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Tesis entregada a la Universidad de Chile en cumplimiento parcial de los requisitos para optar al grado de Doctor en Ciencias con mención en Microbiología. / Saccharomyces cerevisiae es la principal especie responsable de la producción de vino. Un problema importante durante el proceso de vinificación son las fermentaciones estancadas debido a la deficiencia de nitrógeno en el mosto de uva. Actualmente, el metabolismo del nitrógeno se encuentra bajo investigación activa, con énfasis en la vía de señalización TORC1, dado su papel central en conectar el crecimiento con la suficiencia de nutrientes. Sin embargo, el mecanismo por el cual las fuentes de nitrógeno activan TORC1 no se comprende completamente. En este trabajo, se desarrolló un nuevo método para monitorear la activación de TORC1 basado en el gen reportero de la luciferasa. Este método se usó para fenotipificar una población recombinante derivada de dos cepas que mostraron fenotipos opuestos para la activación de TORC1 por glutamina. Usando esta información fenotípica, se realizó un mapeo de QTLs, identificando varios QTLs para la activación de TORC1. Utilizando un análisis de hemicigosidad recíproca, se validaron los genes GUS1, KAE1, PIB2 y UTH1 como responsables de la variación natural en la activación de TORC1. Las cepas recíprocas hemicigotas para el gen KAE1 (ATPasa requerida para la modificación t6A de los tRNAs) mostraron las mayores diferencias fenotípicas para la activación de TORC1, como también diferencias fenotípicas en sus capacidades fermentativas en condiciones de bajo nitrógeno. En conjunto, estos resultados resaltan la importancia del procesamiento de tRNAs en la activación de TORC1 y conectan esta vía con la cinética de fermentación de levaduras en condiciones limitantes de nitrógeno. / Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the main species responsible for wine production. A major problem during the winemaking process are stuck fermentations due to nitrogen deficiency in the grape must. Currently, nitrogen metabolism is under active research, with emphasis on the TORC1 signalling pathway, given its central role connecting growth with nutrient sufficiency. However, the mechanism by which nitrogen sources activate TORC1 is not completely understood. In this work, a new method for monitoring TORC1 activation was developed based on the luciferase reporter gene. This method was used to phenotype a recombinant population derived from two strains that showed opposite phenotypes for TORC1 activation by glutamine. Using this phenotypic information, a QTL mapping was performed, identifying several QTLs for TORC1 activation. Using a reciprocal hemizygous analysis, the GUS1, KAE1, PIB2 and UTH1 genes were validated as responsible for the natural variation in the TORC1 activation. Reciprocal hemizygous strains for KAE1 gene (ATPase required for t6A tRNA modification) showed the greatest phenotypic differences for TORC1 activation, as well as phenotypic differences in their fermentative capacities under low nitrogen conditions. Altogether, these results highlight the importance of tRNA processing in TORC1 activation and connects this pathway with yeast fermentation kinetics under nitrogen-limited conditions.

Advances in FPGA density and complexity have not been matched by a corresponding improvement in the performance of the implementation tools. Knowledge of incremental changes in a design can lead to fast turnaround times for implementing even large designs. A high-level overview of an incremental productivity flow, focusing on the back-end FPGA design is provided in this thesis. This thesis presents a management paradigm that is used to capture the design specific information in a format that is reusable across the entire design process. A C++ based internal data structure stores all the information, whereas XML is used to provide an external view of the design data. This work provides a vendor independent, universal format for representing the logical and physical information associated with FPGA designs. / Master of Science

Two research projects are proposed that rely on Tools for open Reconfigurable Computing (TORC) and the openness of the Xilinx tool chain. The first project, the Embedded FPGA Transmitter, relies on the ability to add arbitrary routes to a physical FPGA which serve no obvious purpose. These routes can then mimic an antenna and transmit directly from the FPGA. This mechanism is not supported utilizing standard hardware description languages; however, the Embedded FPGA Transmitter requires measurements on a real FPGA to determine success. The second project is a back-end tools accelerator designed to reduce the compilation time for FPGA times. As the complexity of FPGAs have exceeded over a million logic cells, the compilation problem size has greatly expanded. The open-source project, TORC, provides an excellent framework for new FPGA research that provides physical, real-world results to ensure the applicability of the research. / Master of Science

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O objetivo deste trabalho foi contribuir para o melhor entendimento dos mecanismos intracelulares envolvidos na regeneração muscular esquelética, através do estudo da influência das proteínas de choque térmico (HSPs) e do mTORC1 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1) no processo regenerativo muscular. O tratamento com radicicol (indutor de HSPs) em músculos lesados induziu aumento da área de secção transversal das fibras musculares em 10 e 21 dias após lesão e aumento do número de células satélites e de fibras musculares em diferenciação em 1 e 10 dias após lesão, respectivamente, quando comparado aos seus respectivos controles apenas lesados. O tratamento com rapamicina (inibidor de mTORC1) em músculos lesados induziu uma diminuição maior da área de secção transversal das fibras musculares em 10 e 21 dias após lesão e menor síntese protéica muscular em 10 dias após lesão quando comparado aos músculos somente lesados. Nossos resultados sugerem que as HSPs e o mTORC1 são importantes para o processo de regeneração muscular esquelética. / The goal of this work was to contribute to a better understanding about the intracellular mechanisms involved in skeletal muscle regeneration by studying the influence of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and mTORC1 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1) in the muscle regeneration process. The treatment with radicicol (a HSP inductor) in injured muscles induced increase of myofiber cross section area at 10 and 21 days post lesion and increased number of satellite cells and differentiating myofibers at 1 and 10 days post lesion, respectively, when compared to their respective injured controls. The treatment with rapamycin (a mTORC1 inhibitor) in injured muscles induced a more accentuated decrease in myofiber cross section area at 10 and 21 days post lesion and decreased muscle protein synthesis at 10 days post lesion when compared to only-injured muscles. Our results suggest that HSPs and mTORC1 are important to the process of skeletal muscle regeneration.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi contribuir para o melhor entendimento dos mecanismos intracelulares envolvidos na regeneração muscular esquelética, através do estudo da influência das proteínas de choque térmico (HSPs) e do mTORC1 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1) no processo regenerativo muscular. O tratamento com radicicol (indutor de HSPs) em músculos lesados induziu aumento da área de secção transversal das fibras musculares em 10 e 21 dias após lesão e aumento do número de células satélites e de fibras musculares em diferenciação em 1 e 10 dias após lesão, respectivamente, quando comparado aos seus respectivos controles apenas lesados. O tratamento com rapamicina (inibidor de mTORC1) em músculos lesados induziu uma diminuição maior da área de secção transversal das fibras musculares em 10 e 21 dias após lesão e menor síntese protéica muscular em 10 dias após lesão quando comparado aos músculos somente lesados. Nossos resultados sugerem que as HSPs e o mTORC1 são importantes para o processo de regeneração muscular esquelética. / The goal of this work was to contribute to a better understanding about the intracellular mechanisms involved in skeletal muscle regeneration by studying the influence of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and mTORC1 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1) in the muscle regeneration process. The treatment with radicicol (a HSP inductor) in injured muscles induced increase of myofiber cross section area at 10 and 21 days post lesion and increased number of satellite cells and differentiating myofibers at 1 and 10 days post lesion, respectively, when compared to their respective injured controls. The treatment with rapamycin (a mTORC1 inhibitor) in injured muscles induced a more accentuated decrease in myofiber cross section area at 10 and 21 days post lesion and decreased muscle protein synthesis at 10 days post lesion when compared to only-injured muscles. Our results suggest that HSPs and mTORC1 are important to the process of skeletal muscle regeneration.