaizdavimo bei anketinio vertinimo metodai. Išnagrinėjus užsienio bei lietuvių autorių literatūrą, atlikus trumpalaikių kreditų palyginamąją analizę bei nustačius jų pasirinkimo kriterijus kredito gavėjo atžvilgiu sukuriama teorinė trumpalaikių kreditų pasirinkimo kriterijų pagal prioritetus sistema, kuria galėtų vadovautis kredito gavėjas pasirinkdamas vienokį ar kitokį trumpalaikį kreditą. Atlikus apklausos būdu paremtą tyrimą bei išanalizavus gautus rezultatus, pastebima, kad vieningos schemos, tinkančios visiems juridiniams asmenims, sukurti nėra galimybės, todėl darbe pateikiamos dvi trumpalaikių kreditų pasirinkimo kriterijų pagal prioritetus schemos, kurių viena tinka mažoms įmonėms ir/arba įmonėms neturinčioms kreditinių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The object of the research - short-term credits and it’s selection criterions. The goal of the work – to do short-term credits comparative analysis, detect it’s selection criterions in point of borrower and to make the system of selection criterions according to priority of the short-term credits. The tasks of the research are as follows:  to do short-term credits comparative analysis, detect it’s advantages and disadvantages in point of borrower;  to make the system of selection criterions according to priority of the short-term credits;  to verify the system of selection criterions according to priority of the short-term credits applicability in practice. The research methods include system analysis, logical analysis and synthesis, methods of comparison, profile evaluation and graphical modeling. It is made the theoretically system of selection criterions according to priority of the short-term credits after the examination of foreign and Lithuanian literature, following a short-term comparative analysis and detection of it’s selection criterions in point of borrower. The borrower could guide the system choosing short-term credits. Following the survey method based on investigation and analysis of the results, it is noted that there is not possible to create a single scheme, suitable for all legal persons. So there are presented 2 schemes of selection criterions according to priority of the short-term credits in the work. These schemes allow the borrower to choose a... [to full text]

This work undertakes the first comprehensive theoretical assessment of syndicated loans. It is shown that syndicated and bilateral (single lender) loans should be good substitutes in meeting a borrower's financing requirements, but that syndicated loans are more complex and impose additional risks to the parties in the way they are arranged. The existing explantions of loan syndication - that they are hybrids of private bank loans and public debt instruments, that syndication is a portfolio management tool, and that loans are syndicated where they are too large to be provided bilaterally - are unable to substantially explain both the nature of syndicated loans and practice in the loan markets. A rigorous new explanation is developed, which shows that syndication reduces the rate of lending costs, so that the return to the loan originator is greater, and the borrower's cost of financing is lower, where a loan is syndicated rather than provided bilaterally. This explanation is shown to hold in competitive loan markets and to be consistent with the observation that syndicated loans are generally larger than other loans. Incidental to this new explanation, new expressions of the return to a bank from providing a loan on a bilateral basis and from originating a syndicated loan are also developed. New algorithms are also developed for determining the distribution of the commitments from syndicate participants and thus the originator's final hold, the amount it must lend itself, where the loan is underwritten. This provides, for the first time, a rigorous basis for assessing the expected return, and the risk, for the originator of a given syndicated loan. Finally, empirical testing finds that a bank's observed lending history is significant to its decision to participate in a new syndicated loan but that predictions of participation, which are fundamental inputs into the final hold algorithms, based on this information have relatively little power. It follows that there is competitive advantage to loan originators that have access to other, private information on potential participants' lending intentions.

On the one hand mortgage lending is an objective driver of the growth of the Russian economy and on the other hand it’s an important element of social policy and support of the population, and primarily of young people. From the position of credit organizations acting in the person of creditors, mortgage lending is a source of financial risks. These aspects are comprehensively considered in the graduate thesis. As the main direction of risk optimization and expansion of the mortgage market, additions are proposed to the existing model of the borrower's solvency analysis. An interesting and technologically reasonable proposal was made: using the information resources of the IFTS in order to improve the reliability and quality of data for analysis of potential borrowers, which will simultaneously give a positive shift in terms of reducing the time. Special attention should be paid to the offer of a new service - the "one-stop" mode, which will optimize time costs, improve the quality of crediting, and enable the operative use of tax deductions, the right to which is fixed in the Tax Code. / Ипотечное кредитование является объективным драйвером роста экономики России, с одной стороны, важным элементом социальной политики и поддержки населения, и в первую очередь молодежи, с другой стороны. С позиции кредитных организаций, выступающих в лице кредиторов, ипотечное кредитование представляет собой источник финансовых рисков. Данные аспекты всесторонне рассмотрены в дипломной работе. В качестве основного направления оптимизации рисков и расширения рынка ипотеки предложены дополнения в существующую модель анализа кредитоспособности заемщика. Сделано интересное и технологически целесообразное предложение: использование информационных ресурсов ИФНС в целях повышения достоверности и качества данных для анализа потенциальных заемщиков, что одновременно даст положительный сдвиг в плане сокращения сроков. Отдельного внимания заслуживает предложение нового сервиса – режим «одного окна», который позволит оптимизировать временные затраты, повысить качество кредитования, даст возможность оперативного использования налоговых вычетов, право на которые закреплены в Налоговом кодексе.