Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T16:18:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISSERTACAO LENNIE BERTOQUE.pdf: 1538143 bytes, checksum: 0f08abf72a527d017e4c9e834886fbce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-01-22 / This present paper intends to analyze the functionality of voice constructions in headlines, and in newspaper headlines, a functionalist perspective of language. We based ourselves in Dik (1197 [1989]), Givón (1984, 1990,1992,1994, Camacho (2000.2002), among others, to analyze the construction of voice in an approach that emphasizes the inter-shape function. To treat discursive features of this genre and the notion of language game, which permeates the universe of discourse in an interactive newspaper, we make use of Erbolato (2004) and Lage (1987), and Wittgestein (2005 [1953]), respectively. It the voice is a phenomenon of interface semantics, syntactic and pragmatic, determined by how the language user perspectiviza the state of things represented in the statement. The idea is that buildings active and passive constructions, for example, correspond to the representation of a same state of things in the extra-linguistic world, but the choice of either structure produces different effects of meaning in the party. The papers that comprise the corpus of analysis are the "Leaf Line" and "The People", published editions between May 2008 and May 2009. journalism writing manuals advise that, in making headlines, and headlines, preference be given to buildings because they provide an active heading lower, the present world events in chronological order of events and therefore , enable greater understanding of what you read. The data show that this rule is violated by factors of a particular discourse-pragmatic: the use of active construction, for example, proved to be barely functional in certain situational contexts, especially to the News negative events (disasters, violence, corruption, etc..) which, by emphasizing the event and not the agent, are more common in passive constructions. / Este trabalho objetiva analisar a funcionalidade das construções de voz em títulos de notícia e em manchetes de jronais, numa perspectiva funcionalista da linguagem. Fundamentomo-nos em Dik (1997 [1989]), Givón (1984, 1990,1992,1994), Camacho (2000,2002), entre outros, para analisar as construções de voz numa abordagem que privilegia a interrelação forma-função. Para tratar das características discursivas desses gêneros e da noção de jogo de linguagem, que permeia a atividade interativa no universo discursivo jornalístico, nos valemos de Erbolato (2004) e lage (1987), e de Wittgenstein (2005 [1953]), respectivamente. Considera-se a voz um fenômeno de interface semântica, sintática e pragmática, determinada pelo modo como o usuário da língua perspectiviza o estado de coisas representado no enunciado. A idéia é de que as construções ativas e as construções passivas, por exemplo, correspondem à representação de um mesmo estado de coisas no mundo extralinguístico, mas a opção por uma ou outra estruturação produz diferentes efeitos de sentido no interlocutor. Os jornais que compõem o corpus de análise são a "Folha Online" e "O Popular", edições publicadas entre maio de 2008 e maio de 2009. Os manuais de redação jornalística orientam que, na elaboração de títulos de notícias e manchetes, se dê preferência às construções ativas porque proporcionam um título mais reduzido, apresentam os eventos do mundo em ordem cronológica dos fatos e, por isso, possibilitam maior compreensão do que se lê. Os dados revelaram que essa regra é violada especialmente por fatores de ordem discursivo-pragmática:o uso da construção ativa, por exemplo, se mostrou pouco funcional em determinados contextos situacionais, especialmente, para as notícias de ventos negativos (desastres, violências, corrupção, etc), que, por enfatizarem o evento e não o agente, são mais usuais em construções passivas

Muitas controvérsias cercam, atualmente, a negociação da Cédula de Crédito Bancário (CCB), dividindo a doutrina e atraindo a atenção do mercado financeiro e de capitais. A discussão central gira em torno da natureza jurídica da CCB, mais especificamente de seu enquadramento no conceito de valor mobiliário, do qual decorreria a competência da Comissão de Valores Mobiliários para regulamentar e supervisionar as ofertas públicas de CCBs. A análise da natureza jurídica da CCB torna-se, assim, imperativa para a delimitação do campo de atuação da Comissão de Valores Mobiliários. Para fins dessa análise, examina-se neste trabalho, inicialmente, o conceito e características dos títulos de crédito e valores mobiliários. Analisa-se, ainda, o conceito de CCB, sua origem, finalidade no âmbito do mercado financeiro, elementos característicos e modelos de negociação. Este trabalho também tem por escopo a investigação dos riscos associados à CCB e o exame da necessidade e das formas de se assegurar a proteção dos investidores. Diante dos elementos característicos da CCB e do conceito de valor mobiliário adotado pelo direito brasileiro, este trabalho conclui sobre a não caracterização da CCB como valor mobiliário. Este trabalho propõe-se, ainda, a concluir sobre os mecanismos adequados de proteção daqueles que investem em CCBs, em vista dos riscos inerentes a esse título de crédito. / Several controversies currently surround the trading of Bank Credit Note (Cédula de Crédito Bancário - CCB), dividing the doctrine and attracting the attention of financial and capital market. The main discussion is around the legal nature of CCB, more precisely around the characterization of CCB as security, from which would arise the competence of the Brazilian Securities Commission to regulate and supervise the public offering of CCBs. The exam of the legal nature of the CCB becomes, therefore, imperative for delimitation of the actuation field of Brazilian Securities Commission. For purpose of this analysis, it is initially examined in this work the concept and characteristics of the titles of credit and securities. It is also examined the concept of CCB, its origin, purposes within the financial market, characteristics elements, and trading models. This work has also as scope the investigation of the risks associated to CCB and the exam of the need and forms to assure the investors protection. Considering the characteristics elements of CCB and the concept of security adopted by Brazilian law, this work concludes that the CCB does not constitute a security. This work also concludes on the proper mechanisms for the protection of those who invest in CCBs, given the risks inherent to such title of credit.

High-stakes testing and accountability have infiltrated the education system in the United States; the top priority for all teachers must be student progress on standardized tests. This has resulted in the predominance of reading for test-taking, (efferent reading), in the English, language arts, and reading classrooms. Authentic uses of print activities, like aesthetic reading, that encourage students to engage individually with a text, have been pushed aside. During a 3-week time period, regular level, English 3/American literature students in a Title I magnet high school, participated in this quasi-experimental study (N = 62). It measured the effects of an intervention of reading American literature texts aesthetically and writing aesthetically-evoked reader responses on students’ self-efficacy beliefs regarding their comprehension of American literature. One trained teacher and the researcher participated in the study: student participants were pre- and post- tested using the Confidence in Reading American Literature Survey which examined their self-efficacy beliefs regarding their comprehension of American literature. Several statistical analyses were performed. The results of the linear regression analyses partially supported a positive relationship between aesthetically-evoked reader responses and students’ self-efficacy beliefs regarding their comprehension of American literature. Additionally, the results of the 2 (sex) x 2 (treatment) ANCOVAs conducted to test group differences in self-efficacy beliefs regarding the comprehension of American literature between treatment and control groups indicated a main effect for treatment (but not sex; nor was there a significant sex x treatment interaction), suggesting the treatment was partially effective in increasing students’ self-efficacy beliefs. Seven of the twelve ANCOVAs indicated a statistically significant increase in the treatment group’s adjusted group mean self-efficacy belief scores as a result of being exposed to the intervention. In six of these seven analyses, increases in self-efficacy beliefs occurred in tasks that required three or more higher-order levels of thinking/learning. The results are discussed in terms of theoretical, empirical and practical significance. Future research is recommended to extend the intervention beyond the narrow confines of a Title I magnet school to settings where the intervention could be tested longitudinally, e. g., honors and gifted students, elementary and middle schools.

La structuration en thèmes est un domaine de recherche très prisé dans le traitement automatique du langage naturel car elle est le point de départ de plusieurs applications comme la recherche d’information, le résumé automatique et la modélisation des thèmes. Dans cette thèse, nous avons proposé un système de structuration automatique des journaux d’informations. Notre système contient deux modules : segmentation thématique et titrage. La segmentation thématique consiste à effectuer un pavage de l’émission en segments thématiquement homogènes. Ces derniers, sont généralement identifiés par des étiquettes anonymes, c’est alors le rôle du module de titrage d’affecter un titre à chaque segment.Ces travaux ont permis plusieurs contributions originales tel que l’exploitation conjointe de la distribution des mots et des locuteurs (cohésion de la parole) ainsi que l’utilisation des relations sémantiques de type diachronique. Après l’étape de segmentation, nous proposons d’apparier chaque segment avec les articles de presse du même jour. Le titre associé au segment est celui de l’article le plus proche thématiquement. Finalement, nous avons proposé deux nouvelles métriques d’évaluation, l’une pour la segmentation thématique et l’autre pour le titrage. Les expériences sont menées sur trois corpus caractérisés par leur richesse et leur diversité. Ils sont constitués de 168 journaux télévisés issus de 10 chaînes françaises transcrits automatiquement. / The topic structuring is an area that has attracted much attention in the Natural Language Processing community. Indeed, topic structuring is considered as the starting point of several applications such as information retrieval, summarization and topic modeling.In this thesis, we proposed a generic topic structuring system i.e. that has the ability to deal with any TV Broadcast News.Our system contains two steps: topic segmentation and title assignment. Topic segmentation consists in splitting the document into thematically homogeneous fragments. The latter are generally identified by anonymous labels and the last step has to assign a title to each segment.Several original contributions are proposed like the use of a joint exploitation of the distribution of speakers and words (speech cohesion) and also the use of diachronic semantic relations. After the topic segmentation step, the generated segments are assigned a title corresponding to an article collected from Google News during the same day. Finally, we proposed the evaluation of two new metrics, the first is dedicated to the topic segmentation and the second to title assignment.The experiments are carried out on three corpora. They consisted of 168 TV Broadcast News from 10 French channels automatically transcribed. Our corpus is characterized by his richness and diversity.

This thesis is concerned with two central questions. The first is theoretical and asks, "Can a direct appeal be made to the foundational principles of liberalism to support collective rights?" The second question is practical and asks: "Would such a defense serve the interests of contemporary Canadian Aboriginal claims to special constitutionally recognized collective rights known as the Aboriginal Right?" I utilize Will Kymlicka's defense of minority rights as the theoretical framework in assessing this first question and in assessing the latter, I refer to various reported Aboriginal conceptions of the so-called Aboriginal Right which have been formalized by Aboriginal people themselves through constitutional addresses, Royal Commission hearings, discussion papers and legal claims. Part I of the thesis involves an enquiry into the nature of the revisions that Kymlicka proposes to make to liberal theory, and asks whether, in making such changes, he is able to retain identification with the so-called "modern" liberals, with whom Kymlicka identifies himself, and consistently defend the kind of group minority rights of the sort actually being claimed in Canadian society today. I conclude that Kymlicka argument fails in two respects: it fails to do the work required of it by modern liberals and it ultimately fails to do the work required by the standards of Kymlicka own theory. In Part II, I argue that even if it were theoretically possible to protect the good of culture in the way that Kymlicka hopes, such a defense of collective rights fails in the most important respect: that is, it cannot do the work required of it by the Aboriginal people for whom it was designed. / Arts, Faculty of / Philosophy, Department of / Graduate

Any discussion of the growth and development of essays in Sepedi must include the name of E.K.K. Matlala. Matlala was the first author to publish a volume of Sepedi essays. This publishing of this volume, entitled Mengwalo (Essays) Puku II, by Fort Hare University in 1943 is an event of historical importance in Sepedi literature. This research study investigates Matlala’s essays. The aim of this study is to focus on all various possible types of essays, including the four types that Matlala wrote, namely descriptive, analytical, narrative and meditative essays. Matlala’s volume of Sepedi essays, Mengwalo (Essays) Puku II, consists of four essays, namely ‘Lexae’, ‘Fsika-thsipi la Ramošweu’, ‘Tato ya monnyana ke lesoxana’ and ‘Šakeng la bophelo’. Each of these four belongs to a specific category of essays. For this reason, it can be argued that Matlala is a skilled author of Sepedi essays. His skill becomes clear in an analysis of his essays, which shows that he arranges them to be in line with a clear structure, namely title, introduction, body and conclusion. This structure is generally accepted as the correct structure for an essay. As for thematic content, Matlala’s essays discuss both modernity and the days gone by. In three of his essays, Matlala writes about the importance of events that happened in the past. In the fourth essay, ‘Fsika-thsipi la Ramošweu’, Matlala depicts modernity. Matlala’s writing style is recognizably dated; he makes extensive use of loan words and the archaic language of the twenties and thirties. However, this language is important as it promotes multilingualism. Analysing the classification of Sepedi informal essays reveals that Matlala not only wrote essays but also made an attempt to elevate their status. Therefore, it could be argued that Matlala has a unique talent among the writers of Sepedi informal essays. The argument developed in this study is that Matlala is the most successful author of Sepedi informal essays who has ever been published. This study also examines the influence in Matlala’s work of his study of English essays. / Dissertation (MA (African Languages))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / African Languages / unrestricted

The purpose of this study is to trace and describe the form, origin and history of the praise poem ‘Ba Masemola’. This praise poem was included in the volume Seriti sa Thabantsho (1956). In that period, E. M. Ramaila collected and transcribed traditional praise poems of different groups, such as the Bapedi, the Batau, the Mapulana, and others. During his collection, Ramaila urged these groups not to forget their descent and history, and pointed out that these particulars were all brought together in their praise poems. Of the clans that are represented by their praise poems in this volume, only the Batau are discussed in this study. The Batau is a large group that is in its turn divided into five smaller groups, namely the Mphanama, Masemola, Nchabeleng, Makobe and Bakgaditsi groups. From among these smaller units the ‘Ba Masemola’ are selected for closer examination. Among the praise poems about the ‘Ba Masemola’ different kings are praised, for instance Mokwene, Tseke, Mabowe, and others. Not all these poems will be scrutinised, though occasional reference will be made to them. The most important concepts that are discussed in this study are the following: the praise poem, the narrative poem (poem with epic characteristics) and the epic. These genres share certain characteristics, yet also differ from each other. With regards to the content of the poem, several important characters are praised. The foremost figures that are mentioned here are the praise poet, the praised one and the ‘audience’. Their conduct differentiate them from characters found in (other) narratives works. The actions that are described can be divided into two groups, namely those that operate autonomously from other actions, and those that link with other actions. Nevertheless, all these happenings belong to the past. The milieu in this praise poem largely corresponds to that found in the narrative works, mainly because in the traditional settings, the praise poem is a declamatory piece that has several characteristics in common with the stage performance. In the description of the structural composition of this praise poem, a distinction will be made between the poem as literary work and the poem as verse. In the first case the theme, title and structure of the poem will be examined. The description of the structure of ‘Ba Masemola’ entails the different techniques Ramaila employs to carry across his ‘message’ and elucidates his point of view. In the examination of the verse composition, the first emphasis is on metrical principles that govern form, i.e correspondence and co-ordination, and the way in which Ramaila used them is then illuminated. In the stylistic finish of the poem there is a noticeable emotional charge. This can be mentioned as an important quality of the poem, and brings to the fore the bravery and fearlessness of the clan of GaMasemola. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2008. / African Languages / unrestricted

This study examines D.P.S Monyaise’s short story titled Omphile Umphi Modise which were scrutinized by Mogapi (1992), Pretorius (1990), Manyaka (1992), Shole (1997) and Malimabe (1998). Their investigation did not only focus on the content of the short story, but also concentrated on the structure and style of the author. When scrutinizing Omphile Umphi Modise, the focus mainly falls on content and characterization of the characters. This research is based on an adopted narratological model, which is used by Groenewald (1993) and Mojalefa (1994).. When investigating the content, emphasis is put on the topic as a theme and part of the plot, which is imperative in the analysis of Omphile Umphi Modise. Two terms which are to define and describe are used to explain and unravel ideas that were used by the writer to simplify the problems a reader would encounter in this investigation. When analyzing the content as theory, the following four elements are noticed: characters, events, time and place. Another important aspect on the level of content is the division of the characters into two subgroups, namely quarrelsome and kindhearted.. In Omphile Umphi Modise, the kindhearted is Motlalepule, while the quarrelsome is rraModise who blatantly refuses to see Motlalepule’s good side. These two characters are described by the following: intention, patronage abilities, success and resistance. The investigation explains that the theme, which is ‘keeping a secret can lead to one’s doom’, is the one that connects the events and the plot, with the intention of highlighting the message to attract the reader. Design is one of the most important aspects of the plot. It is herewithin divided into two sections which highlight the characterization of the protagonist and antagonist as well as the revelation of the aspect of tragedy in Omphile Umphi Modise. The characters are divided into two sections, namely main and minor characters. The main characters are the protagonist, the antagonist and the tritagonist. The antagonist in Omphile Umphi Modise is rraModise/Mosimane yo o tedu tsebeng/ tedu tsa katse who is portrayed to be evil because he mandated Thandi, a minor character, to put drugs in the tea Motlalepule was about to drink, and sadly ended up drinking it herself. After she was drugged, mosimane yo tedu tsebeng/tedu tsa katse raped and impregnated her. The writer uses techniques to explain the personality traits of the characters. He employs a distinguishing technique to highlight personality traits of Motlalepule which are beauty, misfortune, suffering, and poverty. These are explained by the following techniques: focus, differentiation, conflict, use of the possessive, use of the adjective form, point of view, use of diminutive form, exaggeration, use of the pronoun, use of idioms, proverbs and, similes and omission. Differentiation is employed to highlight leadership as a personality trait of the antagonist, mosimane yo o tedu tsebeng/ tedu tsa katse/rraModise is which is explained by two techniques: indicative mood and point of view. AFRIKAANS : In hierdie ondersoek word D.P.S Monyaise se kortverhaal getiteld Omphile Umphi Modise ontleed. Dié kortverhaal is krities ontleed deur Mogapi (1992), Pretorius (1990), Manyaka (1992), Shole (1997) en Malimabe (1998). Hulle ondersoeke het nie slegs die inhoud van die kortverhaal betrek nie, maar het ook op die struktuur van die kortverhaal en die styl van die skrywer gefokus. Met die ontleding van Omphile Umphi Modise, word daar gekonsentreer op twee aspekte, naamlik inhoud en karaktarisering van die karakters. Hierdie navorsing word gebaseer op die aangenome narratologiese model wat gebruik word deur Mojalefa (1994) en Groenewald (1993).. Wanneer die inhoud ondersoek word, word daar klem gelê op die onderwerp as ‘n tema en as deel van die plot, wat van belang is in die analise van Omphile Umphi Modise. Idees wat deur die skrywer gebruik is om die probleme van die leser ten opsigte van die verstaan van die ondersoek te vereenvoudig, word twee terme naamlik en defineer en te interpreteer verduidelik en geanaliseer. Wanneer die inhoud as teorie ontleed word, word die volgende vier elemente betrek: karakters, gebeure, tyd en plek. ‘n Ander belangrike aspek is die vlak van inhoud – die karakters word in twee subgroepe verdeel, naamlik. antagonis en protagonis. In Omphile Umphi Modise, is Motlalepule die protagonis, terwyl rraModise die antagonis is wat blatant weier om Motlalepule se goeie kant raak te sien. Hierdie twee karakters word beskryf deur intensie, vermoë, sukses en teenstand. Die ondersoek verduidelik dat die tema ‘om ‘n geheim te hou wat tot ‘n mens se ondergang kan lei’, die een is wat gebeure en plot koppel, met die doel om die boodskap uit te lig om sodoende die leser te interesseer. Ontwerp is een van die belangrikste aspekte van die plot. Dit word onderverdeel in twee afdelings wat die karakterisering van die protagonis en antagonis, sowel as die tragedieaspek van Omphile Umphi Modise beklemtoon. Die karakters word in twee groepe verdeel, naamlik. hoofkarakters en newekarakters. Die hoofkarakters is die protagonis, die antagonis en die tritagonis. Die antagonis in Omphile Umphi Modise is rraModise/Mosimane wa tedu tsebeng/ tedu tsa katse wat uitgebeeld word as boos, omdat hy Thandi, ‘n newekarakter, oorreed het om ‘n dwelmmiddel in Motlalepule se tee te gooi, en dit toe self gedrink het. Nadat sy bedwelm is, het mosimane yo tedu tsebeng/tedu tsa katse haar verkrag en swanger gemaak. Die skrywer gebruik verskillende tegnieke om die persoonlikheidskenmerke van die karakters uit te beeld. Hy gebruik ‘n spesifieke tegniek om die persoonlikheidskenmerke van Motlalepule uit te lig, naamlik skoonheid, ongeluk, swaarkry en armoede. Hierdie kenmerke word uitgelig deur die volgende tegnieke: fokus, differensiasie, konflik, die possessiewe vorm die adjektiewe vorm, perspektief, die diminutiewe vorm,, oordrywing, die gebruik van die voornaamwoord, die gebruik van idiome, spreekwoorde en vergelykings en elisie. Differensiasie is gebruik om leierskap as ‘n persoonlikheidskenmerk van die antagonis, mosimane yo o tedu tsebeng/ tedu tsa katse/rraModise uit te lig en wat verder verduidelik word deur twee tegnieke naamlik indikatiewe modus en perspektief. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / African Languages / unrestricted

Medieval Castle Chapels in Bohemia The work deals with castle chapels in Bohemia in the High and Late Middle Ages. It concerns the artistic design and typology of chapels and sacred space, their endowments and chaplains etc. Almost one hundred locations are documented where we can find one or more castle chapels preserved to various degrees. Keywords: Middle Ages, castle architecture, castle chapel, castle, chaplain, patronage, title

The title page is clearly the main representative of the print media, which often determines their success or failure. An even greater justification for the tabloid newspapers whose everyday existence depends on nonabonent readers. A typical representative of tabloid domestic news is Aha!, which creates his main communicator with no real functioning of the theoretical model. This does not mean that it does not work with repetitive characters or signs in this work to clearly identify key elements for creating and thus the theoretical framework that can be used in practice. To this will serve as an analysis relating to the actual Aha!, so comparisons with by the Lidove noviny and Hospodarske noviny. Researched topic will also be given one of the topical issues related images and text.